【11.07.18 纽约时报】反驳：揭穿有关中国的神话
本帖最后由 一古斋主 于 2011-7-22 20:31 编辑同类帖子在这
说明：本文参考了《参考消息》上的同来源译文，与以往一样，本文为全译，其他版本译文均为节译。
中文翻译自译者,难得它发了篇不同口味的!http://yyyyiiii.blogspot.com/
《纽约时报》反驳：西方媒体对中国的五大误读
核心提示：李世默反驳沈大伟和裴敏欣的观点，认为西方媒体对中国的常见误读包括：不进行选举、权力集中、遏制言论自由、腐败盛行和拥抱资本主义
原文：Counterpoint: Debunking Myths About China
作者：李世默（Eric Li）
发表：2011年7月20日
本文由“译者”志愿者翻译并校对
原注：在7月1日的《纽约时报》上刊登了两位著名的中国观察者，沈大伟所写的（《中国共产党90岁了》和裴敏欣所写的《伟大的党，但共产主义在哪儿？》分析了即将在2012年面临新的重大权力交接的中共的失败和挑战。李默然，一位上海的风险投资人和复旦大学国际关系和公共事务的博士候选人加入了这场辩论。（译者注：此处提及的《纽约时报》上的两篇文章及本篇都将收录在《译者合集 激辩“毛的复活”》中，届时将可以在各大主流电子阅读器上下载，敬请期待。）
中国共产党掌管全球最大的国家已达62年之久。它是怎么做到的?
我们都清楚这样一个事实：1949年共产党接管政权之时，中国深陷内战泥淖，并因外来侵略而四分五裂；各地饥荒严重，民众苦不堪言；中国人平均寿命仅为41岁。今天,中国是全球第二大经济体，是一支在全球都举足轻重的力量，中国人民的生活欣欣向荣，人均寿命已达74岁。
但是我们还必须作出更深入的评估，西方政治和学术精英对共产党的领导人就算不是完全的不认同，至少也是明显的不安，这也是让我们要更深究对中共的评估的原因。西方媒体有关中国的论述存在五点误区。这些误区需要用事实加以驳斥。
中国不举行选举，因此其统治者无需得到被统治者的认可。
据美国皮尤研究中心称，中国政府的民众支持率属于全球最高之列。2010年,中国人对国家发展方向的满意率达到87%，并且近几年来一直高于80%。66%的人认为过去5年间生活有了改善。高达74%的人对未来5年感到乐观。
我们需要问的是：在这些数字上，为什么选举产生的政府大部分都无法与中国相比？选举是验证共识和合法性的唯一途径吗？
中国是一个集权国家，党的政治权力是集中化的，并且是自我延续的。
最高统治机构中共的中央政治局有25名委员。目前，只有七位的背景非富即贵，也就是所谓的“太子党”。其他的人，包括主席和总理都来自普通人家，没有特殊的[与生俱来的]优势。他们通过努力拼搏一路走到了权力之巅。在更大范围的中央委员会中，那些来自权贵背景的人的比例就更小了。
如果走访中国任何一所顶级高校的校园就能清楚看到，共产党仍在吸引着最优秀和最智慧的年轻人。事实上，中国共产党或许是全球实行精英管理最彻底、是向上流动最为动态的大型政治组织之一，远比大多数西方国家和绝大多数发展中国家的执政精英们要依赖“能人统治”。通过能力让本组织立于不败之地有什么错呢？
中国对言论自由的限制遏制了创新。
中国无疑是在限制言论自由，特别是政治言论。但是这妨碍了中国社会的革新吗?
互联网企业在纽约股票交易所和纳斯达克的IPO中最成功的实例就有一些是中国的初创企业创造的。中国企业正在通向主宰全球可替代能源行业的道路上前进。在公共政策上的突破让私人的房屋拥有率从1990年近乎为零升至了今天超过80%。（译注①）这在全世界也跻身于最高之列，而中国还是一个相对贫穷的国家。
伦敦皇家学会说的报告说，中国在得到公认的国际期刊上发表的科学研究论文的比例在1999年至2003年间为4.4%，而在2004年至2008年间上升到了10.2%，紧随美国之后。2008年,中国当代艺术品拍卖收入超过法国，跃居全球第三。全球35位作品创下7位数销售额的在世的艺术家中有15位是中国人。如果这些事实体现不出创新，那么还有什么能体现呢?
共产党的集权统治导致腐败盛行。
没有人，特别是共产党自己，怀疑过腐败是中国的一个严重问题。但是这与集权统治有关吗?
据透明国际称，全球最“干净”(最不腐败)的地方只包括4个非西方的政府：新加坡、香港、卡塔尔和日本——其中有3个是集权政权。按照透明国际的排名，中国的排位(78位)比印度(87位)、菲律宾(134位)、印度尼西亚(110位)、阿根廷(105位)等其他许多国家都高。只比意大利(67位)低一点——而所有这些国家都是选举制的民主国家。显然，一党制的中国腐败程度比许多民主国家都低。
中国迄今为止取得的成功都要归功于中共拥抱了资本主义和市场经济。
按照美国传统基金会和《华尔街日报》对自由经济的年度排名结果，中国位居第135位。排位高于中国的发展中国家包括海地、阿尔及利亚、孟加拉国、科特迪瓦、巴基斯坦、印度尼西亚、菲律宾、肯尼亚、卢旺达等。如果市场经济改革是中国施展的唯一魔法，那么为什么会有如此多的国家经济上没有获得这么大的成功呢？而这些国家比中国贯彻自由市场经济体制还要早得多并且深入得多？[除了市场经济，]中国还做了些什么?
那些经不起事实考验却依旧主宰人们意识的设想是华而不实而且有害的。如果今天的世界强国的政治和学术建树还把观点建立在错误之上，那么这对构建一个和平的世界秩序尤为危险。
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http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/19/opinion/19iht-edli19.html?_r=1
Counterpoint: Debunking Myths About China
By ERIC X. LI
Published: July 18, 2011
SHANGHAI — On these pages on July 1, two prominent China watchers — David Shambaugh (“China’s Communist Party at 90”) and Minxin Pei (“Great party, but where’s the Communism?”) — analyzed the failures and challenges of the party as it faces a major leadership transition in 2012. Eric X. Li, a venture capitalist in Shanghai and a doctoral candidate at Fudan University’s School of International Relations and Public Affairs, joins the debate.
The Chinese Communist Party has been running the largest country in the world for 62 years. How has it done?
We all know the facts: In 1949 when the Communist Party took over, China had been mired in civil wars and dismembered by foreign aggressions; its people had suffered widespread famine; average life-expectancy was a mere 41 years. Today, it is the second largest economy in the world, a great power with global influence, and its people live in increasing prosperity; average life expectancy has reached 74 years.
But the assessment has to go deeper than that, for reasons none other than the apparent discomfort, if not outright disapproval, Western political and intellectual elites feel toward the Communist Party’s leadership. Five misconceptions dominate the Western media’s discourse on China. These misunderstandings need to be debunked by realities.
China does not hold elections, therefore its rulers do not have the consent of the ruled. According to the Pew Research Center, the Chinese government enjoys popular support that is among the highest in the world. The Chinese people’s satisfaction with the direction of their country was at 87 percent in 2010 and has been consistently above 80 percent in recent years. Sixty-six percent perceive progress in their lives in the last five years. A whopping 74 percent are optimistic about the next five years.
We need to ask: How do most governments produced by elections compare with these numbers? Are elections the only viable way to validate consent and the legitimacy it brings?
China is an authoritarian state in which the party’s political power is concentrated and self-perpetuating. The Communist Party’s Politburo, the highest ruling body, consists of 25 members. Currently, only seven of them come from any background of wealth or power, the so-called princelings. The rest of them, including the president and the prime minister, come from ordinary backgrounds with no special advantages. They worked and competed all the way to the top. In the larger Central Committee, those with privileged backgrounds are even scarcer.
A visit to any top university campus in China would make it obvious to anyone that the Communist Party continues to attract the best and the brightest of the country’s youth. In fact, China’s Communist Party may be one of the most meritocratic and upwardly mobile major political organizations in the world — far more meritocratic than the ruling elites of most Western countries and the vast majority of developing countries. What is wrong with self-perpetuation through merits?
• China’s restriction on freedom of expression stifles innovation. China no doubt restricts freedom of expression, especially political speech. But does that impede innovation in Chinese society?
Some of the most successful IPO’s of Internet companies on the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq have been Chinese startups. Chinese businesses are well on their way to dominating the global alternative-energy industries. Breakthroughs in public policy have taken private home ownership from near zero in 1990 to at least 80 percent today — among the world’s highest, in this relatively still poor country.
The Royal Society in London reports that China’s share of scientific research papers published in recognized international journals went from 4.4 percent in the period between 1999-2003 to 10.2 percent in the period between 2004-2008, now just behind the United States. In 2008, China overtook France as the world’s number three in contemporary art auction revenues. Fifteen out of 35 living artists worldwide who command seven-digit sales for their work are Chinese. If these facts do not demonstrate innovation, what does?
• The Communist Party’s authoritarian rule leads to widespread corruption. No one, not least the party itself, disputes that corruption is a significant problem in China. But does authoritarian rule have anything to do with it?
According to Transparency International, the top 20 cleanest (least corrupt) places worldwide include only four non-Western governments: Singapore, Hong Kong, Qatar and Japan — three of the four are authoritarian regimes; the same three are the only ones that belong to the developing world. By Transparency International’s account, China (78) ranks higher than India (87), Philippines (134), Indonesia (110), Argentina (105) and many more, and tied with Greece (78), barely below Italy (67) — all electoral democracies. Apparently, China’s one-party system is less corrupt than many democratic countries.
China’s success to date is all due to the party’s embrace of capitalism and a market economy. According to the Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal annual ranking of free economies, China ranks 135. Developing countries that rank above China (showing a stronger embrace of capitalism and a market economy) include Haiti, Algeria, Bangladesh, Ivory Coast, Pakistan, Indonesia, the Philippines, Kenya, Rwanda — the list goes on. If market economic reform was the only magic China performed, how come many other countries that have implemented a market economy much earlier and deeper than China have not achieved much economic success? What else has China done?
Hypotheses that do not stand up to facts and yet still dominate people’s consciousness are specious and harmful. It is especially dangerous in this case because one cannot imagine a peaceful world order when the political and intellectual establishment of today’s world powers holds views that are built on falsehoods. 这几天老外集体食用了大量有毒菌？呵呵 大脑锈斗了开始夸我们了？ 只比意大利(67位)低一点——而所有这些国家都是选举制的民主国家。显然，一党制的中国腐败程度比许多民主国家都低。
腐败是有问题，但是只要腐败没有到了丧心病狂的地步，就不会危害到国计民生 都市困兽 发表于 2011-7-22 10:43 static/image/common/back.gif
腐败是有问题，但是只要腐败没有到了丧心病狂的地步，就不会危害到国计民生 ...
软性腐败是最可怕的，渗透了方方面面 当心美国的三炮 这老外的观点很理性，我基本赞同。 :@:@:@ ;P捧杀:o 我们是全球最大的国家？什么意思？人口最多写错了？ 美帝也开始催产三炮了？？？？:o 全球最大的国家，不是毛子吗？ 路过~~飘过~~ 就文章而言，某些观点不敢苟同~
就文章的目的而言，不得不防MD也在组建三炮~ 噗，我觉得美帝仿制的三炮部队肯定不如我们原装的三炮威武 三炮是什么意思？ 沐霜 发表于 2011-7-22 23:59 static/image/common/back.gif
三炮是什么意思？
捧杀部队 pjx4717188 发表于 2011-7-23 11:23 static/image/common/back.gif
捧杀部队
哦，就是使用糖衣炮弹的部队啊 列宁在十月 发表于 2011-7-22 12:20 static/image/common/back.gif
软性腐败是最可怕的，渗透了方方面面
只要存在金钱，就没有不腐败的说法。所有国家，包括西方“民主”国家，都是腐败透顶的 意识形态。
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