【2010.3.1 纽约时报】美国在华公司审查的新调查
【中文标题】美国在华公司审查问题的新调查【原文标题】New Scrutiny on Censorship Issues for U.S. Companies in China
【登载媒体】The New York Times 纽约时报
【来源地址】http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/02/technology/02internet.html?pagewanted=2
【翻译人员】Zhongdong_Wang
【翻译方式】天然智能生物人类手工翻译
【网站声明】本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载。
【库文链接】http://bbs.m4.cn/thread-226815-1-1.html
【译文内容】
New Scrutiny on Censorship Issues for U.S. Companies in China
美国在华公司审查的新调查
By DAN LEVIN
撰稿班利闻
Published: March 1, 2010
发布：2010年3月1日
BEIJING — On the surface, Amazon.cn resembles its global siblings, selling everything from Harry Potter books to sex toys. But a few searches of what the Web site proclaims is “the world’s largest Chinese online bookstore” reveals limits to this literary universe.
北京——表面上，Amazon.cn网站和全球同类网站一样，出售着从“哈利波特”图书到性玩具的各种东西。但是这个网站所宣扬的一大串搜索结果，却是“这个世界最大的中国在线书店”展示给这个文学世界的有限的东西。
A query for Zhao Ziyang — the former Communist Party leader who was stripped of power for supporting the 1989 democracy demonstration in Tiananmen Square — returns no matches. The Dalai Lama? A list of books that portray him as a dangerous “splittist” or that refer to the Chinese government’s hand-picked spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism, who goes by the same title. A search of the words “censorship” and “China” comes back with “censorship” crossed out and three Sino-themed suggestions, including a book called “When China Rules the World.”
一项关于赵**的查询，这位共产党前任领导人赵**因为支持1989年天安门广场民主运动而被剥夺政治权力，返回的却是零匹配结果。那达赖喇嘛呢？只是一份列出了把他描绘成一个危险的“分裂分子”的，或者就是出现在相同搜索主题下那种参照了中国政府精心挑选出来的西藏精神领袖的说法的书籍清单。以“审查”和“中国”为关键字的搜索，返回的却是删去了“审查”的搜索结果和三项与中国主题相关的推荐建议，其中包括一本叫做“当中国统治世界”的书。
Amazon’s U.S. headquarters declined to comment on the issue of censorship, saying only that the company was obliged to abide by the laws of the countries it which it operated. It does not, for example, sell Hitler’s “Mein Kampf” in Germany, where the book is banned.
亚马逊美国总部拒绝就审查问题发表评论，表示除非该公司被迫遵守那些国家的法律否则它就仍是它的操作方式。比如，该公司在德国没有销售希特勒“我的奋斗”一书，在德国该书是禁止的。
But Amazon and other U.S. companies doing business in China are coming under new scrutiny from politicians and human rights groups since Google’s recent announcement that it planned to stop adhering to government demands that it censor search results in China and perhaps would pull out of the country. Google complained that the accounts of dissidents who use the company’s Gmail service had been infiltrated, apparently by Chinese hackers.
但是，自从谷歌最近宣布计划停止遵从政府关于审查中国地区搜索结果的要求并可能退出中国以来，在中国做生意的亚马逊和其他美国公司正在进入新一轮来自政客和人权组织的调查之下。谷歌控诉称使用谷歌Gmail服务的不同政见者的账户遭到入侵渗透，明显地是中国黑客们所为。
The No. 2 leader in the U.S. Senate, Richard J. Durbin, has scheduled hearings for Tuesday on the issue of global Internet freedom. Mr. Durbin sent letters to 30 American information and technology companies, including Amazon, Apple, eBay and Verizon, requesting information on their business conduct in China and human rights practices.
美国参议院第二号领导人理查德J.杜宾已经拟定了周四关于全球互联网自由问题听证会议的事务计划。杜宾先生递交了信函到30家美国信息和技术公司，其中包括亚马逊、苹果、eBay和威瑞森，索取它们在中国的业务行为和人权实践的相关信息。
Representatives from Google and McAfee are among those scheduled to appear at the hearing.
谷歌和麦咖啡的代表们也在出席听证会计划之列。
The senator also plans to focus on the Global Network Initiative, a coalition of Internet companies, human rights organizations, investors and higher education institutions. The organization’s members have agreed to a set of guiding principles on human rights, including protecting “the freedom of expression rights of their users when confronted with government demands, laws and regulations to suppress freedom of expression, remove content or otherwise limit access to information and ideas.”
这位参议员还计划将注意力集中在“全球网络促进会”，一个由互联网公司、人权组织、投资者和高等教育机构组成的联盟。这个联盟组织的成员已经通过一套关于人权的指导方针，包括保护“当遭遇导致删除内容或限制对信息、观念的访问的政府要求、法律及规定时，它们用户的言论权的自由。”
The Global Network Initiative, which was begun in 2008, has also created evaluation and accountability mechanisms through which to judge companies’ participation.
这个起始于2008年的全球网络促进会还建立了评估和责任机制，以此来判决公司是否可以加入。
So far Microsoft, Yahoo and Google have signed on to the voluntary code of conduct, but whether they will adhere to it remains uncertain. It is unclear, for example, how search engines can censor results in China and yet uphold the initiative’s principles.
到目前为止微软、雅虎和谷歌已经签订了行为自律守则，但是它们是否会遵从还是一个疑问。比如，搜索引擎怎样才能审查在中国的搜索结果同时又坚持促进会方针，这就不清楚了。
“We have done business in China for more than 20 years and we intend to stay engaged, which means our business must respect the laws of China,” Microsoft’s chief executive, Steve Ballmer, said in a recent blog post. “That’s true for every company doing business in countries around the world: we are all subject to local laws.”
“我们已经在中国经营20多年了而且我们打算继续在那里从事业务，这就意味着我们的业务必须尊重中国的法律，”微软首席执行官斯蒂夫巴尔默在最近的博客发帖中说。“对于在世界各地国家从事业务的每一家公司来说这是客观存在的：我们都要服从当地的法律。”
But now that Google has so publicly thrown down the gauntlet, American companies may find such arguments do not offer blanket protection from questions about their conduct.
但是现在，谷歌已经如此公开地摔下手套提出挑战了，美国各公司或许会觉得这样的争执不会为全体公司提供它们行为方面问题的保护。
In a recent speech in which she condemned restrictions on Internet freedom, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said “censorship should not be in any way accepted by any company from anywhere,” adding that American companies should take a principled stand.
在最近谴责限制互联网自由的演讲中，国务卿希拉里克林顿表示“以任何方式审查都是不能被来自任何地方的任何公司所接受的，”并且还表示美国的公司必须采取一个原则性立场。
“This needs to be part of our national brand,” she said.
“这需要成为我们国家品牌的一部分”她说。
Rights groups hope that the Global Network Initiative will encourage companies to act more responsibly, even as U.S. legislation making it a crime to enable censorship in other countries has stalled. Human Rights Watch, a member of the Initiative, says that the framework is an important step toward shifting the debate from whether to engage in censored markets to more adept promotion of free access to information in places like China and Iran.
人权组织希望“全球网络促进会”能激励各公司采取更有责任的行动，即使认定在其他国家实施审查是一种犯罪行为的美国立法失去作用的时候。这个促进会的一个成员“人权观察”说，我们的行事框架是从争执是否在受审查地区从事业务转移到更精干地促进在像中国和伊朗这样的地方自由访问信息的一个重要步骤。
Arvind Ganesan, director of the business and human rights program at Human Rights Watch, said, “Our ultimate goal is to see an open and unfettered Internet everywhere in the world, but that won’t succeed if a company’s first option is to leave those countries where this is not the case.”
“人权观察”业务和人权计划主任阿文甘纳森说，“我们的终极目标是在世界各地看到一个开放的没有枷锁的互联网，但是如果一个公司的第一选择是离开情况并不是这样的那些国家，那么这个目标就不会实现。”
He conceded, however, that the Global Network Initiative would be meaningless if companies cited their participation in the framework but failed to push actively for a more open Internet while expanding operations in countries like China.
他承认，无论如何，在像中国这样的国家扩展业务时，如果各公司虽然遵从各自在框架范围内的成员责任，却没能积极推动形成一个更开放的互联网的话，那么，“全球网络促进会”就会是毫无意义的。
Mr. Ganesan noted that Western companies had gotten China to reconsider some censorship efforts. He pointed to lobbying by Western technology companies last year that helped move Beijing to abandon a plan that would have required manufacturers to pre-install filtering software, known as Green Dam Youth Escort, on all new computers in China.
甘纳森先生注意到“西部”公司已经促使中国重新考虑一些审查努力。他指出了“西部”技术公司去年帮助北京采取行动放弃一项要求制造商们在中国所有新的计算机预装称作“绿坝青少年保护”过滤软件的计划的游说。
While the government said the software was aimed at pornography, experts said it could be used for political censorship and monitoring users’ Internet activities.
该政府称此软件以色情文学为目标，而专家们表示这软件可能会被用于政治审查和监视用户互联网活动。
Other members of the initiative cite this victory in rejecting assertions by Microsoft, Amazon and other U.S. corporations that doing business in China legally compels them to abet government censorship efforts.
促进会的其他一些成员将此胜利作为例证，用于驳斥微软、亚马逊和其他美国公司们所谓的在中国依法从事商业活动迫使它们成为了政府审查努力的帮凶的断言。
“Anyone who makes that claim is being dishonest,” said Rebecca MacKinnon, a visiting fellow at Princeton University’s Center for Information Technology Policy, who helped draft the Initiative.
“任何人做这样的表态都是不诚实的，”瑞贝卡麦克凯农说，她是信息技术政策普林斯顿大学中心的访问学者，为“促进会”设计过草案。
Ms. MacKinnon said that companies had a range of legal options in China that allowed them to operate in the country without aiding censorship or monitoring. Google, for instance, kept its Gmail servers outside China and thus beyond Chinese jurisdiction. Yahoo, in contrast, left itself and others, including a Chinese journalist, open to prosecution because it kept servers in China, she said.
麦克凯农女士说各公司在中国有广泛的法律选择允许它们在那个国家经营而不必为审查和监视提供帮助。举例来说，谷歌在中国之外的地方存放GMail服务器，这样就避开了中国的司法管辖。相反地，雅虎将自己和包括一名中国记者在内的其他一切，公开置于了司法诉讼之下，因为它把服务器存放在了中国，她说。
Ms. MacKinnon also said that rather than submit to informal pressure — as Microsoft did when it took down a blog at the behest of a bureaucrat — companies could demand that the government follow legal precedents.
麦克凯农女士还说，不用像微软在官僚主义条令下撤下一篇发帖所做的那样，屈从于非正式压力，各公司可以要求那里的政府，按照既往的司法判例来做。
“Once you engage, you don’t have to roll over and play dead the moment you get a call from a government official,” she said. “There is respect for law and then there is complicity in lawlessness.”
“一旦你从事业务，你没有必要一得到来自政府官员的呼吁就转过身去装死狗”她说道。“注重法律的地方也正是有违法勾当的地方。”
For now, the landscape remains murky, leaving even U.S. customers with questions about how companies do business in China.
目前，景观依然朦胧，以致留给美国消费者们这样的疑问——公司在中国怎么经营。
Maochun Yu, a professor of East Asia and military history at the U.S. Naval Academy, recently ordered three books about China’s counter-revolutionary purges in the 1950s from Amazon’s Chinese Web site, Amazon.cn, which is called Joyo Amazon. But a day after his $64 purchase was scheduled to arrive, Mr. Yu discovered that all traces of his order had disappeared from the site, although his credit card had been charged. Efforts to resolve the problem with Amazon’s customer service center failed.
美国海军学院东亚和军事历史一位教授Maochun Yu，最近从称作Joyo Amazon的亚马逊中国网站Amazon.cn，订购了关于中国1950年代反革命清洗的三本书。但是他花64美元购买的一天后预定该送达的书没有来，Yu先生发现他从网站订购书籍的所有痕迹都消失了，而他的信用卡是充过值的。与亚马逊客户服务中心，就解决此问题的努力失败了。
Amazon’s U.S. headquarters did not respond to requests for comment. Other customers, both in China and abroad, have reported no problems buying politically delicate literature from Amazon.cn.
亚马逊美国总部没有响应作评论的要求。无论中国的还是国外的其他客户们，从Amazon.cn购买政治敏感的文学作品时，都没有报告有什么问题。
But the episode left Mr. Yu wondering whether someone in China had disapproved of his historical interests and barred his order.
但是这个插曲使Yu先生感到疑惑，是否中国有人不赞成他在历史方面的兴趣爱好，并且阻碍了他的订购。
“Operationally speaking, the site is either very awkward or very controlled,” said Mr. Yu, who is the author of two books about China, both of which are for sale on Amazon.com. “I guess it’s a case of one Amazon, two systems.”
“从操作上来说，这个网站既笨拙又控制很严，”Yu先生说，他是两本关于中国题材的书的作者，两本书都在Amazon.cn上出售。“我猜想这是因为一个亚马逊两个系统的原因。”（译注：这句话也可以理解成“我猜想这是一个亚马逊两个制度的一个案例”，case和system在这里都具有双关作用。） 人权观察”业务和人权计划主任阿文甘纳森说，“我们的终极目标是在世界各地看到一个开放的没有枷锁的互联网
那就请这位阿文甘纳森主任就近先着手开放对本.拉登的限制 谷歌快点推出去吧！！！ 这垃圾内容无非是那么几样 不看也罢 看看这样的搞笑文 促进促进身体健康 人权观察”业务和人权计划主任阿文甘纳森说，“我们的终极目标是在世界各地看到一个开放的没有枷锁的互联网 ...
耳冉子 发表于 2010-3-15 16:40 http://bbs.m4.cn/images/common/back.gif
在德国帮人家过滤，在印度帮人家抓人，在中国喊着要不审查Q4) 美国怎么不说清楚自己拥有世界上最强大的网络部队的意图是什么 美国怎么不说清楚自己拥有世界上最强大的网络部队的意图是什么 http://bbs.m4.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=230277&extra=&page=1
——美国军费在2008年又增加了10％，达到6070亿美元，占世界军费的42％。
——目前，美国在世界上有900处军事基地，基地中有超过19万名士兵和11.5万名相关工作人员。
——目前全球互联网根服务器有13台，其中唯一的主根服务器在美国，其余12台辅根服务器中有9台在美国。 不喜欢那些长着各种颜色头发和眼睛的家伙在我国要求某种特权，对我国指指点点，
仿佛我们这个国家需要他们来开化一样。
当我们的祖先在拿着青铜器烹制美味佳肴的时候，
他们的祖先还可能在茹毛饮血。
但我们也要注意到，很多研究中国历史的专家都在国外，有些在国内研究的（如中央党校的），也要跑到非中国大陆的地区去发表还算可以发表的观点。难道我们大陆的中国人就没有权利或者机会来了解自己的历史吗？难道真的要逼迫大陆的中国人都在某一天发现教科书里面的历史是那么的有人为地痕迹，而逆反般地、全身心地全盘接受外国人所描绘的中国历史中去吗？那么，他们只要在里面下一点“毒药”，都会对我国、我民族造成伤害。
这样下去，中国还会出现“崔杼弑庄公”中的史官吗？还会有“董狐笔”吗？还有人说“立档不怕杀头”吗？
对于歪曲历史的事情，我们要坚决反对；对于真正的历史，我们渴望了解。 不会吧，绿坝也成美国公司的功劳了…… 又是这种陈词滥调 {:12_550:}绿坝现在还在西梅嘴里确定的变成政治审查监控软件了呢 呵呵，绿坝的叫停成了他们的功劳了，怎么那么不要脸啊。
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