rlsrls08 发表于 2008-10-8 08:56

【08.10.02 商业周刊】危险的赝品

【08.10.02 商业周刊】危险的赝品
【原文标题】Dangerous Fakes
【中文标题】危险的赝品
【登载媒体】The Businessweek 商业周刊
【来源地址】http://www.businessweek.com/maga ... ex+-+temp_top+story
【译者】rlsrls08
【声明】译文版权归AC所有,谢绝转载
【翻译方式】个人原创翻译
【原文】
危险的赝品中国的假冒品和有缺陷的电脑元件如何进入美国的战斗机和船舰

(视频)

美国军队正面临着致命性的设备故障的上升威胁,甚至包括外国的间谍活动,因为战斗机,船舰和通讯网络使用了假冒的电脑元件。假晶片从中国农村的自由市场,通过美国冒险的皮包商人,流入美国复杂的武器中。五角大楼高级官员公开否认事情的严重程度,但政府文件和对内部人士的采访,说明假冒零件和故障之间可能有关联。

2005年11月,由五角大楼和商业公司合作的,一个追踪假冒品问题的机密项目发布了一个警告:"BAE系统现场使用失败",意味着军队设备出了故障,大国防合同公司追查到起因是假晶片。晶片是电脑和其他电器中微小的电子电路。

"商业周刊"回顾了这个由GIDEP(政府工业数据交换项目)发布的警报,生产商-加州的MAXIM工厂说"从来没有"发货两组晶片。MAXIM认为这批货是假冒的。

去年一月份,在乔治亚州罗宾斯空军基地的F-15战斗机电脑中发现了一个假晶片。该晶片仿冒XICOR生产,熟悉情况的人士说当时技工正在修理战斗机(于是发现了假货)。空军特别调查办公室的特工Terry Mosher证实,第409供货连锁管理中队最终发现了4个假冒晶片。


间谍活动的威胁


在过去四年,美国陆军,海军,空军和海军陆战队购买了几百个中国生产的假冒路由器,而这两架使用假晶片的飞机不过是其中的插曲罢了。这些假冒产品不仅让海外间谍有可乘之机,而且会导致事故。美国司法部正在起诉德州一家电子分销商的代表,罪名是卖给军方贴着假商标的路由器,这批路由器贴着圣荷西技术巨人CISCO公司的商标。路由器的作用是电子网络中传递数据。去年华盛顿州一家公司的业主在同类指控中承认有罪。

鉴于迄今为止共查封了400多个假路由器,国家情报负责人办公室的网络安全主管Melissa E.Hathaway说:"假冒品跟执行关键任务的网络突然崩溃有关联,而且可能存在隐藏的"后门",使得(黑客,盗贼和间谍)绕开网络安全和取得敏感数据成为可能。她拒绝透露详细情况。在50页的报告中,FBI也说路由器可以使中国操作人员"进入安全系统"(见第38页)。

海军航空系统指挥的飞机老化项目中负责调查假冒零件的罗伯特.恩斯特说:"目前难于确定是否细小的假零件跟特定的飞机失事和导弹意外有关。"恩斯特博士估计美国国防部买进的备用、替代零件中,至少有15%是假货,如今假货已经遍及每个军事武器系统,这是近年多次军事事故的主要原因。他拒绝提供细节,他的观点是,假零件肯定会导致严重事故。当直升飞机在伊拉克或者阿富汗坠毁,"我们并非总是调查由于零件故障导致的每一个事故的根本原因。"

当对假电脑零件的焦虑在五角大楼扩散,最高官员迟迟不予回应。恩斯特说。他是一个平民工程师,为军队工作了26年。"我对领导人回应该事件的无能感到很沮丧",前陆军物资总指挥,退休的四星将军William G.T. Tuttle Jr.同意"我们的军队供应连锁被污染了。"他目前是国防工业的顾问。

很大程度上污染来源于中国内地。商业周刊追踪到军方BAE系统使用的假冒部件来自中国深圳的商家。这些商家基本上都从汕头市郊的贵屿电子市场拿到回收再利用的晶片。贵屿的街道堆满了垃圾,当工人在后院和空地把晶片从电脑电路板里头取出来时,空气中散发着塑料烧焦的臭味。不到一英尺长的晶片在附近的两江河里头清洗,然后由金龙电子交易市场这样的商家销售。

金龙公司的广告牌用中文写道它销售"军用"电路,意思是"军用"晶片比商业部件耐用,而且在极端温度下仍旧起作用。但业主陆伟龙(音)承认他的货品是假货。他的工人用砂纸磨掉商业晶片上的生产厂家,然后重新贴上军队的标签。在贵屿每一个人都这样做,他说:"晶片上的日期100%是假的,因为这些从电脑电路上取下来的晶片都是80和90年代的产品。而顾客要2000年之后生产的产品。"

商业周刊追踪来自贵屿的部件到了新罕不夏州Nashua市的BAE系统电子集成方案公司(BAE Systems Electronics & Integrated Solutions)。该公司给GIDEP的报告批评此研究。

一个BAE的单位相对于150亿个师(这句翻译不对,请求帮助),电子运作构成从战斗机的导弹预警系统到狙击手的激光瞄准装置的多种精密设备。据报道它的竞争对手有更多的假货事件。过去3年发生了45起。工业高级主管说庞大的规模可能反映了BAE的坦白或者对中国廉价晶片的强烈要求。公司的一个发言人证实美国司法部正在调查BAE的军队电子零件购置。

在一个声明中,该公司说他们"一直试图经营从供应连锁来的原始部件。但没有预料到,也没有提供证明部件来源于供应连锁的分销商。"BAE说只有"一小部分"零件被查出是假货。现在BAE已经严格规定只从原始的晶片生产商和公司批准的分销商购买,"除了在非常少数情况下"。比如它需要一种难以找到的部件时。

BAE并非唯一的。其他合同公司向GIDEP报告发现假微晶片的公司包括波音卫星系统,RAYTHON导弹系统,诺思罗普导航系统,和洛克西德马丁导弹和射击控制。这些公司都说他们严肃地对待假冒品的问题,但不肯评论某个特定事件。

大量的假冒军用晶片乃是五角大楼因设备老化对零件的需求和长期追求省钱的结果。在90年代中期苏联解体后,克林顿政府发起一项倡议:购买各种各样的现成的部件,这项倡议延续到布什任期。除了从原始制造商和其授权的大型分销商购买设备的传统,五角大楼开始跟规模较小的美国经纪人做生意,小型商家纷纷兴起以提供低成本的物品,包括微芯片。联邦平权措施(译者注:优先照顾少数民族、弱势民族、女性等,防止种族与性别歧视的积极行动)进一步鼓励了军方偏向"弱势"的供应商 。

芯片批发价格从10美分到2000美元不等,取决于其复杂性和质量。五角大楼每年花费大约35亿美元在备用芯片上,大部分是为了供给10或者20年旧的飞机和船只。

美国军品商及其授权厂商提供这些过时晶片的价格,往往抬价10%至30%;相对的,一些小贸易商出售的价格则低廉许多。1994年,美国国会不再要求政府承包商提供他们是原始制造商或授权分销商的证明后,从事军品买卖的小贸易商如雨后春笋般冒出。经纪人必须获取一个承包商代码,但很少或根本没有受到监督。数百家小型经纪公司正在运作,一些公司的办公地点就在郊区的地下室和家里富余的卧室。商业周刊对承包商数据的分析确定:至少24个营业中的经纪公司登记了住宅作为他们的营业地点。一些获得了用于“关键应用程序”的芯片合同,五角大楼对“关键应用程序”的定义为“对武器系统的性能...或操作人员至关重要”。在许多情况下,这些企业的网站,如brokerforum.net和netcomponents.com ,都跟深圳和贵屿的交易商连接起来。销售经纪人直接供给五角大楼军事仓库,或通过国防承包商如BAE等。


在一条安静的街道

玛丽亚与她的母亲共同经营一家名为「ITEnterprise」的公司。。公司就设在她位于加州贝克斯菲尔德市的一层楼住家中。街道两边开满玫瑰花,一个篮球框挂在车道上。40岁的玛丽亚没有大专以上学历。在从朋友处获知这是门好买卖之后,玛丽亚四年前开始从事晶片贸易,记录显示自2004年以来,她赢得了美国国防部总价值270万美元的合同。军方从"IT企业"购买的芯片和其他部件用于罗纳德里根号航空母舰的雷达,和斯普鲁恩斯级驱逐舰的反潜作战系统。

玛丽亚说,她根本不了解她买进来和卖出去的零件。她在互联网上申请政府供应商代码,国防部不经检查就批准她的申请。她开始在网上阅读军事采购的要求,然后把零件代码输入谷歌google,发现某些网站提供价格低廉的产品。接着,她下了订单,商品直接运往军事仓库。 “我在订货前不可能了解[零件],”她站在门前说。 “我甚至不知道这些零件是干什么的。 ”

海军特工恩斯特从2007年3月份开始关注"IT企业"。他的研究小组发现了可疑的晶体管--一个基本类型的芯片--由该公司提供,准备用于海军陆战队战斗机"AV-8B条鹞"。在北卡州CherryPoint的军事仓库的检查中,该晶体管被发现没有含铅。而此类晶体管的焊点理应含有铅。恩斯特解释说:这一缺陷可能导致焊点的开裂和飞行控制系统的失败。恩斯特回忆: 当小组成员打电话给贝克斯菲尔德的"IT企业",他听到孩子叽叽喳喳的背景声音。"啊哈!那一瞬间我明白了。假冒零件。"他说。

恩斯特不知道的是,国防部稍后一项独立的调查发现,根据五角大楼的记录,自2004年以来,至少有5批"IT企业"出的货含有假冒微型电路,包括那些打算用于罗纳德里根号航空母舰的。在接受商业周刊的采访时,玛丽亚否认有任何不法行为,并指责她的供应商,但她不会说出名字来。今年1月,国防部禁止IT企业,玛丽亚和她的母亲提供军事物资三年。

但玛丽亚没有吓倒。玛丽亚被禁止一个月后,她的丈夫Mukerram,收到自己的供应商代码,使用相同的家庭住址与一个新的公司名称"MilEnterprise"。这一次,五角大楼动作迅速,同样禁止Mukerram三年。我们未能找到他就此发表评论。熟悉内情的人士说,国防部刑事调查局在注意IT企业。

在关于"皮包商"问题的书面答复中,美国俄亥俄州哥伦布市的国防供应中心一位官员说,"他们不检查经纪人或进行背景调查。'法律并未禁止'人们在家工作,或利用互联网找到零件。" 国防供应中心同时也是五角大楼的一个主要的电子零件买方。 该中心的指挥官帕特里夏准将在接受采访时说:“是否有风险?是的,有风险, ”她估计“我们所购买的物资中,有问题的不到0.25%。”


规则的改变

然而,在商业周刊的调查之后,该中心在8月颁布了关于芯片的新的合同规则。现在供应商在投标时必须注明芯片的的“合宜性 ”和“可跟踪性”。工业界和政府官员说,以前在投标阶段并没有这些记录,而且资料有时被遗失或伪造。

即使象"IT企业"这样的公司被确定,仍然需要时间来收拾残局。2008年2月5日,在位于宾夕法尼亚州斯特劳德镇的托比汉纳陆军仓库,五角大楼最大的电子产品维修设施,一位经理通知哥伦布供应中心,他的小组发现了"IT企业"提供的假冒的芯片,被用于F-15战斗机的全球定位系统,五角大楼的内部电子邮件表明,直到7月,哥伦布中心仍在寻找IT企业购买的那部分零件。

在7月24日电子邮件,一位商业周刊同意不公布姓名的F-15战斗机工程师写道: “假设这样的一个零件被安装到关键的飞行硬件或至关重要的基本硬件。也许这零件会正常工作...但在4万米高空做五十度角倾斜时发生故障怎么办?“

恩斯特说, 玛丽亚的故事帮助他认识到军方有多盲目: “我们不知道假冒问题有多大,但对我来说,这是不负责任的。”现在,他试图让其他官僚作风的人面对他认为的一个危机: “假冒的危险这么高,而且对我们的武器系统的损失是如此巨大,我们必须采取行动。”"海军水面作战中心"的高级文职工程师格伦瑞士贝宁格同意: “在过去几年中假冒问题已爆发,但关注的人不多。 ”

悬而未决的调查可能会迫使国防部听留心样的警告。除了司法部对BAE的彻底调查之外,五角大楼也在进行内部刑事调查。 “国防部对这一威胁非常重视,” 国防部采集,技术和后勤部门的John J. Young Jr.在一份声明中说。 “安全威胁需要国防部的高度警惕,但我们将尽一切力量这样做。”

旨在帮助“弱势”企业的政策显然鼓励(政府)跟可疑的经纪人打交道。联邦平权行动要求五角大楼22%的采购必须来自小型承包商,小型公司指的是员工人数和收入低于一定数字,包括那些由妇女,退伍军人,或少数民族经营的公司。承包商数据库显示IT企业为“次大陆亚裔美国人拥有的企业。 ”玛丽亚不愿意谈论她的种族,只说她在美国出生。

丹尼尔 斯宾塞指定他的妻子布伦达作为他的经纪公司DDS Supply的法人。54岁的斯潘塞说,“我认为我们会得到某种好处[因为公司业主是妇女],”他承认他和妻子一起经营公司,办公地点就在蒙大拿州大瀑布市的家里。他说他从合法的供应商那里订货,而且部分货物发给他,然后才运往五角大楼。但他承认,尽管有电脑的背景,他并不具备识别假冒芯片的专业知识。另外一家"小型弱势"经纪公司-"凤凰系统工程"的普罗莫德杜贝抱怨说,军事采购办事处“总是要最便宜的。 ” 杜贝说从中国收购零件只能作为“最后手段”,因为“有时质量可疑。 ”无论他本人还是斯宾塞都未被军方指控有不当行为。

承包者向GIDEP假冒数据库的报告显示,过去六年共有115起事件。但是, “每个人都认为,GIDEP报告只是冰山的一角,”美国宇航局质检经理布赖恩 休伊特说 。休伊特说过去18个月在测试期间,美国宇航局已经确定两批假冒的芯片,其中很多安装在飞行硬件。 “这可是会被发射到太空的东西, ”休伊特说,他拒绝透露详细情况。 “这将会非常糟糕。 ”美国航天局正在调查货物。美国航天局同时帮助(国防部)发射军事卫星和导弹。

追踪关联

为了了解假冒品的现象,商业周刊独立追查了四个BAE系统公司向GIDEP报告的假冒零件事件 。弯来弯去最终都指向中国,其他商业周刊没有详细调查的6个事件也一样。

2007年4月BAE报告收到假冒的军事级别的芯片,这些芯片据称由飞利浦半导体公司为秘密武器系统生产的。芯片上印的生产日期为1998年。不过, NXP半导体,荷兰飞利浦公司两年前分拆出来的子公司,确认它在1997年就停止生产军事级别的芯片了。

BAE从新罕布什尔州的分销商"港口电子"那里购买芯片。"港口电子"副总裁罗伯特W温特沃斯在接受采访时说,他要求公司帮BAE找到了一系列的旧芯片,以避免“花费BAE几百万美元”重新设计武器系统。他拒绝说明是哪些武器,但补充说: “BAE急于找到那些零件。 ”

BAE在一份声明中说,在2007年发现了假冒产品之后,他们“立即停止”了跟一切独立芯片经纪人合作,包括港口电子。经过认真审查,BAE说,它再次跟港口电子开始购买某些产品,它形容港口电子为“小弱势群体和残疾退伍军人拥有的企业。”BAE没有就论温特沃斯的话直接发表评论,说重新设计老式武器技术是昂贵的,有时寻求“少量的原始零件”更讲得通。

港口电子从另一个分销商,马萨诸塞州的国际Aapex获得了假冒飞利浦芯片。Aapex则从深圳的香港公平国际电子产品公司(Hong Kong Fair International Electronics)购买。

在一个维护良好的商业大厦15楼的办公室说,香港公平电子香港提供的公司小册子写着它享有“良好的关系和忠实的伙伴关系” ,出口经理,43岁的江红燕(音) 在接受采访时说,她的公司从来没有测试它供应的芯片,很少知道卖方的情况。 “我们是一家贸易公司,”江红燕说,她戴着红色镶边的眼镜,并使用英文名称“Snow” 。她补充说:“我们一手购买商品,一手销售商品。我们没有任何能力去研究,生产,或修改。 ”


供应商警告

Aapex的业主玛丽戈捷说,Aapex只跟香港公平电子买过一次芯片。她不知道什么写着"香港公平电子跟Aapex有着忠实的夥伴关系"的小册子。她说,1999到2007年间她跟港口电子的芯片销售价值为200万美元。 “99%的芯片都是给BAE的”她说。BAE定期联系Aapex寻找老式的,很难找到的芯片,戈捷说。她告诉国防承包商她是从中国购买的零件。“我们通知BAE说这是高风险的,但他们求我们,因为他们说他们需要那些产品。”商业周刊阅读了往返的电子邮件,确认Aapex一再警告港口和BAE零件乃来自中国。

戈捷说,BAE和港口电子不再跟Aapex做生意 。 “我被BAE扔在公共汽车底下,”她说。 “他们不想承担责任,所以他们指责我们。 ”BAE拒绝评论她的话或来往的电子邮件。

根据BAE的文件,香港公平电子从贵屿电子市场买了假冒飞利浦芯片。BAE向GIDEP提供的报告没有列出具体的供应商。在贵屿的金龙电子贸易中心,陆伟龙说,他可以很容易地提供多种类型的军用级芯片,其中包括BAE收购的。他一边讲着话,一边走到乱糟糟的后边房间一台电脑前,输入各类军事零件编号到谷歌看看哪些类型的电路板他们可以提取。 “我家里有这些电路板, ”他自信地说。

一些中国零部件供应商显然成立了在美国的外贸公司,出售零部件给美国国防工业的中间商。加州富乐顿的JFBK公司似乎是一个这样的中国子公司。GIDEP确定该公司从今年6月开始向"北岸组件"(North ShoreComponents)提供芯片,"北岸组件"是一家在美国纽约的经销商。这些通常用于FA-18型战斗机和E-2C鹰眼侦察机的芯片,本来应由位于加州圣克拉拉的国家半导体(NSM)公司生产,结果却是假冒的商业级别的芯片。北岸副总裁约瑟夫鲁杰罗在接受采访时说,他的公司在芯片的交易网站NetComponents上发现的JFBK 。

JFBK的办公室在富乐顿市一个购物中心里,一个小房间还设有另外两家公司:美新技术和新世界科技,都是芯片经纪人。JFBK的网站上描述他们有“博学和友善的工作人员”与“多年的集体经验和专业支持。”7月中一天下午,4名妇女和一名男子,看起来都是20多岁,坐在办公桌前接听电话,根据牌子报自己的名字。办公桌上的小牌子写着他们的名字和三家公司的名称。当被问及芯片销售,一名年轻女子说: “我们不允许谈论我们做什么。 ”她拒绝透露她的名字。

根据加州企业部门的资料,2000年以来JFBK和新世界已经被“解散”了,不再是法人实体。美心仍在营业中。公共记录确定一个名叫赵简菊(音,JianJuCho)的人是JFBK的代理人 。通过电话商业周刊联系到在佛罗里达度假的赵,她说,不论是她本人和她的工作人员都不太了解芯片。“我不任何了解电子元件,”赵说。 “所有的事情取决于供应商跟我们说的。JFBK和美心的业主是一对中国夫妇,新世界的业主是一个台湾男子。”

一家名为通达美心电子的公司在深圳一个十五楼的办公楼。美心名牌底下是另一个中文牌子: “ JFBK深圳办事处。”当被问及JFBK和通达美心之间的关系,通达美心总经理王彤说: “我们是他们的供应商。”27岁的王彤说JFBK可能并不明白提供给北岸的军事级别的芯片被假冒,因为JFBK和美心也不知道该产品的来源。 “他们不懂技术, ”王彤说。“他们只做贸易。我们都不懂技术。 ”

总部设在深圳的中国电子采购协会秘书长赵韦恩 承认伪造芯片在中国盛行: “这是广泛的,我们也承认这一点。 ”当被问及为什么中国官员不关闭公然伪造的工厂,他说: “每个人都想指责中国。却难以区分合法的产品和假冒产品。 ”

美国芯片制造商说,规范无序的全球市场不是他们的工作,但也有一些公司至少试图评估挑战。总部设在达拉斯的德州仪器(TI)副总裁约翰沙利文,已前往深圳芯片市场,去拍摄假冒芯片和印制假标签的机器。

根据GIDEP记录,在过去三年中,美国海关和边境局官员在美国港口查获八批据称是德国仪器生产的假军用级芯片。沙利文说,五角大楼代表会见了德国仪器和其他芯片制造商。 “他们没有视之为一个经济问题,他们认为这是一个可能会影响到国家安全和健康和安全的问题。 ”他说。

主要芯片制造商指责五角大楼和其从小型经纪人购买的惯例为假冒军用级芯片泛滥的原因。 “我们10年来都在告诉人们[国防部]只能从我们或我们的授权经销商那里购买”。英特尔发言人查穆罗伊说。 “军队盲目追求低成本,但没有检查质量。”

提供给BAE冒牌芯片的香港公平电子的江红燕辩称,如果美军希望确保高品质的芯片,它应该直接从原始制造商或其官方特许经营购买。 “你为什么来中国买吗?你知道,这些东西在中国很便宜, ”江说。 “他们为什么便宜?他们有质量问题。 ”

Dangerous Fakes

How counterfeit, defective computer components from China are getting into U.S. warplanes and ships

by Brian Grow, Chi-Chu Tschang, Cliff Edwards and Brian Burnsed


The American military faces a growing threat of potentially fatal equipment failure—and even foreign espionage—because of counterfeit computer components used in warplanes, ships, and communication networks. Fake microchips flow from unruly bazaars in rural China to dubious kitchen-table brokers in the U.S. and into complex weapons. Senior Pentagon officials publicly play down the danger, but government documents, as well as interviews with insiders, suggest possible connections between phony parts and breakdowns.

In November 2005, a confidential Pentagon-industry program that tracks counterfeits issued an alert that "BAE Systems experienced field failures," meaning military equipment malfunctions, which the large defense contractor traced to fake microchips. Chips are the tiny electronic circuits found in computers and other gear.

The alert from the Government-Industry Data Exchange Program (GIDEP), reviewed by BusinessWeek (MHP), said two batches of chips "were never shipped" by their supposed manufacturer, Maxim Integrated Products in Sunnyvale, Calif. "Maxim considers these parts to be counterfeit," the alert states. (In response to BusinessWeek's questions, BAE said the alert had referred erroneously to field failures. The company denied there were any malfunctions.)

In a separate incident last January, a chip falsely identified as having been made by Xicor, now a unit of Intersil in Milpitas, Calif., was discovered in the flight computer of an F-15 fighter jet at Robins Air Force Base in Warner Robins, Ga. People familiar with the situation say technicians were repairing the F-15 at the time. Special Agent Terry Mosher of the Air Force Office of

Special Investigations confirms that the 409th Supply Chain Management Squadron eventually found four counterfeit Xicor chips.

THREAT OF ESPIONAGE

Potentially more alarming than either of the two aircraft episodes are hundreds of counterfeit routers made in China and sold to the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines over the past four years.

These fakes could facilitate foreign espionage, as well as cause accidents. The U.S. Justice Dept. is prosecuting the operators of an electronics distributor in Texas—and last year obtained guilty pleas from the proprietors of a company in Washington State—for allegedly selling the military dozens of falsely labeled routers, devices that direct data through digital networks. The routers were marked as having been made by the San Jose technology giant Cisco Systems (CSCO).

Referring to the seizure of more than 400 fake routers so far, Melissa E. Hathaway, head of cyber security in the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, says: "Counterfeit products have been linked to the crash of mission-critical networks, and may also contain hidden 'back doors' enabling network security to be bypassed and sensitive data accessed ." She declines to elaborate. In a 50-page presentation for industry audiences, the FBI concurs that the routers could allow Chinese operatives to "gain access to otherwise secure systems" (page 38).

It's very difficult to determine whether tiny fake parts have contributed to particular plane crashes or missile mishaps, says Robert P. Ernst, who heads research into counterfeit parts for the Naval Air Systems Command's Aging Aircraft Program in Patuxent River, Md. Ernst estimates that as many as 15% of all the spare and replacement microchips the Pentagon buys are counterfeit. As a result, he says, "we are having field failures regularly within our weapon systems—and in almost every weapon system." He declines to provide details but says that, in his opinion, fake parts almost certainly have contributed to serious accidents. When a helicopter goes down in Iraq or Afghanistan, he explains, "we don't always do the root-cause investigation of every component failure."

While anxiety about fake computer components has begun to spread within the Pentagon, top officials have been slow to respond, says Ernst, 48, a civilian engineer for the military for the past 26 years. "I am very frustrated with the leadership's inability to react to this issue." Retired four-star General William G.T. Tuttle Jr., former chief of the Army Materiel Command and now a defense industry consultant, agrees: "What we have is a pollution of the military supply chain."

Much of that pollution emanates from the Chinese hinterlands. BusinessWeek tracked counterfeit military components used in gear made by BAE Systems to traders in Shenzhen, China. The traders typically obtain supplies from recycled-chip emporiums such as the Guiyu Electronics Market outside the city of Shantou in southeastern China. The garbage-strewn streets of Guiyu reek of burning plastic as workers in back rooms and open yards strip chips from old PC circuit boards. The components, typically less than an inch long, are cleaned in the nearby Lianjiang River and then sold from the cramped premises of businesses such as Jinlong Electronics Trade Center.

A sign for Jinlong Electronics advertises in Chinese that it sells "military" circuitry, meaning chips that are more durable than commercial components and able to function at extreme temperatures.

But proprietor Lu Weilong admits that his wares are counterfeit. His employees sand off the markings on used commercial chips and relabel them as military. Everyone in Guiyu does this, he says:

"The dates are 100% fake, because the products pulled off the computer boards are from the '80s and '90s, customers demand products from after 2000."

BusinessWeek traced the path of components from Guiyu to BAE Systems Electronics & Integrated Solutions in Nashua, N.H. The company's confidential reports to the Government-Industry

Data Exchange Program were critical to this research. A unit of BAE's $15 billion U.S. division, the electronics operation makes a variety of sophisticated equipment, ranging from missile-warning systems for fighter jets to laser-targeting devices for snipers. It has reported far more counterfeiting incidents than its rivals: 45 over the past three years. Industry executives say that large figure may reflect BAE's candor or its aggressive pursuit of low-priced chips from China. The Justice Dept. is investigating BAE's military electronic-parts procurement, a company spokesman confirmed.

In a statement, the company said that it "has attempted to pursue the origin of components provided through the supply chain, has no further insight, nor certification to the origins of components that are provided by supply-chain distributors." Only a "small percentage" of its parts have turned out to be counterfeit, BAE said. It now has restricted its purchases to original chipmakers and their approved distributors "except in very limited circumstances," such as when it needs a hard-to-find component.

BAE isn't unique. Other contractors that have reported counterfeit microchips to GIDEP include Boeing (BA) Satellite Systems, Raytheon (RTN) Missile Systems, Northrop Grumman (NOC)

Navigation Systems, and Lockheed Martin Missiles & Fire Control. The companies all said they take the threat of counterfeits seriously but wouldn't comment on specific incidents.

The flood of counterfeit military microelectronics results largely from the Pentagon's need for parts for aging equipment and its long efforts to save money. In the mid-1990s, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Clinton Administration launched an initiative, continued during the Bush years, of buying all sorts of components off the shelf. In addition to the traditional pattern of purchasing equipment from original manufacturers and their large, authorized distributors, the Pentagon began doing business with smaller U.S. parts brokers that sprang up to offer low-cost items, including microchips. Federal affirmative-action goals have further encouraged the military to favor suppliers that qualify as "disadvantaged." The chips wholesale for as little as 10 cents and as much as $2,000 each, depending on their complexity and quality. The Pentagon spends about $3.5 billion a year on spare chips, many of them for planes and ships that are 10 or 20 years old.

Name-brand manufacturers and well-established distributors, some of which acquire the rights to make obsolete chips, say they mark up prices 10% to 30%. Smaller brokers settle for far less generous margins. The number of small brokers increased sharply after 1994, when Congress stopped requiring government contractors to certify that they were either original manufacturers or authorized distributors. The brokers have to obtain a contractor code but receive little or no oversight. Hundreds are now operating, some out of suburban basements and second bedrooms. A BusinessWeek analysis of a contracting database identified at least 24 active brokers that list residential homes as their place of business. Several have won chip contracts for "critical applications," which the Pentagon defines as "essential to weapon system performance...or the operating personnel." In many cases these entrepreneurs comb Web sites such as brokerforum.net and netcomponents.com, which connect them with traders in Shenzhen and Guiyu. The brokers sell either directly to Pentagon depots or via suppliers to defense contractors such as BAE.

ON A QUIET STREET

Mariya Hakimuddin owns IT Enterprise, a company she runs with her mother out of a modest one-story house in Bakersfield, Calif. Rosebushes line the street, and a basketball hoop hangs in the driveway. Hakimuddin, who is in her 40s, says she has no college education. She began brokering military chips four years ago, after friends told her about the expanding trade. Since 2004 she has won Pentagon contracts worth a total of $2.7 million, records show. The military has acquired microchips and other parts from IT Enterprise for use in radar on the aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan and the antisubmarine combat system of Spruance-class destroyers.

Hakimuddin says she knows little about the parts she has bought and sold. She started her business by signing up on the Internet for a government supplier code. After the Defense Dept.

approved her application, with no inspection, she began scanning online military procurement requests. She plugged part codes into Google (GOOG) and found Web sites offering low prices.

Then she ordered parts and had them shipped directly to military depots. "I wouldn't know what were before I'd order them," she says, standing near her front door. "I didn't even know what the parts were for."

The Navy's Ernst became concerned about IT Enterprise in March 2007. His team found a suspicious transistor—a basic type of microchip—supplied by the firm for use in the AV-8B Harrier, a Marine Corps fighter jet. The transistor, which turned up during an inspection of a military depot in Cherry Point, N.C., was supposed to contain lead in its solder joints, but didn't. That defect could cause solders to crack and the flight control system to fail, Ernst explains. When a member of the team telephoned IT Enterprise in Bakersfield, he heard children chattering in the background, Ernst recalls. "It was the 'Aha!' moment for me on counterfeit parts," he says.

Unknown to Ernst, a separate Defense inquiry later found that at least five shipments from IT Enterprise since 2004 had contained counterfeit microcircuits, including those intended for the USS Ronald Reagan, according to Pentagon records. During her interview with BusinessWeek, Hakimuddin denied any wrongdoing and blamed her suppliers, but she wouldn't name them. In January the Defense Dept. banned IT Enterprise, Hakimuddin, and her mother, Lubaina Nooruddin, from supplying the military for three years.

The Hakimuddins weren't deterred. A month after Mariya was barred, her husband, Mukerram, received his own supplier code, using the same home address with a new company name, Mil Enterprise. This time the Pentagon caught on more quickly, banning Mukerram for three years as well. He couldn't be reached for comment. People familiar with the matter say the Defense Criminal Investigative Service is looking into IT Enterprise.

In written responses to questions about kitchen-table brokers, officials at the Defense Supply Center in Columbus, Ohio—a major Pentagon electronic-parts buyer—said they don't inspect brokers or conduct background checks. "The law does not prohibit" work-at-home brokers or using the Internet to find parts, the officials said. "Is there risk? Yes, there is risk," Brigadier General Patricia E. McQuistion, the center's commander, says in an interview. She estimates that "less than one-quarter of 1% of what we buy is compromised."
RULE CHANGE

Nevertheless, after BusinessWeek's inquiries, the center in August issued new contracting rules for microchips. Suppliers now must document the "conformance" and "traceEven after the likes of IT Enterprise are identified, it can take time to clean up the mess. On Feb. 5, 2008, a manager at Tobyhanna Army Depot, the Pentagon's largest electronics maintenance facility, in Stroud Township, Pa., notified the supply center in Columbus that his unit had discovered counterfeit chips supplied by IT Enterprise for use in global positioning systems on F-15 fighters, according to internal Pentagon e-mails reviewed by BusinessWeek. The e-mails show that, as late as July, the Columbus center was still trying to locate parts purchased from IT Enterprise.

In a July 24 e-mail, an F-15 engineer, whom BusinessWeek agreed not to identify, wrote: "Suppose that a part like that makes it onto a flight-critical piece of hardware or mission-essential piece of hardware. The is a very good chance that the part may work...but what happens at 40[,000] ft and -50 degrees? Hardware failure. Not good."

Ernst says the Hakimuddin episode helped him realize how blind the military has been: "We don't know how big the counterfeit problem is, and, to me, that is irresponsible." Now he's trying to get others in the bureaucracy to confront what he considers to be a crisis: "The risk of counterfeiting is so high, and the cost to our weapon systems is so great, that we need to take action." Glenn Benninger, a senior civilian engineer at the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Crane, Ind., concurs: "Counterfeiting has literally exploded over the last few years, but not a lot of people have been paying attention."

The pending investigations could force the Defense Dept. to heed such warnings. In addition to the Justice Dept.'s probe of BAE, there is the Pentagon's in-house criminal inquiry. "The DoD takes this threat very seriously," John J. Young Jr., Defense Under Secretary for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, said in a statement. "This security threat will require great vigilance by DoD to defeat, but we will do everything within our power to do so."

Policies aimed at promoting "disadvantaged" businesses have apparently encouraged dealings with brokers that otherwise might seem questionable. Federal affirmative-action goals require the Pentagon to seek to make 22% of its purchases from small contractors—as measured by staff and revenue—including those run by women, military veterans, or members of certain ethnic

minority groups. A contracting database refers to IT Enterprise as a "Subcontinent Asian American Owned Business." Hakimuddin wouldn't discuss her ethnicity but says she was born in the U.S.

Daniel Spencer designated his wife, Brenda, as the legal owner of his brokering business, BDS Supply. "I thought we'd get some kind of benefit ," says Spencer, 54, who acknowledges that he runs the company with his wife. Working from home in Great Falls, Mont., he says, he buys from legitimate suppliers and has parts shipped to him before sending them on to the Pentagon. But he admits that, despite a background in computers, he doesn't have the expertise to identify fake chips. Promod Dubey, who runs Phoenix Systems Engineering, a broker in Lake Mary, Fla., complains that military procurement offices "want the cheapest possible s--t they can get." Dubey, who lists Phoenix as a "small disadvantaged" business on Pentagon documents, says he acquires parts from China only as a "last resort" because "sometimes the quality is questionable." Neither he nor Spencer has been accused of impropriety in their military work.

Contractor reports to the GIDEP counterfeits database show a total of 115 incidents over the past six years. But "everybody believes the reports are just the tip of the iceberg," says Brian Hughitt, manager of quality assurance for NASA. Hughitt says that, during testing, NASA inspectors have identified two shipments of counterfeit chips in the past 18 months. One lot was installed in flight hardware. "That's something that is going to be launched into space," Hughitt says, declining to elaborate. "It could have been real bad." NASA, which helps launch military satellites and missiles, is investigating the shipments.

TRACKING THE CONNECTION

To understand the counterfeiting phenomenon, BusinessWeek independently traced four incidents of phony parts that BAE Systems reported to GIDEP. The circuitous trails all led back to China, as did those of at least six other BAE incidents that BusinessWeek did not investigate in detail.

In April 2007 BAE reported receiving fake military-grade chips purportedly made by Philips Semiconductor for undisclosed weapon systems. A production date stamped on the supposedly military-grade chips identified them as having been made in 1998. But NXP Semiconductors, a unit spun off from the Dutch company Philips two years ago, confirms that it stopped making military-grade chips in 1997.

BAE bought the chips from Port Electronics, a Salem (N.H.) distributor. Robert W. Wentworth, a vice-president at Port, says in an interview that BAE asked his firm to find a series of older microchips to avoid a redesign of weapon systems "that would have cost millions." He declines to specify the weapons but adds: "These people were desperate to find the parts."

BAE said in a statement that, after discovering the counterfeits in 2007, it "immediately ceased" using all independent chip brokers, including Port. Following a careful review, BAE added, it again began buying certain products from Port, which it described as a "small disadvantaged and disabled veteran-owned business." Without commenting directly on Wentworth's account, BAE said that redesigning older weapon technology is expensive and that it sometimes makes more economic sense to seek "small quantities of the original parts." ability" of chips when they place bids. Previously such records didn't have to be filed at the bidding stage and were sometimes missing or faked, industry and government officials say.

Port obtained the fake Philips chips from another distributor, Aapex International, in Salem, Mass. Aapex had purchased the components from Hong Kong Fair International Electronics in Shenzhen, according to BAE documents. A brochure provided by Hong Kong Fair at its office on the 15th floor of a well-kept commercial building says it enjoys "a good relationship and faithful partnership" with Aapex. Jiang Hongyan, 43, Hong Kong Fair's export manager, says in an interview that her company never tests the microchips it supplies and rarely knows anything about the companies from which it buys. "We are a trading company," says Jiang, who wears red-rimmed glasses and uses the English name "Snow." She adds: "We buy goods with one hand and sell them with the other hand. We do not have any capability to do research, production, or modifications."

SUPPLIER WARNINGS

The owner of Aapex, Marie Gauthier, says her company purchased chips from Hong Kong Fair only once. She says she doesn't know anything about the brochure in which Hong Kong Fair boasts of its "faithful partnership" with Aapex. She says she made chip sales worth $2 million to Port Electronics between 1999 and 2007. "Ninety-nine percent of it was for BAE," she says.

BAE engineers regularly contacted Aapex in their search for older, hard-to-find chips, Gauthier says. She told the defense contractor she was buying parts from China. "We notified BAE that this was high-risk," says Gauthier. "They begged us because they said they needed the product." E-mail exchanges, reviewed by BusinessWeek, confirm that Aapex repeatedly warned Port and BAE about parts from China.

Gauthier says BAE and Port no longer buy from Aapex. "I got thrown under the bus by BAE," she says. "They did not want to take responsibility, so they pointed at us." BAE declined to comment on her assertion or on the e-mail exchanges.

Hong Kong Fair bought the fake Philips chips from the Guiyu Electronics Market, according to the BAE documents. No specific vendor is listed in BAE's GIDEP report. At Jinlong Electronics Trade Center in Guiyu, proprietor Lu Weilong says he could easily supply many types of military-grade chips, including those acquired for BAE. As he speaks, he turns to a PC in the back of his cluttered store and types military part numbers into Google to see from which kinds of circuit boards they can be extracted. "I have the circuit boards at home," he says confidently.

Some Chinese parts providers appear to have set up front companies in the U.S. and sell to brokers that supply the U.S. defense industry. JFBK of Fullerton, Calif., seems to be one such Chinese affiliate. The company is identified in GIDEP documents from this past June as having provided chips to North Shore Components, a distributor in Bellport, N.Y. The chips, typically used in the FA-18 fighter and E-2C Hawkeye surveillance plane, were supposed to have been made by National Semiconductor (NSM) in Santa Clara, Calif., but they turned out to be counterfeits of only commercial grade, according to North Shore's report to GIDEP. North Shore Vice-President Joseph Ruggiero says in an interview that his company found JFBK on the chip-trading Web site NetComponents.

JFBK's office in a strip mall in Fullerton is a single small room that also houses two other companies: MeiXin Technologies and New World Tech, both chip brokers. JFBK's Web site describes a "knowledgeable and friendly staff" with "years of collective experience and professional support." One afternoon in mid-July, four women and a man, who all appeared to be in their 20s, sat at desks with small signs tacked above them bearing the names of the three companies. The employees answered the phone on each desk with the name of the company designated on the card.

Asked about microchip sales, one young woman, who declined to give her name, said: "We're not allowed to talk about what we do."

According to the California Department of Corporations, JFBK and New World have been "dissolved" as legal entities since 2000. MeiXin is still listed as active. Public records identify a woman named JianJu Cho as the agent for JFBK. Reached by phone while on vacation in Florida, Cho said neither she nor her staff knows much about microchips. "I don't have any knowledge about electronic components," said Cho. "All the things just depend on what our supplier tells us." Cho says the owners of JFBK and MeiXin are "a couple from China and a man from Taiwan. MeiXin and JFBK China; New World is from Taiwan."

A company called Tongda MeiXin Electronics operates on the 15th floor of an office building in Shenzhen. Under the MeiXin nameplate is another sign that states, in Chinese, "JFBK Shenzhen office." Asked about the relationship between JFBK and Tongda MeiXin, Wang Tong, general manager of MeiXin, says: "We are their supplier." Wang, 27, says JFBK probably didn't appreciate that the purportedly military-grade chips supplied to North Shore were counterfeit because neither MeiXin nor JFBK knows where the product came from. "They don't understand the technology," says Tong. "They only do trade. None of us understand the technology."

Wayne Chao, secretary general of the China Electronics Purchasing Assn., based in Shenzhen, admits that microchip counterfeiting is rife in China: "It's widespread, and we acknowledge that."

Asked why Chinese officials don't shut down the blatant counterfeiting, he says: "Everyone wants to blame China. But it's difficult to differentiate between a legitimate product and a fake."

U.S. chipmakers say it is not their job to police a disorderly global marketplace, although some companies are at least trying to assess the challenge. John Sullivan, vice-president for worldwide security at Dallas-based Texas Instruments (TXN), has traveled to chip markets in Shenzhen to photograph allegedly counterfeit stockpiles and label-printing machines.

U.S. Customs & Border Protection officials at American ports have seized eight shipments of fake military-grade chips purportedly made by Texas Instruments in the past three years, according to GIDEP records. Sullivan says Pentagon representatives have met with TI and other chipmakers. "They're not seeing it as just an economic problem; they're seeing it as a problem that could affect national security and health and safety," he says.

Major chipmakers blame the Pentagon and its practice of buying from small brokers for the spread of counterfeit military-grade chips. "We've been telling people for 10 years to buy only from us or our authorized distributor," says Chuck Mulloy, a spokesman for Intel (INTC). "The military is slavishly following the low-cost paradigm but not following the idea of checking the quality as well."

Hong Kong Fair's Jiang, the alleged supplier of counterfeit chips to BAE, argues that if the U.S. military wants guaranteed high-quality chips, it should purchase them directly from the original manufacturers or their official franchisees. "Why do you come to China to buy it? You know that these things in China are cheap," Jiang says. "Why are they cheap? They have problems with quality."

For a video tour of a microchip bazaar in China where counterfeits are sold, go to www.businessweek.com/go/tv/counterfeit

Grow is a correspondent in BusinessWeek's Atlanta bureau . Tschang is a correspondent in BusinessWeek's Beijing bureau. Edwards is a correspondent in BusinessWeek's Silicon Valley bureau. Burnsed is an editorial assistant for BusinessWeek based in Atlanta.

[ 本帖最后由 rlsrls08 于 2008-10-8 09:02 编辑 ]

rlsrls08 发表于 2008-10-8 09:06

危险的赝品

中国的假冒品和有缺陷的电脑元件如何进入美国的战斗机和船舰

(视频)

美国军队正面临着致命性的设备故障的上升威胁,甚至包括外国的间谍活动,因为战斗机,船舰和通讯网络使用了假冒的电脑元件。假晶片从中国农村的自由市场,通过美国冒险的皮包商人,流入美国复杂的武器中。五角大楼高级官员公开否认事情的严重程度,但政府文件和对内部人士的采访,说明假冒零件和故障之间可能有关联。

2005年11月,由五角大楼和商业公司合作的,一个追踪假冒品问题的机密项目发布了一个警告:"BAE系统现场使用失败",意味着军队设备出了故障,大国防合同公司追查到起因是假晶片。晶片是电脑和其他电器中微小的电子电路。

"商业周刊"回顾了这个由GIDEP(政府工业数据交换项目)发布的警报,生产商-加州的MAXIM工厂说"从来没有"发货两组晶片。MAXIM认为这批货是假冒的。

去年一月份,在乔治亚州罗宾斯空军基地的F-15战斗机电脑中发现了一个假晶片。该晶片仿冒XICOR生产,熟悉情况的人士说当时技工正在修理战斗机(于是发现了假货)。空军特别调查办公室的特工Terry Mosher证实,第409供货连锁管理中队最终发现了4个假冒晶片。


间谍活动的威胁


在过去四年,美国陆军,海军,空军和海军陆战队购买了几百个中国生产的假冒路由器,而这两架使用假晶片的飞机不过是其中的插曲罢了。这些假冒产品不仅让海外间谍有可乘之机,而且会导致事故。美国司法部正在起诉德州一家电子分销商的代表,罪名是卖给军方贴着假商标的路由器,这批路由器贴着圣荷西技术巨人CISCO公司的商标。路由器的作用是电子网络中传递数据。去年华盛顿州一家公司的业主在同类指控中承认有罪。

鉴于迄今为止共查封了400多个假路由器,国家情报负责人办公室的网络安全主管Melissa E. Hathaway说:"假冒品跟执行关键任务的网络突然崩溃有关联,而且可能存在隐藏的"后门",使得(黑客,盗贼和间谍)绕开网络安全和取得敏感数据成为可能。她拒绝透露详细情况。在50页的报告中,FBI也说路由器可以使中国操作人员"进入安全系统"(见第38页)。

海军航空系统指挥的飞机老化项目中负责调查假冒零件的罗伯特.恩斯特说:"目前难于确定是否细小的假零件跟特定的飞机失事和导弹意外有关。"恩斯特博士估计美国国防部买进的备用、替代零件中,至少有15%是假货,如今假货已经遍及每个军事武器系统,这是近年多次军事事故的主要原因。他拒绝提供细节,他的观点是,假零件肯定会导致严重事故。当直升飞机在伊拉克或者阿富汗坠毁,"我们并非总是调查由于零件故障导致的每一个事故的根本原因。"

当对假电脑零件的焦虑在五角大楼扩散,最高官员迟迟不予回应。恩斯特说。他是一个平民工程师,为军队工作了26年。"我对领导人回应该事件的无能感到很沮丧",前陆军物资总指挥,退休的四星将军William G.T. Tuttle Jr.同意"我们的军队供应连锁被污染了。"他目前是国防工业的顾问。

很大程度上污染来源于中国内地。商业周刊追踪到军方BAE系统使用的假冒部件来自中国深圳的商家。这些商家基本上都从汕头市郊的贵屿电子市场拿到回收再利用的晶片。贵屿的街道堆满了垃圾,当工人在后院和空地把晶片从电脑电路板里头取出来时,空气中散发着塑料烧焦的臭味。不到一英尺长的晶片在附近的两江河里头清洗,然后由金龙电子交易市场这样的商家销售。

金龙公司的广告牌用中文写道它销售"军用"电路,意思是"军用"晶片比商业部件耐用,而且在极端温度下仍旧起作用。但业主陆伟龙(音)承认他的货品是假货。他的工人用砂纸磨掉商业晶片上的生产厂家,然后重新贴上军队的标签。在贵屿每一个人都这样做,他说:"晶片上的日期100%是假的,因为这些从电脑电路上取下来的晶片都是80和90年代的产品。而顾客要2000年之后生产的产品。"

商业周刊追踪来自贵屿的部件到了新罕不夏州Nashua市的BAE系统电子集成方案公司(BAE Systems Electronics & Integrated Solutions)。该公司给GIDEP的报告批评此研究。

一个BAE的单位相对于150亿个师(这句翻译不对,请求帮助),电子运作构成从战斗机的导弹预警系统到狙击手的激光瞄准装置的多种精密设备。据报道它的竞争对手有更多的假货事件。过去3年发生了45起。工业高级主管说庞大的规模可能反映了BAE的坦白或者对中国廉价晶片的强烈要求。公司的一个发言人证实美国司法部正在调查BAE的军队电子零件购置。

在一个声明中,该公司说他们"一直试图经营从供应连锁来的原始部件。但没有预料到,也没有提供证明部件来源于供应连锁的分销商。" BAE说只有"一小部分"零件被查出是假货。现在BAE已经严格规定只从原始的晶片生产商和公司批准的分销商购买,"除了在非常少数情况下"。比如它需要一种难以找到的部件时。

BAE并非唯一的。其他合同公司向GIDEP报告发现假微晶片的公司包括波音卫星系统,RAYTHON导弹系统,诺思罗普导航系统,和洛克西德马丁导弹和射击控制。这些公司都说他们严肃地对待假冒品的问题,但不肯评论某个特定事件。

大量的假冒军用晶片乃是五角大楼因设备老化对零件的需求和长期追求省钱的结果。在90年代中期苏联解体后,克林顿政府发起一项倡议: 购买各种各样的现成的部件,这项倡议延续到布什任期。除了从原始制造商和其授权的大型分销商购买设备的传统,五角大楼开始跟规模较小的美国经纪人做生意,小型商家纷纷兴起以提供低成本的物品,包括微芯片。联邦平权措施(译者注: 优先照顾少数民族、弱势民族、女性等,防止种族与性别歧视的积极行动)进一步鼓励了军方偏向"弱势"的供应商 。

芯片批发价格从10美分到2000美元不等,取决于其复杂性和质量。五角大楼每年花费大约35亿美元在备用芯片上,大部分是为了供给10或者20年旧的飞机和船只。

美国军品商及其授权厂商提供这些过时晶片的价格,往往抬价10%至30%;相对的,一些小贸易商出售的价格则低廉许多。1994年,美国国会不再要求政府承包商提供他们是原始制造商或授权分销商的证明后,从事军品买卖的小贸易商如雨后春笋般冒出。经纪人必须获取一个承包商代码,但很少或根本没有受到监督。数百家小型经纪公司正在运作,一些公司的办公地点就在郊区的地下室和家里富余的卧室。商业周刊对承包商数据的分析确定: 至少24个营业中的经纪公司登记了住宅作为他们的营业地点。一些获得了用于“关键应用程序”的芯片合同 ,五角大楼对“关键应用程序”的定义为“对武器系统的性能...或操作人员至关重要”。在许多情况下,这些企业的网站,如brokerforum.net和netcomponents.com ,都跟深圳和贵屿的交易商连接起来。销售经纪人直接供给五角大楼军事仓库,或通过国防承包商如BAE等。


在一条安静的街道

玛丽亚与她的母亲共同经营一家名为「IT Enterprise」的公司。。公司就设在她位于加州贝克斯菲尔德市的一层楼住家中。街道两边开满玫瑰花,一个篮球框挂在车道上。 40岁的玛丽亚没有大专以上学历。在从朋友处获知这是门好买卖之后,玛丽亚四年前开始从事晶片贸易,记录显示自2004年以来,她赢得了美国国防部总价值270万美元的合同。军方从"IT企业"购买的芯片和其他部件用于罗纳德里根号航空母舰的雷达,和斯普鲁恩斯级驱逐舰的反潜作战系统。

玛丽亚说,她根本不了解她买进来和卖出去的零件。她在互联网上申请政府供应商代码,国防部不经检查就批准她的申请。她开始在网上阅读军事采购的要求,然后把零件代码输入谷歌google,发现某些网站提供价格低廉的产品。接着,她下了订单,商品直接运往军事仓库。 “我在订货前不可能了解[零件], ”她站在门前说。 “我甚至不知道这些零件是干什么的。 ”

海军特工恩斯特从2007年3月份开始关注"IT企业"。他的研究小组发现了可疑的晶体管--一个基本类型的芯片--由该公司提供,准备用于海军陆战队战斗机"AV-8B条鹞"。在北卡州Cherry Point的军事仓库的检查中,该晶体管被发现没有含铅。而此类晶体管的焊点理应含有铅。恩斯特解释说: 这一缺陷可能导致焊点的开裂和飞行控制系统的失败。恩斯特回忆: 当小组成员打电话给贝克斯菲尔德的"IT企业",他听到孩子叽叽喳喳的背景声音。 "啊哈!那一瞬间我明白了。假冒零件。"他说。

恩斯特不知道的是,国防部稍后一项独立的调查发现,根据五角大楼的记录,自2004年以来,至少有5批"IT企业"出的货含有假冒微型电路,包括那些打算用于罗纳德里根号航空母舰的。在接受商业周刊的采访时, 玛丽亚否认有任何不法行为,并指责她的供应商,但她不会说出名字来。今年1月,国防部禁止IT企业,玛丽亚和她的母亲提供军事物资三年。

但玛丽亚没有吓倒。玛丽亚被禁止一个月后,她的丈夫Mukerram,收到自己的供应商代码,使用相同的家庭住址与一个新的公司名称"Mil Enterprise"。这一次,五角大楼动作迅速,同样禁止Mukerram三年。我们未能找到他就此发表评论。熟悉内情的人士说,国防部刑事调查局在注意IT企业。

在关于"皮包商"问题的书面答复中,美国俄亥俄州哥伦布市的国防供应中心一位官员说,"他们不检查经纪人或进行背景调查。'法律并未禁止'人们在家工作,或利用互联网找到零件。" 国防供应中心同时也是五角大楼的一个主要的电子零件买方。 该中心的指挥官帕特里夏准将在接受采访时说: “是否有风险?是的,有风险, ”她估计“我们所购买的物资中,有问题的不到0.25%。”


规则的改变

然而,在商业周刊的调查之后,该中心在8月颁布了关于芯片的新的合同规则。现在供应商在投标时必须注明芯片的的“合宜性 ”和“可跟踪性”。工业界和政府官员说,以前在投标阶段并没有这些记录,而且资料有时被遗失或伪造。

即使象"IT企业"这样的公司被确定,仍然需要时间来收拾残局。2008年2月5日,在位于宾夕法尼亚州斯特劳德镇的托比汉纳陆军仓库,五角大楼最大的电子产品维修设施,一位经理通知哥伦布供应中心,他的小组发现了"IT企业"提供的假冒的芯片,被用于F-15战斗机的全球定位系统,五角大楼的内部电子邮件表明,直到7月,哥伦布中心仍在寻找IT企业购买的那部分零件。

在7月24日电子邮件,一位商业周刊同意不公布姓名的F-15战斗机工程师写道: “假设这样的一个零件被安装到关键的飞行硬件或至关重要的基本硬件。也许这零件会正常工作...但在4万米高空做五十度角倾斜时发生故障怎么办?“

恩斯特说, 玛丽亚的故事帮助他认识到军方有多盲目: “我们不知道假冒问题有多大,但对我来说,这是不负责任的。 ”现在,他试图让其他官僚作风的人面对他认为的一个危机: “假冒的危险这么高,而且对我们的武器系统的损失是如此巨大,我们必须采取行动。 ”"海军水面作战中心"的高级文职工程师格伦瑞士贝宁格同意: “在过去几年中假冒问题已爆发,但关注的人不多。 ”

悬而未决的调查可能会迫使国防部听留心样的警告。除了司法部对BAE的彻底调查之外,五角大楼也在进行内部刑事调查。 “国防部对这一威胁非常重视, ” 国防部采集,技术和后勤部门的John J. Young Jr.在一份声明中说。 “安全威胁需要国防部的高度警惕,但我们将尽一切力量这样做。 ”

旨在帮助“弱势”企业的政策显然鼓励(政府)跟可疑的经纪人打交道。联邦平权行动要求五角大楼22%的采购必须来自小型承包商,小型公司指的是员工人数和收入低于一定数字,包括那些由妇女,退伍军人,或少数民族经营的公司。承包商数据库显示IT企业为“次大陆亚裔美国人拥有的企业。 ” 玛丽亚不愿意谈论她的种族,只说她在美国出生。

丹尼尔 斯宾塞指定他的妻子布伦达作为他的经纪公司DDS Supply的法人。 54岁的斯潘塞说,“我认为我们会得到某种好处[因为公司业主是妇女],”他承认他和妻子一起经营公司,办公地点就在蒙大拿州大瀑布市的家里。他说他从合法的供应商那里订货,而且部分货物发给他,然后才运往五角大楼。但他承认,尽管有电脑的背景,他并不具备识别假冒芯片的专业知识。另外一家"小型弱势"经纪公司-"凤凰系统工程"的普罗莫德杜贝抱怨说,军事采购办事处“总是要最便宜的。 ” 杜贝说从中国收购零件只能作为“最后手段” ,因为“有时质量可疑。 ”无论他本人还是斯宾塞都未被军方指控有不当行为。

承包者向GIDEP假冒数据库的报告显示,过去六年共有115起事件。但是, “每个人都认为, GIDEP报告只是冰山的一角,”美国宇航局质检经理布赖恩 休伊特说 。 休伊特说过去18个月在测试期间,美国宇航局已经确定两批假冒的芯片,其中很多安装在飞行硬件。 “这可是会被发射到太空的东西, ” 休伊特说,他拒绝透露详细情况。 “这将会非常糟糕。 ”美国航天局正在调查货物。美国航天局同时帮助(国防部)发射军事卫星和导弹。

追踪关联

为了了解假冒品的现象,商业周刊独立追查了四个BAE系统公司向GIDEP报告的假冒零件事件 。弯来弯去最终都指向中国,其他商业周刊没有详细调查的6个事件也一样。

2007年4月BAE报告收到假冒的军事级别的芯片,这些芯片据称由飞利浦半导体公司为秘密武器系统生产的。芯片上印的生产日期为1998年。不过, NXP半导体,荷兰飞利浦公司两年前分拆出来的子公司,确认它在1997年就停止生产军事级别的芯片了。

BAE从新罕布什尔州的分销商"港口电子"那里购买芯片。"港口电子"副总裁罗伯特W温特沃斯在接受采访时说,他要求公司帮BAE找到了一系列的旧芯片,以避免“花费BAE几百万美元”重新设计武器系统。他拒绝说明是哪些武器,但补充说: “BAE急于找到那些零件。 ”

BAE在一份声明中说,在2007年发现了假冒产品之后,他们“立即停止”了跟一切独立芯片经纪人合作,包括港口电子。经过认真审查,BAE说,它再次跟港口电子开始购买某些产品,它形容港口电子为“小弱势群体和残疾退伍军人拥有的企业。 ”BAE没有就论温特沃斯的话直接发表评论,说重新设计老式武器技术是昂贵的,有时寻求“少量的原始零件”更讲得通。

港口电子从另一个分销商,马萨诸塞州的国际Aapex获得了假冒飞利浦芯片。Aapex则从深圳的香港公平国际电子产品公司(Hong Kong Fair International Electronics)购买。

在一个维护良好的商业大厦15楼的办公室说,香港公平电子香港提供的公司小册子写着它享有“良好的关系和忠实的伙伴关系” , 出口经理,43岁的江红燕(音) 在接受采访时说,她的公司从来没有测试它供应的芯片,很少知道卖方的情况。 “我们是一家贸易公司, ”江红燕说,她戴着红色镶边的眼镜,并使用英文名称“Snow” 。她补充说: “我们一手购买商品,一手销售商品。我们没有任何能力去研究,生产,或修改。 ”


供应商警告

Aapex的业主玛丽戈捷说,Aapex只跟香港公平电子买过一次芯片。她不知道什么写着"香港公平电子跟Aapex有着忠实的夥伴关系"的小册子 。她说,1999到2007年间她跟港口电子的芯片销售价值为200万美元。 “99%的芯片都是给BAE的 ”她说。BAE定期联系Aapex寻找老式的,很难找到的芯片,戈捷说。她告诉国防承包商她是从中国购买的零件。 “我们通知BAE说这是高风险的,但他们求我们,因为他们说他们需要那些产品。 ”商业周刊阅读了往返的电子邮件,确认Aapex一再警告港口和BAE零件乃来自中国。

戈捷说,BAE和港口电子不再跟Aapex做生意 。 “我被BAE扔在公共汽车底下,”她说。 “他们不想承担责任,所以他们指责我们。 ”BAE拒绝评论她的话或来往的电子邮件。

根据BAE的文件,香港公平电子从贵屿电子市场买了假冒飞利浦芯片。BAE向GIDEP提供的报告没有列出具体的供应商。在贵屿的金龙电子贸易中心,陆伟龙说,他可以很容易地提供多种类型的军用级芯片,其中包括BAE收购的。他一边讲着话,一边走到乱糟糟的后边房间一台电脑前,输入各类军事零件编号到谷歌看看哪些类型的电路板他们可以提取。 “我家里有这些电路板, ”他自信地说。

一些中国零部件供应商显然成立了在美国的外贸公司,出售零部件给美国国防工业的中间商。 加州富乐顿的JFBK公司似乎是一个这样的中国子公司。GIDEP确定该公司从今年6月开始向"北岸组件"(North Shore Components)提供芯片,"北岸组件"是一家在美国纽约的经销商。这些通常用于FA-18型战斗机和E-2C鹰眼侦察机的芯片,本来应由位于加州圣克拉拉的国家半导体(NSM)公司生产,结果却是假冒的商业级别的芯片。北岸副总裁约瑟夫鲁杰罗在接受采访时说,他的公司在芯片的交易网站NetComponents上发现的JFBK 。

JFBK的办公室在富乐顿市一个购物中心里,一个小房间还设有另外两家公司:美新技术和新世界科技,都是芯片经纪人。 JFBK的网站上描述他们有“博学和友善的工作人员”与“多年的集体经验和专业支持。”7月中一天下午, 4名妇女和一名男子,看起来都是20多岁,坐在办公桌前接听电话,根据牌子报自己的名字。办公桌上的小牌子写着他们的名字和三家公司的名称。当被问及芯片销售,一名年轻女子说: “我们不允许谈论我们做什么。 ”她拒绝透露她的名字。

根据加州企业部门的资料, 2000年以来JFBK和新世界已经被“解散”了,不再是法人实体。美心仍在营业中。公共记录确定一个名叫赵简菊(音,JianJu Cho)的人是JFBK的代理人 。通过电话商业周刊联系到在佛罗里达度假的赵,她说,不论是她本人和她的工作人员都不太了解芯片。 “我不任何了解电子元件,”赵说。 “所有的事情取决于供应商跟我们说的。JFBK和美心的业主是一对中国夫妇,新世界的业主是一个台湾男子。”

一家名为通达美心电子的公司在深圳一个十五楼的办公楼。美心名牌底下是另一个中文牌子: “ JFBK深圳办事处。 ”当被问及JFBK和通达美心之间的关系,通达美心总经理王彤说: “我们是他们的供应商。 ”27岁的王彤说JFBK可能并不明白提供给北岸的军事级别的芯片被假冒,因为JFBK和美心也不知道该产品的来源。 “他们不懂技术, ”王彤说。 “他们只做贸易。我们都不懂技术。 ”

总部设在深圳的中国电子采购协会秘书长赵韦恩 承认伪造芯片在中国盛行: “这是广泛的,我们也承认这一点。 ”当被问及为什么中国官员不关闭公然伪造的工厂,他说: “每个人都想指责中国。却难以区分合法的产品和假冒产品。 ”

美国芯片制造商说,规范无序的全球市场不是他们的工作,但也有一些公司至少试图评估挑战。总部设在达拉斯的德州仪器(TI)副总裁约翰沙利文,已前往深圳芯片市场,去拍摄假冒芯片和印制假标签的机器。

根据GIDEP记录,在过去三年中,美国海关和边境局官员在美国港口查获八批据称是德国仪器生产的假军用级芯片。沙利文说,五角大楼代表会见了德国仪器和其他芯片制造商。 “他们没有视之为一个经济问题,他们认为这是一个可能会影响到国家安全和健康和安全的问题。 ”他说。

主要芯片制造商指责五角大楼和其从小型经纪人购买的惯例为假冒军用级芯片泛滥的原因。 “我们10年来都在告诉人们[国防部]只能从我们或我们的授权经销商那里购买”。英特尔发言人查穆罗伊说。 “军队盲目追求低成本,但没有检查质量。”

提供给BAE冒牌芯片的香港公平电子的江红燕辩称,如果美军希望确保高品质的芯片,它应该直接从原始制造商或其官方特许经营购买。 “你为什么来中国买吗?你知道,这些东西在中国很便宜, ”江说。 “他们为什么便宜?他们有质量问题。 ”

[ 本帖最后由 rlsrls08 于 2008-10-8 09:08 编辑 ]

rlsrls08 发表于 2008-10-8 09:10

新加坡联合早报的相关报道-简略篇

http://www.zaobao.com/special/newspapers/2008/10/taiwan081005j.shtml

大陆黑心货充斥,如今「黑心晶片「可能已对美国军事安全造成威胁。广东贵屿回收的旧电子零件,在不肖业者涂改、伪装之后,竟然回流进入美国国防武器系统。

美国近年来军事意外频生,有武器专家认为,与这些「中国假货「有很大的关係。

美国《商业周刊》报导,这些黑心电子零件之所以会流入美国军品市场,导因于苏联垮台之后,为求节省开支,美国国防部在一九九○年代中期修改军品零件只能向原厂及其授权厂商购买的规定。

贵屿位于汕头市潮南区,是世界最大的电子废物拆解处理集散地。此后美国国防部开始与美国一些小贸易商接触,买进许多包含电脑晶片在内的低价零件。据估计,为了维繫机龄在十至廿年间战机、船舰的可以继续活动,美国国防部每年花费大约卅五亿美元购买备用晶片。

但美国军品商及其授权厂商提供这些过时晶片的价格,往往抬价一○%至三○%;相对的,一些小贸易商出售的价格则低廉许多。报导说,自美国在一九九四年修改规则之后,从事军品买卖的小贸易商如雨后春笋般冒出。但这些公司规模之小,许多根本就是「家庭公司」,而却可以取得美国国防部的「重要採购」合约。

现年四十馀岁的玛丽亚,和她的母亲共同经营着一家名为「IT Enterprise」的公司。玛丽亚没有大学学历,公司就设在她位于加州的一层楼住家中。玛丽亚在从朋友处获知这是门好买卖之后,她四年前开始从事晶片贸易,至今已获取美国国防部二七 ○万美元的合约。玛丽亚卖给美国国防部的电脑晶片,如今已有安装在雷根号航母的雷达系统中,也有安装在驱逐舰反潜战斗系统中者。玛丽亚说,她根本不知道买进来、卖出去的是什麽东西。「我只是在网上登记成为美国国防部的供应商,查询国防部的採购清单,然后在Google上寻找低价供应者并下订单,接着我会再直接运送到美国军事基地。」

美国一些小贸易商,也有透过与类似BAE这样的大公司合作,将军品零件卖给美国国防部。透过对美国BAE公司四件因黑心零件引起军事意外事故的调查,《商业周刊》发现,所有的黑心零件都来自中国,而广东贵屿的电子垃圾厂,则为其主要供应处。

贵屿当地金龙电子公司负责人卢伟龙(音)坦承,他卖出去的电子零件都是伪造的,他让员工将旧零件上的字迹去除,并重新写上符合买方所需的文字。「每个贵屿的人都这麽干卢伟龙表示。
据指出,晶片上的製造日期都是假的,因为他们回收的晶片都是八○、九○年代生产的,而不是消费者要的二○○○年以后的产品。

对于电脑晶片、网路路由器等黑心零件之害,美国一名F─十五战机工程师说,这些零件或可使用,但万一战机在四万呎高空做五十度角倾斜时出了故障,怎麽办?已发现四百个伪造思科(Cisco)公司路由器的美国网路安全专家海沙威说,假路由器可能造成重要的网上作业失败,也可能留下「后门」,让间谍有可乘之机。

负责调查假零件之害的美国海军航空系统官员恩斯特估计,美国国防部买进的备用、替代零件中,至少有一五%是假货,如今假货已经遍及每个军事武器系统,这是近年多次军事事故的主要原因。

退役的美国四星上将透特则说:「美国军事武器供应链已经被污染了。」

luyi99 发表于 2008-10-12 19:59

秦刚:按照你的逻辑,是中国向美国出售军火? 中新网

据中国外交部网站消息,针对所谓“美军武器安装中国假冒零部件”问题,中国外交部发言人秦刚9日在例行记者会上表示,没有听到这样的消息。

有记者问:“据报道,美军大批武器系统都有可能安装了假冒的零部件,其中大部分来自中国。这对美军的军事设备构成很大的影响。中方对此有何评论?”

秦刚回答:“按照你的逻辑,是中国向美国出售军火?我没有听到这样的消息,也不知道你的消息是从哪里得到的,让我感到非常惊讶。希望你告诉我消息源,以便我们进一步核实。”

luyi99 发表于 2008-10-12 20:00

外交部发言人对中国向美国“出口军火”传闻非常惊讶http://bbs.m4.cn/thread-106558-1-1.html

chillsea 发表于 2008-10-14 06:49

笑死人了,偽劣產品也有戰鬥力啊~~過段時間他老媽被那個啥了,不知道會不會怪到中國頭上來。。。

小艺 发表于 2008-12-22 15:06

难怪中国的假货始终打不尽,原来美国人才是假货最终买受人。
美国佬有这种做法与中国打击假货的政策相对抗,让中国不能更好的发展自己的工业。
美国佬居心叵测。

谭宁 发表于 2008-12-22 21:29

天那 苏联KGB 做梦都想做到的事居然被一个中国人随手搞定了~

寥落阳光 发表于 2009-1-14 14:21

山寨万岁 强烈建议空军一号也用这个配件

fraulen_shen 发表于 2009-1-14 15:13

这谎编的也太搞笑了。。。
我们卖给老美军火?
嗯。我到见过黑水保安公司的雇佣兵穿解放鞋的。

yangshu314 发表于 2009-1-15 10:13

放狗屁一样!
编也要编象点!
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