【时代周刊 111007】十大最受争议的诺贝尔获奖者
【中文标题】十大最受争议的诺贝尔获奖者
【原文标题】Top 10 Nobel Prize Controversies
【登载媒体】时代周刊
【原文作者】Jak Phillips
【原文链接】http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2096389_2096388,00.html?iid=moreontime
没有什么比诺贝尔奖更能引发争议了。在这个星期，我们已经看到一些狭隘的质控、英国人在Bob Dylan身上下赌注，以及诺贝尔评奖委员会没有意识到获奖者已经去世的不幸事件。《时代周刊》带您看一看在诺贝尔奖110年的历史中那些最富争议的时刻。
巴拉克•奥巴马
2009年，美国总统正在极度兴奋地掀起一场“是的，我们能做到”的运动，这对其他诺贝尔奖候选人来说，这简直是一个晴天霹雳。巴拉克奥巴马获奖的原因是“在国际外交和人类合作方面的杰出成就”，这让不少人皱起了眉头，因为他在入主白宫短短12天之后就被提名。《纽约时报》说他的获奖“令人目瞪口呆”，更加直言不讳的人士谴责诺贝尔奖评委会的政治动机。在评委会方面，他们承认向奥巴马颁奖主要是为了促进全球和谐的氛围，而不是认可其以前的具体成就。
科德尔•赫尔
这个人几乎就是所有诺贝尔获奖者中“争议”的代名词。1945年，科德尔赫尔因在成立联合国过程中所扮演的主要角色而被授予诺贝尔和平奖。尽管他在联合国创办初期的贡献令人钦佩，但他在那之前6年的行为让人惊恐不已。赫尔时任富兰克林罗斯福政府的国务卿。一艘载有950名犹太人的圣路易斯号客轮从德国汉堡驶达美国，为躲避纳粹迫害而寻求政治庇护。尽管富兰克林有意伸出援手，但赫尔和南方民主党人士强烈反对，并且威胁富兰克林说如果他不听从劝告，他们将不会在即将开始的大选中给予支持。1939年6月4日，总统正式拒绝客轮靠岸，圣路易斯号被迫返回欧洲，其中超过四分之一的犹太人在后来死于大屠杀。
亚西尔•阿拉法特
一个众人眼中的恐怖分子，在其他人看来就是一个自由战士。无论你对阿拉法特的看法如何，他依然是诺贝尔和平奖的获奖者。1994年，阿拉法特和当时的以色列总理拉宾、外交部长佩雷斯一起，因促成《奥斯陆协议》而获奖，这份协议开创了“中东地区和平的崭新进程”。尽管批评者谴责这样的决定，说阿拉法特是“崇尚暴力、死不悔改的恐怖分子”，但支持者对此倍加推崇，把这位巴勒斯坦领导人与纳尔逊曼德拉相提并论。至于他在中东和平进程方面的努力：与哈马斯之间动荡的关系、腐败行为的质控，以及背叛和妥协，意味着《奥斯陆协议》中雄心勃勃的计划从未真正实现。
旺加里•马塔伊
对于第一个获此殊荣的非洲女性来说，因其在鼓励肯尼亚农村女性抵制采伐森林方面的努力而获得诺贝尔和平奖，是旺加里马塔伊一生中最辉煌的时刻。但是，她的成就却被其在肯尼亚报纸上的言论所掩盖，她声称HIV和艾滋病毒是由西方科学家以削减非洲人口为目的研制出来的。马塔伊后来收回了她的言论，但是在接受《时代周刊》采访时，她又说有人知道HIV病毒的来源是什么，它“绝非来自狒狒”。2004年获奖之后，马塔伊参与过一系列环境保护项目，还短期担任过环境部副部长的职务。她在上个星期71岁时去世，《时代周刊》这样评价她：“激励女性起身反抗腐败和家长式政府。”
小约翰•福布斯•纳什
罗素•克洛在《美丽心灵》一片中对这位有缺陷的天才演绎，让它赢得了众多的奖项。纳什在少年时期就展现出令人难以相信的天赋，最终在1994年，因其40年前在普林斯顿大学研究生期间的卓越贡献，而被授予诺贝尔经济学奖。尽管纳什在经济学领域的成就有目共睹，但是他与精神分裂症的抗争，以及世间流传他反犹太主义的倾向，让他成为一个极富争议的获奖者。以至于评委会彻底修改了获奖者的选拔程序，包括把选举委员会成员的任其从终身改为3年。2002年的奥斯卡奖发布之前，又出现了有关他反对犹太人的传言，但是很快被参选影片公司采用拙劣的公关手段平息下去。就像纳什本人一样，《美丽心灵》在继续荣获更多的殊荣。
卡尔•冯•奥西茨基
这是一位敢于直言的反战主义者和希特勒的著名反对者。奥西茨基发表了一系列文章，揭露德国破坏一战结束后各国缔结的《凡尔赛条约》。1935年，他被授予诺贝尔和平奖。他在集中营中度过了3年时间，获奖消息被宣布之后，他被转移到医院中，在盖世太保监视下治疗结核病。有人强烈建议他拒绝接受诺贝尔奖，但他勇敢地不顾自身安危，公开表示接受。这样的行为激怒了希特勒，他不但禁止奥西茨基到奥斯陆出席颁奖仪式，还发布了一项新法令，禁止所有德国人领取诺贝尔奖。但是在二战结束后，他们还是被授予了这些奖项，尽管没有现金奖励。
亚历山大•弗莱明
尽管青霉素是20世界最伟大的发现之一，但是很多人质疑1945年获得诺贝尔医学奖的亚历山大弗莱明是否真的是青霉素的发现者。鉴于19世纪70年代中对青霉喜草抗细菌的描述，他们质疑弗莱明的发现是否足够具有创新性。即使弗莱明自己也承认，他的发现的确是一个偶然事件，并且说青霉素的名称实际上来自圣经诗篇第51章“牛膝草涤我身心，我当清洁”。尽管如此，他依然是第一个分离并制作出青霉素的人，这项发现拯救了数百万人的生命。所以，他依然是值得推崇的。
拉尔德•楚尔•豪森
因发现人乳突头瘤病毒引发宫颈癌而获得2008年诺贝尔医学奖，本应是豪森一生中最辉煌的时刻，但是这却为整个诺贝尔奖组织笼罩上一层乌云。瑞典警方介入了一些调查，一家反腐败机构开始关注针对阿斯特拉捷利康制药公司的一些有关不当影响的质控。它持有两家人乳突头瘤病毒疫苗公司的大量股份，而且还有迹象显示它与诺贝尔医药评选委员会的两名高管关系非同寻常。尽管这些事件都未被正式起诉，但是阿斯特拉捷利康近期开始资助诺贝尔奖的行为让情况变得更加昏暗。
亨利•基辛格
1973年，基辛格被授予诺贝尔和平奖被称作“史上大的争议”，其中充满了各方争执的声音。批评人士说，基辛格在担任国务卿期间曾经参与美国轰炸柬埔寨的秃鹰行动，这是对诺贝尔奖莫大的嘲弄。Tom Lehrer曾经嘲笑这个奖项“让政治漫画都相形见绌”。让局面更加难堪的是，同时被授予诺贝尔和平奖的北越领导人黎德寿当场拒绝接受颁奖，他不愿意与体现实力政治的马戏团小丑分享这个奖项。如今，基辛格的诋毁者依然在争论这件事情，说这个奖项的目的其实是为了尽早结束越南战争——而越南战争一直持续到1975年。
莱纳斯•卡尔•鲍林
有史以来仅有的两位在多个领域获得诺贝尔奖者之一（另一位是玛丽居里）。鲍林是个终极角色转化大师。在他职业生涯的前半段，鲍林作为一个世界级的化学家创造了一系列的成就，参与了美国军方多项武器研究计划，并因他在化学键方面的突破性成就获得了诺贝尔奖。之后，受核武器时代的严酷现实和他妻子爱娃的和平主义思想影响，鲍林变成了一个狂热的和平主义者。他加入了爱因斯坦的组织，与其他著名的科学家共同呼吁停止核试验。他领导的运动影响之大，让美国国务院暂时收回了他的护照，还有一些有关他的共产主义思想的谣言被扩散出去。他因在反核武器运动中的成就而获得了1962年诺贝尔和平奖，批评人士说他是“共产党的本土发言人”。鲍林在1970年接受了苏联颁发的国际列宁和平奖，更让争议的火焰甚嚣尘上。
原文：
Nothing sparks debate like the Nobel Prize. This week we've already had accusations of insularity, Brits betting on Bob Dylan and the unfortunate case of a winner dying without the Nobel Committee realizing it. TIME takes a look at the most controversial moments in the 110-year history of the prize
Barack Obama
The U.S. President was riding an unstoppable wave of "Yes, we can" euphoria in 2009, which left other candidates for the Nobel Peace Prize swept aside by a bolt from the blue. Barack Obama was chosen for his "extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples," which raised more than a few eyebrows, considering the nomination came just 12 days after he took office. The New York Times called the decision a "stunning surprise," while less generous spectators accused the Nobel Committee of having political motivations. For their part, the committee acknowledged the award honored Obama's "efforts" to advance global harmony rather than his concrete achievements to date.
Cordell Hull
A man who perhaps embodies the word controversial more than anyone on this list, Cordell Hull received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for his prominent role in establishing the U.N. While his efforts to start the U.N. were admirable, his actions six years earlier caused widespread consternation. Hull was President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Secretary of State during the S.S. St. Louis crisis when 950 Jewish refugees, seeking asylum from Nazi persecution, set sail for the U.S. from Hamburg. Despite FDR showing willingness to help, Hull, together with Southern Democrats, voiced strong opposition and threatened to withdraw support for FDR in the forthcoming election if he didn't follow suit. On June 4, 1939, the President denied the ship entry, forcing it to return to Europe, where more than a quarter of its passengers subsequently died in the Holocaust.
Yasser Arafat
One man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter. Whatever your views may be on Yasser Arafat, he is in fact a Nobel Peace Prize winner. Arafat scooped the gong in 1994 along with then Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and then Foreign Minister Shimon Peres for their work on the Oslo accords, which created "opportunities for a new development toward fraternity in the Middle East." While his critics condemned the award, calling Arafat an "unrepentant terrorist with a long legacy of promoting violence," his supporters offered praise and compared the Palestinian leader to Nelson Mandela. As for his efforts toward fraternity in the Middle East: an uneasy relationship with Hamas, allegations of corruption and an aversion to compromise mean the ambitions of the Oslo accords were never fully realized.
Wangari Maathai
For the first African woman to receive the award, winning the Nobel Peace Prize for her efforts to empower rural women in Kenya to reverse deforestation should have been Wangari Maathai's big moment. But her award was overshadowed by a remark she allegedly made to a Kenyan newspaper wherein she claimed HIV/AIDS was originally developed by Western scientists in order to depopulate Africa. Maathai later denied these claims but stated in a TIME interview that someone knows where HIV came from and it "did not come from monkeys." Following her 2004 triumph, Maathai engaged in a number of environmental projects and served for a time as Kenyan Deputy Minister of the Environment. She died last week at age 71, and was described by TIME as someone who "inspired women to stand up for themselves against a corrupt and patriarchal government."
John Forbes Nash
Famously portrayed by Russell Crowe in A Beautiful Mind, this flawed genius was an award-winning movie waiting to happen. Demonstrating improbable brilliance from an early age, John Forbes Nash was eventually honored with the 1994 Nobel Prize for Economics for his work as a Princeton graduate student some 40 years prior. Though Nash had long been lauded for his economic contributions, his battle with schizophrenia as well as whisperings of alleged anti-Semitism made him a pick so controversial that the committee overhauled the selection process, including restricting selection-committee members to three-year terms rather than letting them serve indefinitely. In 2002, just before the Academy Awards, the anti-Semitic rumors resurfaced, but were quickly dismissed as gauche p.r. tactics from competing film studios and were brushed aside. Like Nash himself, A Beautiful Mind went on to win the top prize.
Carl von Ossietzky
An outspoken pacifist and prominent opponent of Hitler, Carl von Ossietzky was awarded the 1935 Peace Prize for a series of articles exposing Germany's continued breach of the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I. Having spent the better part of three years in concentration camps, von Ossietzky was battling tuberculosis in hospital under the watch of the Gestapo when his triumph was announced. The writer was strongly advised to decline the honor, but brazenly ignored concerns for his safety and accepted the award. This outraged Hitler, who not only stopped him from attending the ceremony in Oslo but also passed a new law that prohibited German citizens from accepting Nobel Prizes. The decree would go on to prevent three other Germans from collecting their awards, though they would be later honored for their contributions, minus the cash prize, after World War II came to a close.
Alexander Fleming
While penicillin is widely cited as one of the most important discoveries of the 20th century, uncertainty over whether or not Alexander Fleming actually discovered it caused many to question his 1945 Nobel Prize for Medicine. Critics questioned the novelty of Fleming's find, referencing studies dating back to the 1870s that note the bacteria-fighting properties of the mold Penicillium notatum. Even Fleming himself admitted the discovery was a complete accident and conceded that the first known reference to penicillin was actually from Psalm 51: "Purge me with hyssop and I shall be clean." In the end though, he was indeed the first person to isolate and produce penicillin, which has since saved millions of lives worldwide, so he is worthy of high praise.
Harald zur Hausen
Clinching the 2008 Nobel Prize for Medicine for discovering that HPV causes cervical cancer was supposed to be Harald zur Hausen's moment in the limelight. Instead it cast a dark cloud over the entire Nobel organization and led to an investigation by the Swedish police. An anticorruption unit looked into charges of improper influence against AstraZeneca — a pharmaceutical company that had a large stake in two HPV vaccines — after it emerged that the company had strong links with two senior figures on the medicine prize's selection committee. Although charges were never brought, the process got murkier by the fact AstraZeneca had recently begun sponsoring the Nobel
Henry Kissinger
Once called "the most controversial to date," the decision to award the Nobel Peace Prize to Henry Kissinger in 1973 was fraught with debate. Critics said Kissinger's alleged involvement as Secretary of State in Operation Condor and the U.S. bombing campaigns in Cambodia made a mockery of the prize and led Tom Lehrer to quip that the award "made political satire obsolete." Further incensing the situation, North Vietnam's Le Duc Tho, who was jointly awarded the prize, declined his half of the spoils on the grounds that he didn't want to share the award with the realpolitik ringmaster. To date, his detractors continue to dispute the accolade, arguing that the prize was for efforts to conclude the Vietnam War — something that didn't actually happen until 1975.
Linus Pauling
One of only two people to have been awarded a Nobel Prize in multiple fields (the other is Marie Curie), Linus Pauling was the ultimate poacher turned gamekeeper. In the first half of his career, Pauling blazed a trail as a world-leading chemist, working on several weapons projects for the U.S. military and winning a Nobel Prize for his groundbreaking research into chemical bonds. Then, struck by the grim realities of the nuclear era and the pacifist leanings of his wife Ava, Pauling became a fervent peace activist and later joined Albert Einstein and a number of leading scientists to call for the end of nuclear testing. His campaign was so vociferous that the U.S. State Department temporarily withdrew his passport and rumors of his alleged communist leanings began to swirl. As such, when he won the 1962 Peace Prize for his antinuclear campaign, his critics described him as a "naive spokesman for the Communist Party." Adding fuel to the fire a few years later, Pauling went on to receive the International Lenin Peace Prize from the U.S.S.R. in 1970.
原文打不开啊？:o 达赖与刘殖民表示很蛋定 lilyma06 发表于 2011-10-13 13:51 static/image/common/back.gif
原文打不开啊？
我这里点击链接后没问题呀。 本帖最后由 满仓 于 2011-10-13 15:21 编辑
fukgm 发表于 2011-10-13 14:35 http://bbs.m4.cn/static/image/common/back.gif
达赖与刘殖民表示很蛋定
哥笑了…… 本帖最后由 fukgm 于 2011-10-13 15:49 编辑
满仓 发表于 2011-10-13 15:21 static/image/common/back.gif
哥笑了……
肮鳝素鸡表示很有点意外 满仓 发表于 2011-10-13 15:21 static/image/common/back.gif
哥笑了……
冠，亚军怎么忘了上领奖台？:'( 这个叫国际最大拍马屁奖。 诺贝尔奖已经让西方搞臭了，已经沦落到西方的政治工具了 这个评选还是西方人的观点，至少达赖应该榜上有名的 这个奖已经失去原来的意义了 少了亚军 达赖！ 没有什么意义。和平奖设立就是错误的。 从这文章写出来的十大人物来看，所有的争议都是与西方利益息息相关的。
这个和平奖，从来就没有传说中的那么伟大。
为“全人类”和平事业做出贡献的人？笑话。或者说，他们眼中的“全人类”就是指西方白人。
对于他们来说，这个和平奖意义很大，从来就没有“失去原本的意义”，可笑的我们把这个破奖当成了至高无上的荣誉。 弗莱明竟然榜上有名啊 真是该有的没有 net2003 发表于 2011-10-15 01:22 static/image/common/back.gif
从这文章写出来的十大人物来看，所有的争议都是与西方利益息息相关的。
这个和平奖，从来就没有传说中的那 ...
这里面有一个话语权的问题。既然全世界没有更权威、更有名的奖，那么大家知道得最多的就变得有名了。
等中国再出现这样一个奖吧，否则那帮家伙只会用这东西恶心我们。 炸药奖，已经完全背离了他的本来意义 看了，笑了，为奴隶主的达赖感叹了 还有戈尔巴乔夫
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