US－CHINA TODAY：没有品牌的街市
【原文网址】http://www.uschina.usc.edu/ShowFeature.aspx?articleID=3088【声明】ANTI-CNN原创翻译，转载请注明译者及出处。
【译文】
中国盗版DVD 摄影Lukas，创作共用许可
没有品牌的街市
翻版货在中国很常见。松散的知识产权管理会削弱这个国家的发展吗？
秀水街上的霓虹灯招牌闪耀着‘诚信商店’有点讽刺，秀水街是北京最有名的仿制品市场。
防止的Dolce & Gabbana钱包，路易威登钱包，古驰衬衫，Abercrombie & Fitch 休闲衫，好像每一个店铺都有仿制这些昂贵品的产品。
假货已经渗透到中国了，即使是那些想打击它的人。最近自爱北京，一位知识产权办公室的工作人员，告知一位合作者，在盗版DVD店，他可以确认四季‘波士顿法律’是否买得到。
打折的 Marc Jacobs皮包或‘黑道家族’DVD是很诱惑的，面对全球经济，保护知识产权是很有争议的事情，在世界主要贸易大国中，中国在保护这些权利上是最困难的。
美国商会主席James Zimmerman说：“在法律松散的国家，偷盗知识产权的事件是广泛发生的。给以中国制造基地的重要角色，就要注意伪造、剽窃产品”。
当对版权商标和专利侵权对经济整体的不良后果没有认识时，这对警察是个挑战。中国面对体制官员腐败的重大问题，对于中国的黑市来说，行贿和个人爱好扮演了重要角色。透明国际组织2008行贿指数上显示，在所列的22个有影响的国家中，中国是第二大行贿和市场腐败犯罪国家，仅次于俄国。
为了解决这个问题，2006年北京公安局设立一个办事处，专门处理举办的经济犯罪，有一条专门为个人和组织举报涉嫌知识产权的案件。到2007年4月，中国司法部门审理了2200件设计商业贿赂的那件，涉及金额为6.76亿美元。
不仅对强制的挑战，外国或本土的很多公司发现获得正当的法律地位很麻烦，但这是保护他们产品的重要一步。
在过去30年，中国法律部门在与快速发展的经济步伐相适应的过程是充满压力的。经济发展很快，但相应的法律框架发展很慢。知识产权被官方认识是在1980年，在1982年第一部知识产权法律《商标法》采通过立法。
美中商业理事会主席John Frisbie,说：“我们在80年代，特别是90年代大举进军中国，外国公司在中国开始发展。它成了一个很重要的贸易问题，被美国与中国谈判中常被提起的问题”。
对于美国电影公司来讲，中国的翻版电影和非法下载减少了利润。据美国电影协会的消息，美国电影公司2005年因盗版损失了16亿美元，整个世界损失了180亿。62%的损害来源于盗版DVD，剩下的38%来自互联网下载。
虽然政府鼓励公司遏制这些伪造，实际效果是很值得推敲的。秀水街是游人经常光顾，认为是必须去的地方。盗版设计的衣服和偷来的东西可以以非常第的价格买得。
秀水一个商家说：“你为什么要问这是真的或假的呢，这很重要吗”？
当然对中国买家来讲是重要的。据尼尔森中国出境游监视处的消息，几乎一半的中国游客在旅行中会买奢侈品，他们喜欢真品，而不是国内的假货。从珠宝到时装，香水到甜点，中国游客在海外经常光顾质量高的品牌。
知识产权是否重要，有文化的差异，在政府试图打击它们时也会有体现。在 William Alford很有影响力的书《偷书是优雅的进攻》中，他认为这种文化性格解释了为何这个国家没有发展国内知识产权的法律体系。Alford 提到，中国‘相比个人兴趣的事情，更重视政治命令和稳定’，强调了这个国家文化集体发展的倾向。
在2006年11月，在第三届中非论坛期间，中国进行了短时间的清理。零售商被警察告知，清理含有外国品牌名字的产品，至少也要将他们打包，直到买者来问的时候，再把它拿出来。
在2005年，当普拉达、夏乃儿。路易威登、古奇、巴宝莉等公司控告北京秀水豪森制衣公司（该市场管理者），索赔250万人民币，因为该公司没有制止商家在市场内买仿制品，此时秀水街处在争论的中心。2006年，北京市第二人民法院责成该公司向每个原告赔偿30000人民币（2500美元）。法律达到了成功，但惩罚远远不能震慑潜在的违反者。
现在，只有当非法物品达到￥50000或违法所得多余%30000时，才达到犯罪级别。而低于这条线，只是一般的行政处罚。Frisbie 说：“这实际就是经营的成本”。这就使得经销商列出他们能够达到罚款线的货物清单。
商业周刊指出知识产权问题正逐渐成为美国军队的一个问题。假冒芯片正在进入美国部队使用个各种先进装备中。产自中国的伪劣芯片通过可疑的武器中间商，进入武器厂家，进入飞机，舰船，和先进的通讯系统中。去年一月，在F-15战机中发现来自加利福尼亚的假芯片，提升了假冒设备及间谍活动的担心。
现在，知识产权侵权已经对中国商业和经济机会产生影响。
Frisbie说：“在十年前，中国官员认为知识产权是美国公司的一项重要事物”。中国没有意识到这个问题的急迫性，因为“他们依赖低附加值的加工来增加出口，那是他们关心的，但是随着劳动力优势的丧失，他们希望通过知识产权来扩展价值链”。
之前有中国政府主导的打压违法的行动收效甚微，让外国公司在中国大举投资变得不安。在2007年美中贸易全国委员会调查了250家会员，三分之二表示中国政府缺乏‘保护知识产权的措施’，这已经影响他们在中国做生意的愿望。一些公司只能适应这种疲软的保护手段。
Frisbie说：“我认为一些公司会在预算中花很多来保护知识产权，意识到中国政府执法者的无力和没有经验，他们可能会单独采取行动”。
收集的信息不断反馈到警察那里，然后迎来一个突然检查。同时，Frisbie说，美国公司不能完全取代中国当局，但很多公司这样做了，他们发现中国并不具备这种能力。
缺少有力的保护系统对中国电影、音乐、软件产业有很大影响，特别是他们和那些国内有着良好保护系统的外国公司竞争的时候。美国电影协会说，中国电影公司在2005年损失了270亿美元。
Zimmerman说：“总体来看，国内的工作还要加强，需要改进，增加处罚力度，增加刑事起诉，增强执法者能力，减少市场伪造物数量”。
对于‘中国制造’标签因为显而易见的尴尬而影响了名声，确立和加强一个合适的保护知识产权的体系对国内外公司都有很大作用。从汽车刹车片到飞机芯片的伪造物，有很大的安全隐患，长远来看，影响这个国家作为良好产品和服务供应国家的名声。中国正在努力改善自己加工品形象，注重设计和研发，良好的知识产权保护系统对国内的革新是个推动力。
【原文】
Where the Streets Have No Name Brands
Knockoffproducts are easy to find in China. Will lax regulation of intellectualproperty rights cripple the country’s development?
Release Date: 12/22/2008
By ZACHARY FRANKLIN and TOM WORGER
Theneon marquee above the multilevel shopping bazaar Silk Street Marketflashing "Shop with Confidence" is somewhat ironic: Silk Street isBeijing’s best-known counterfeit market.
KnockoffDolce & Gabbana purses, Louis Vuitton wallets, Gucci shirts andAbercrombie & Fitch sweatshirts — it seems as if every third stallhas some variation or imitation of these usually pricy products.
Theextent to which these fake products have infiltrated China reaches sofar that even those who attempt to fight it engage in it. At a recentevent in Beijing, a partner of a major intellectual property officecasually asked another attendee if, while he was at the local bootlegDVD store, he could check if season four of "Boston Legal" wasavailable.
While thehugely discounted Marc Jacobs bags or complete "Sopranos" DVD sets seementicing, the protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) is oneof the most contentious issues facing the global economy today, andamong the world’s major trading nations, China has had the mostdifficulty in advancing the legal protection of those rights.
"Thetheft of IPR happens worldwide wherever there is relatively laxenforcement and profits to be made from counterfeiters," said JamesZimmerman, chairman of the American Chamber of Commerce in China."Given China's significant role as a manufacturing base, there is muchattention on counterfeiting and pirated goods."
Properpolicing is a challenge when few recognize the ill effects copyright,trademark and patent infringement have had on the economy as a whole.China is currently facing a significant problem in systemic officialcorruption; bribes and personal favors play an important role in thesurvival of China’s black market. Transparency International’s 2008Bribe Payers Index, which ranks 22 of the world’s most influentialeconomies, lists China as the second most pervasive offender of briberyand market corruption, behind only Russia.
Tohelp address this, the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Public Securityestablished an office in 2006 for the reporting of economic crimes. Aphone hotline was set up for work units and individuals to reportbribery connected to any intellectual property rights infringement. ByApril 2007, Chinese law enforcement officials had investigated almost22 thousand cases of commercial bribery that involved over US $676million.
Even ahead ofthe enforcement challenge, many companies, both foreign and domestic,find gaining proper legal status difficult; it is, however, a vitalfirst step toward getting protection for their products.
Overthe last thirty years, China's legal system has been hard-pressed tokeep pace with its rapidly developing economic sector. While theeconomy continues to grow, the legal framework to support a large andmodern one has evolved slowly. Intellectual property rights wereofficially recognized in 1980, and the first real IPR law enacted, theTrademark Law, was only adopted in 1982.
"Aswe march(ed) through the 1980s, (and) particularly in the 1990s, andthe foreign business presence in China grew," said John Frisbie,president of the U.S.-China Business Council. "It became more and moreof a trade issue, and one that was more and more raised by the U.S.government in its bilateral engagement with China."
Forthe American film industry, pirated movies and illegal downloading inChina have resulted in serious losses in revenue. According to theMotion Picture Association of America, U.S. film industries lostroughly US $6.1 billion dollars in 2005 to piracy, while the worldwideindustry lost over US $18 billion. 62% of the losses come from physicalsales of bootleg DVDs while the remaining 38% came from internetdownloads.
Althoughthe government pursues regular campaigns to stem such counterfeiting,the effectiveness of these missions is often questionable. The SilkStreet Market is a tourist hotspot and considered a "must visit" inBeijing. Knock-off designer clothes and stolen goods can be purchasedfor extremely low prices.
"Why do you need to ask if it's real or fake?" remarked one saleswoman at the Silk Market. "Does it even matter?"
Authenticitydoes seem to matter to Chinese buyers. According to a recent NielsenChina Outbound Travel Monitor, nearly half of Chinese travelers buyluxury brand items during trips abroad, preferring genuine productsover the knock-offs easily found at home. From jewelry to designerclothing, lavish fragrances to expensive confections, Chinese touristsoverseas frequently go for quality brands.
Aquestion of whether or not intellectual property matters, however, isin part a cultural difference that shows even when the governmentattempts to curb knockoff sales. In his highly influential book, ToSteal a Book is an Elegant Offense, William Alford claims that certaincharacteristics of Chinese political culture explain why the countryhas been slow to develop a domestic system of intellectual propertylaw. Alford notes that the Chinese state "was focused far more onpolitical order and stability than on issues of ownership and privateinterests," highlighting the country's cultural tendencies towardcollective development over individual rights.
InNovember 2006, Beijing launched a brief crackdown ahead of the thirdForum on China-Africa Cooperation, which brought representatives from35 African countries to the city. Retailers were told by the police toget rid of any products with foreign brand names, yet goods were, forthe most part, stuffed into bags that could be shown at a moment'snotice to shoppers who asked to see them.
TheSilk Street Market itself was the center of controversy in 2005 whenPrada, Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Gucci and Burberry sued Beijing XiushuiHaosen Clothing Market Company (the market's operating company) for RMB2.5 million (US$310000) in compensation after failing to stop the saleof counterfeit goods. The Beijing No. 2 Intermediate People's Courtordered the company to pay RMB 20,000 (US$2500) to each of theplaintiffs in 2006. While legal recourse did achieve a victory in thiscase, the punishment was wholly insufficient in deterring futureviolations.
Currently,criminal penalties for counterfeiting are only levied when thecontraband seized exceeds more than RMB50000 or results in an illegalgain of more than RMB30000, which leads to prison time. Below thatlevel, the only punishment given is administrative fines that, "inessence, become the cost of doing business," Frisbie said. This leadsto a system in which counterfeiters spread out their inventory untilthe most that can be seized at any time will only result in a fine.
BusinessWeekrecently noted that intellectual property fraud is also a burgeoningproblem for the U.S. military. Fake microchips have increasingly foundtheir way into some of the most advanced technologies now in use byAmerican fighting forces. Counterfeit chips, originating from Chinesebazaars to making their way to questionable arms brokers in the U.S.and finally to weapons manufacturers, have found their way intoairplanes, ships and advanced communications systems. Last January,chips falsely identified as originating from a California manufacturerwere found in four F-15 fighter jets, elevating concerns over theconsequences of shoddy equipment and even the possibility of espionage.
Today, IPR violations increasingly have an adverse effect on China's business and economic opportunities.
"Abouta decade ago, government officials in China felt like the IPR issue wasone that was of importance to American companies," Frisbie said. Chinadidn't see it as a top priority, however, "because they were stillrelying on low-cost labor to make exports and that was what they werecompeting on. As that low-cost labor surplus is running out, they'restarting to see intellectual property rights as an important part ofmoving up the value chain."
Thelack of results from previous crackdowns performed by the Chinesegovernment has left foreign companies feeling uneasy about heavilyinvesting in China. In a survey of USCBC's roughly 250 member companiesin 2007, two-thirds said that the Chinese government's "lack of viableIPR protection" affected their willingness to do business in China.Some companies will even take up the perceived slack in IPR enforcement.
"Iam aware of a lot of companies who will spend pretty significant sumsof money on building an IP protection department in their operationsthere, and actually doing investigatory work themselves, recognizingthat China's own enforcement authorities may be overtaxed orunder-experienced," Frisbie said.
Gatheredinformation is often passed onto the police, subsequently leading toraids. At the same time, Frisbie said American companies can't justsubstitute for the Chinese government and policing, but a number ofcorporations have done just that because they've recognized that thereisn't the capacity in the system.
Theabsence of a solid protection system stands to have a long-term impacton China's film, music and software industries, especially whencountered by foreign competition whose home countries largely protectintellectual properties in their domestic markets. The MPAA claims thatChina's local film industry lost $2.7 billion to piracy in 2005.
"Theoverall system on a national basis is still a work in progress andrequires improvement to inter-agency coordination, an increase indeterrent penalties, an increase in case transfers for criminalprosecution and an increase in agency capacity to be effective at thelevel that truly decreases the level of counterfeits in the market,"Zimmerman said.
For a "Madein China" label whose reputation has recently suffered from severalhigh-profile embarrassments, the installation and enforcement of aproper intellectual property protection system is both advantageous forinternational perceptions of the country and local companies.Counterfeit parts, from automobile brakes to airplane chips, can haveserious safety repercussions, further damaging the country's reputationas a dependable source for goods and services. As China seeks to movebeyond its image as the world's manufacturer and delve into design anddevelopment at home, an adequate system of intellectual propertyprotection will be a necessity for fueling domestic innovation.
沙发？先坐了再看 这下可被拍了个正着，后面就是派出所啊。
山寨即王道，盗版即下流。 秀水街上的霓虹灯招牌闪耀着‘诚信商店’有点讽刺，秀水街是北京最有名的仿制品市场。
他卖给你的时候只要不是你去专卖店买的价格，或者是相当的价格，就是诚信了。。。。
我想你也不会傻到认为这个是正品吧。。。
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