【外交政策 111011】放眼东方：美国在亚洲的六十年
【中文标题】放眼东方：美国在亚洲的六十年
【原文标题】Looking East: Six decades of the United States in Asia, in photographs.
【登载媒体】外交政策
【原文链接】http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/10/11/looking_east?page=0,0
美国在经历了阿富汗战争和对中国与印度新兴力量的恐惧之后，亚洲似乎成为了美国外交政策的梦魇。但是自从二战以来，美国在太平洋的那一边投入了越来越多的外交努力和军事力量。冷战对象是亚洲领土；经济战略是为了对抗头脑中虚拟的亚洲虎形象；外交政策主要是限制和结交世界上最大一片土地上的居民。以下图片描述了一个超级力量与它的亚洲盟友和敌人间复杂、争议不断，而又获利良多的历史。
广岛和长崎被原子弹轰炸之后的几个星期，1945年10月，美国道格拉斯•麦克阿瑟将军与日本裕仁天皇在菲律宾马尼拉会面。日本在1945年9月2日向盟军投降，正式结束了第二次世界大战。
美国原子弹轰炸之后的三年，广岛的日本孩子戴着口罩防止辐射。1945年8月6日，占当时广岛市人口一半以上的14万人在原子弹爆炸时丧生，3天后，长崎有7万人丧生。在接下来的几年，无数日本人死于辐射中毒。
朝鲜战争于1950年6月爆发，北方迅速入侵南方。年轻的联合国在美军带领下进入朝鲜半岛压制北方军队，刚刚开始几年的冷战迅速升温。美国与南方并肩战斗，中国和俄罗斯支持北方。1952年6月14日，联合国部队中一名美军士兵高举他在北朝鲜牢房中找到的金日成肖像。
这张照片拍摄于朝鲜咸兴，日期不详。一名美军士兵走过城市中的废墟。
1951年，北朝鲜和美国军官在板门店会面，商讨停火协议，这个“停战村”横跨南北朝鲜的边境。1953年在这里签订的协议停止了双方的战争，美军后来在南朝鲜部署了3.7万名士兵。
1954年，巴基斯坦和美国签订的双边防御协议把巴基斯坦带入了美国冷战影响圈，让美军可以利用巴基斯坦的基地对抗苏联势力。巴基斯坦在冷战期间的重要战略地位，让它成为那一时期华盛顿最亲密的盟友。上图，1965年5月印巴冲突期间，一名巴基斯坦士兵在边境操作机枪。这场战争标志着美国对巴基斯坦停止军事援助，约翰逊总统当时下达了对印巴双方的武器禁运令。
随着越南成为冷战的代表，美国关注的焦点迅速从南亚转移到东南亚。上图，1961年3月23日，美国总统约翰•肯尼迪在华盛顿的新闻发布会中指着一张老挝的地图。他说，共产主义对老挝的威胁是“严峻且危险的”。
1975年4月30日，一辆北越坦克在西贡街道上开过，这座城市沦陷在共产主义军队手中。这座城市现名胡志明市，它的陷落是美国对越政策彻底失败的顶点。
1972年2月，美国总统理查德•尼克松在正式访华期间与中国总理周恩来祝酒。这是现任美国总统第一次访华，它结束了中美两国25年来相互隔绝的状态，并在7年后确立了两国之间的正式外交关系。
1973年11月24日，美国国务卿亨利•基辛格在北京与中国共产党领袖毛泽东会面。据2008年公开的文件，毛在会面中提议把一千万名中国女性送到美国去，期望以此开启双方的贸易活动。
1975年12月3日，美国第一夫人贝蒂•福特在北京舞蹈学校与一名教师跳舞。她随同福特总统来中国进行5天的访问。
1987年6月29日，美国前总统吉米•卡特与中国总理（译者注：原文如此）邓小平在北京见面时相互拥抱。在卡特当政期间，两位领导人签署了三项协议，促进了美中之间在科学、技术、文化和领事方面的融合。
1984年10月1日，中国总理赵紫阳和美国总统罗纳德•里根在白宫会议之后，手挽手走在一起。同年，里根继尼克松在1972年历史性访华之后，再一次以总统身份来到中国。在一次欢迎宴会中，里根提到了中美之间“相互尊重，平等互利”的重要性。
1979年，CIA开始了飓风计划，在苏联入侵阿富汗期间秘密武装、训练、资助阿富汗穆斯林游击队。这个计划漫长且昂贵，一直持续到1987年，最高年支出达6.3亿美元。二十年后，美国人突然发现自己的敌人就是那些在飓风计划中支持过的人。上图，1987年6月，迈丹瓦尔达克省，伊斯兰运动党的穆斯林游击队员聚集在他们用针刺导弹击落的一架直升飞机残骸旁。
1979年，傅高义的《日本第一》兆示了一个新兴的经济超级力量，在美国国内引起了针对日本贸易政策和生产能力的恐慌。罗纳德•里根在任职期间见证了这些恐慌变为现实的过程，美国在不断升高的对日贸易赤字下苦苦挣扎。1983年11月，里根作为第一个面对日本议会发表讲话的美国总统，在谈到美国的保护主义情绪时说：“作为选举任职的官员，平衡那些对国家利益比较看重的团体的顾虑不是件容易的事情，但这恰恰就是我们的工作。我们需要你的帮助，向我的人民证明你们的自由贸易，打消他们的顾虑。美国人认为你们的市场还不够开放。我们需要你们的支持，来降低贸易门槛，让更多的美国商品更方便地进入你们的市场。”
乔治•布什在成为总统之前，曾经是被派往中国的特使。上图，他和妻子芭芭拉在1974年骑自行车的照片。
1991年，印度洋上的美国独立号航空母舰。1996年3月，中国在台湾海峡进行导弹测试之后，独立号航母就被部署到台湾海峡，以应对那里的紧张局势。总统比尔•克林顿授权的这次战略部署，是美军自越南战争之后最大规模的军事行动。
1997年11月2日，中国主席江泽民（中）、外交部长钱其琛（左）和江的特别助理曾庆红在洛杉矶华人社团主办的欢迎晚宴上。江的到访是中国国家领导人过去12年中第一次正式访问美国。
1997年11月1日，数千人在哈佛大学街道两边欢迎江参观马萨诸塞州剑桥校园，这是他在美国6城市访问活动中的一部分。
1998年9月4日，阿富汗霍斯特，塔利班士兵站在被美国导弹摧毁的所谓恐怖分子集中地的房屋旁边。美国的导弹攻击目标是基地恐怖组织首领本•拉登，以报复其在8月份对美国在肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚大使馆的轰炸。那次事件导致257人丧生。
1999年5月9日，数千名中国人步行到北京的美国大使馆，抗议北约对贝尔格莱德中国大使馆的轰炸。事件中有三人丧生。北约的官员说，他们以为那座建筑物是南斯拉夫军事场所，而不是中国大使馆。
2000年3月22日，美国总统比尔•克林顿和女儿切尔西参观印度阿格拉的泰姬陵。克林顿来此与印度签订一个协议，提高对环境的关注度，保护泰姬陵附近的森林。
2000年10月24日，朝鲜领导人金正日与美国国务卿马德琳•奥尔布赖特在平壤的晚宴中相互敬酒。奥尔布赖特的到访是美国、韩国与日本间为结束朝鲜的孤立状态、缓解全球局势最动荡地区的紧张情绪所制定的策略中的一部分。
2001年4月1日，一架美国监察机与一架中国喷气式战斗机在中国领海上空相撞，美国飞行员在中国海南岛迫降。飞行员被中国关押了11天，导致中美关系变得极为紧张。北京气愤地要求对方道歉，美国给予拒绝。上图，美国国防部发布的视频截图，显示2001年1月24日，一架中国喷气式战斗机在中国附近与一架美国监察机近距离危险飞行。
2001年12月12日，反塔利班士兵在阿富汗托拉博拉地区，眼望美国导弹在空中划过的痕迹。美国对奥萨马•本•拉登藏身的托拉博拉山区基地进行空袭，标志着十年阿富汗战争的开始。
2008年12月15日，在一次秘密访问中，美国总统乔治•布什与阿富汗总统哈米德•卡尔扎伊走向喀布尔的总统府。
2008年10月，美国国会通过了美印核协定，重新开启了封闭30年的核贸易和美国对印度民用核能源项目的援助。批评人士认为这项协定削弱了防止核扩散方面的努力，并且有可能引起亚洲地区的核武器竞赛。上图，2008年10月4日，印度政治活动人士抗议美国国务卿康多莉扎•赖斯到孟买的访问。赖斯来此讨论几天前刚刚通过的核武器协议。
2009年12月1日，巴拉克•奥巴马总统下令向阿富汗增兵3万人，达到当地驻军的三倍，目的是“为这场战争划上圆满的句号”。上图，2011年8月23日，美军士兵在被摧毁的车辆旁等待直升飞机把受伤的战友带到坎大哈的医院。
奥巴马在任职的三年时间里，大部分精力都被中国以西的国家牵扯。奥巴马必须在美国与北京之间的经济关系，和国内对中国爆发式增长的顾虑之间寻求平衡。今年1月19日，奥巴马在与中国主席胡锦涛在白宫举行的新闻发布会上说：“我们欢迎中国的崛起，我完全相信中国的和平发展对世界有益，也对美国有益……我只是想确保中国的发展……基础是符合国际行为准则和国际制度，加强地区安全与和平。坚决反对它成为地区和世界冲突的来源。”上图，2009年11月18日，奥巴马首次来到世界上人口最多的第二大经济国家访问时，到长城参观。
原文：
With a war in Afghanistan and worries over the rise of new superpowers in China and India, Asia seems like a relatively recent U.S. foreign-policy bugaboo. But since World War II, the United States has devoted more and more of its diplomatic and military efforts across the Pacific. The Cold War was fought on Asian soil, economic strategy was designed with Asian tigers in mind, and diplomacy has focused on containing and befriending the inhabitants of the world's biggest continent. The following photographs depict this complicated, contentious, and often lucrative history of a superpower and its Asian allies and foes.
U.S. Gen. Douglas MacArthur meets with Japanese Emperor Hirohito in Manila, Philippines, in October* 1945, a few weeks after Japan's surrender following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan surrendered to Allied forces on Sept. 2, 1945, officially ending World War II.
Japanese children wear masks to protect themselves from radiation in the devastated city of Hiroshima nearly three years after the U.S. atomic bombing. Around 140,000 people, more than half of Hiroshima's population at the time, died in the first atomic bombing on Aug. 6, 1945; another 70,000 perished in Nagasaki three days later. Countless thousands others died in the years following from radiation poisoning.
The Korean War began in June 1950, following North Korea's invasion of the South. The young United Nations, led by U.S. forces, scrambled to contain the North Korean army. The Cold War, then just a few years old, heated up fast; the United States sided with the South, while China and the Soviet Union supported the North.
A U.S. soldier from the U.N. forces displays a portrait of North Korean leader Kim Il Sung, found on June 14, 1952, at a North Korean prison camp.
An undated photo taken in Hamhung, North Korea, shows a U.S. soldier walking among the ruins of the city.
North Koreans and U.S. officers meet to discuss an armistice in 1951 in Panmunjom, the "truce village" straddling the border between North and South Korea. The 1953 armistice that ended the war was signed there, leading to the eventual deployment of 37,000 U.S. forces to South Korea.
In 1954, Pakistan and the United States signed a mutual defense agreement that brought Pakistan into the U.S. sphere of influence in the Cold War and allowed U.S. forces to use the country as a base for flights over Soviet territory. Pakistan's strategic importance in the Cold War made it one of Washington's closest allies in Asia during that period. Above, a Pakistani solider mans a position during the India-Pakistan border conflict in May 1965. This war marked the end of U.S. military assistance to Pakistan, when President Lyndon B. Johnson placed an embargo on arms to both Pakistan and India.
U.S. attention soon shifted from South to Southeast Asia as Vietnam became the latest proxy for the Cold War. Above, U.S. President John F. Kennedy points to a map of Laos during a news conference in Washington, D.C., on March 23, 1961. The communist threat to Laos, he said, is "difficult and potentially dangerous."
A North Vietnamese tank rolls down a street in Saigon on April 30, 1975, as the city falls into the hands of Communist troops. The fall of the city, now known as Ho Chi Minh City, was the capstone on the catastrophic failure of U.S. policy in Vietnam.
U.S. President Richard Nixon toasts with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai in February 1972 in Beijing during Nixon's official visit to China. The trip, the first by a U.S. president in office, ended 25 years of isolation between the United States and China and eventually resulted in the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries seven years later.
U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger meets with Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong in Beijing on Nov. 24, 1973. During the meeting, Mao proposed sending 10 million Chinese women to the United States, in hopes of kick-starting trade between the two countries, documents released in 2008 revealed.
U.S. first lady Betty Ford dances with a teacher at a Beijing dance school on Dec. 3, 1975. She joined President Gerald Ford on a five-day trip to China.
Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter and Chinese Premier Deng Xiaoping hug in Beijing on June 29, 1987. During Carter's presidency, the two leaders signed three agreements cementing U.S.-China cooperation in science and technology, culture, and consular affairs.
Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang and U.S. President Ronald Reagan walk arm-in-arm after a meeting at the White House on Oct. 1, 1984. That same year, Reagan was the first U.S. president to visit China since Nixon's historic 1972 trip. During a banquet in honor of his visit, Reagan spoke of the need for "mutual respect and benefit" between China and the United States.
In 1979, the CIA began Operation Cyclone, a clandestine program to arm, train, and finance the Afghan mujahideen during the Soviet war in Afghanistan. The program was long and costly, lasting until 1987 and peaking at a cost of $630 million per year. Twenty years later, the United States found itself fighting many of the same groups it supported during Operation Cyclone.
Above, mujahideen of the Harakat-e Islami party gather around debris of a helicopter they had shot down with a Stinger missile in Maidan Wardak province in June 1987.
In 1979, Ezra Vogel's book, Japan as Number One, heralded a new economic superpower, ushering in a wave of paranoia in the United States about Japan's trade policies and manufacturing might. Ronald Reagan's tenure as president saw some of these fears come true, as the United States struggled with a mounting trade deficit with Japan. In November 1983, Reagan became the first U.S. president to address the Japanese Diet, speaking of protectionist impulses in the United States:
It is not easy for elected officials to balance the concerns of constituents with the greater interests of the nation, but that's what our jobs are all about. And we need your help in demonstrating free trade to address concerns of my own people. Americans believe your markets are less open than ours. We need your support to lower further the barriers that still make it difficult for some American products to enter your markets easily.
Before he was president, George H.W. Bush was once special envoy to China. Above, he and his wife Barbara pose on bicycles in Beijing in 1974.
The aircraft carrier USS Independence pictured in the Indian Ocean in 1991. In March 1996, the Independence was deployed to the Taiwan Strait as tensions rose after China conducted missile tests off the Taiwan coast. The deployment, ordered by President Bill Clinton in support of Taiwan, was the most conspicuous use of U.S. military power in Asia since the Vietnam War.
Chinese President Jiang Zemin (center), Foreign Minister Qian Qichen (left), and Jiang's special assistant Zeng Qinghong at a dinner hosted by the Chinese community of Los Angeles on Nov. 2, 1997. Jiang's visit was the first to the United States by a Chinese head of state in 12 years.
Several thousand people lined the streets around Harvard University in anticipation of Jiang's visit to the campus in Cambridge, Mass., on Nov. 1, 1997, part of his six-city tour to the United States.
Taliban soldiers beside destroyed houses inside an alleged terrorist camp hit by U.S. missiles in Khost, Afghanistan, on Sept. 4, 1998. The United States launched missile attacks aimed at Osama bin Laden, head of terrorist group al Qaeda, in retaliation for bombings at U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, which killed 257 people that August.
Thousands of Chinese march to the U.S. Embassy in Beijing on May 9, 1999, protesting NATO's bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade. The bombing killed three people; NATO officials said that they believed the building was home to a Yugoslav military facility, not the Chinese Embassy.
U.S. President Bill Clinton and his daughter, Chelsea, visit the Taj Mahal in Agra, India, on March 22, 2000. Clinton was in the country to sign an agreement with India promoting environmental awareness and protecting a forest close to the Taj Mahal.
North Korean leader Kim Jong Il toasts U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright at a dinner in Pyongyang on Oct. 24, 2000. The visit by Albright was part of a coordinated strategy by the United States, South Korea, and Japan to end the North's isolation and ease tensions in one of the world's most volatile regions.
On April 1, 2001, a U.S. surveillance plane collided with a Chinese fighter jet off the coast of China, leading the American crew to make an emergency landing on China's Hainan Island. The crew was held in China for 11 days, with the entire incident underlining increased tensions in the U.S.-China relationship. Beijing angrily demanded apologies while the United States refused to grant one.
Above, a frame from a U.S. Department of Defense video shows a Chinese fighter jet flying dangerously close to a U.S. surveillance plane on Jan. 24, 2001, near China.
Anti-Taliban soldiers look at smoke trails left by U.S. bombers on Dec. 12, 2001, in the Tora Bora area of Afghanistan. U.S. airstrikes targeting Osama bin Laden's Tora Bora mountain bases marked the beginning of a decade of war in Afghanistan.
U.S. President George W. Bush walks alongside Afghan President Hamid Karzai upon arrival at Kabul's presidential palace during an unannounced visit on Dec. 15, 2008.
In October 2008, the U.S. Congress passed the U.S.-India nuclear deal, lifting a 30-year-old moratorium on nuclear trade with India and providing U.S. assistance to India's civilian nuclear energy program. Critics said the deal undermines nonproliferation efforts and could contribute to an Asian nuclear arms race. Above, Indian political activists protest the visit of U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice to Mumbai on Oct. 4, 2008. Rice was in town to discuss the nuclear deal, passed days earlier.
On Dec. 1, 2009, President Barack Obama ordered an additional 30,000 troops to Afghanistan, tripling the size of forces there, in an effort to "bring this war to a successful conclusion." Above, U.S. soldiers gather near a destroyed vehicle as some of their wounded comrades are airlifted by helicopter to Kandahar Hospital on Aug. 23, 2011.
During his three years in office, much of Obama's attentions have shifted eastward to China. Obama must balance the pivotal U.S. economic relationship with Beijing with domestic concerns over China's tremendous growth. "We welcome China's rise," Obama said at a White House news conference with Chinese President Hu Jintao on Jan. 19 of this year. "I absolutely believe that China's peaceful rise is good for the world, and it's good for America.… We just want to make sure that that rise … occurs in a way that reinforces international norms and international rules, and enhances security and peace, as opposed to it being a source of conflict either in the region or around the world."
Above, Obama tours the Great Wall on Nov. 18, 2009, during his maiden trip to the world's most populous country and second-largest economy.
很多图片都没见过 老毛与基辛格的那张依然可以看出老毛的气场！ 手伸得那么长，还得攥住那么东西，很累吧？ 又是一组猛图啊！谢谢楼主翻译~~
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