【外交政策 111010】失踪的中国孩子
【中文标题】失踪的中国孩子
【原文标题】China's Missing Children
【登载媒体】外交政策
【原文作者】CHARLES CUSTER
【原文链接】http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/10/06/china_missing_children
每年有7万名中国儿童遭到绑架，父母们无处可以寻求帮助，他们只好采取自己的方法。
2010年4月10日，刘一家人还生活在美好的中国梦中。这对夫妇搬到了城里居住，租了一套房子，还有两个漂亮的孩子。他们并不富裕，但是生活在一点点的进步，就像很多中国人一样。
第二天早上，几个陌生人闯入他们的房子，抓住他们的儿子刘进军，把他塞进一辆白色面包车中，迅速地开走了。从那时开始，刘一家就开始寻找儿子。他们一直没有找到孩子，但是逐渐发现，太多的人有和他们一样的遭遇。
至少从80年代开始，绑架和拐卖人口就已经成为中国一个值得关注的问题，受害者大多是孩子。社会上存在的争议不是这种现象是否存在，而是问题究竟有多严重。中国政府的数据是，每年有不到1万个孩子被绑架，但是美国国务院的数据显示有将近2万人。一些独立机构估算的数字高达7万人（美国每年被绑架的孩子数量是100到200）。
绝大多数被绑架的孩子永远不会再见到家人。在中国，绑架孩子的目的不是为了索取赎金，而是为了卖出去赚钱。通常，这些孩子都来自贫穷的农村家庭，这些家庭没有太多的力量坚持不懈地寻找孩子或者奋起反抗。一些孩子被卖给需要后代的“领养”家庭，另外一些被转卖给奴隶工、卖淫或者沿街乞讨的组织者。有时候，健康的孩子被人贩子残忍地弄残肢体，因为他们觉得一个断了胳膊或者有恐怖疮疤的孩子看起来更可怜，可以讨到更多的钱。
还有一些孩子甚至被卖给海外人士收养。当外国父母收养孩子的时候，中国的福利院向他们收取高额的捐助款——有时高达5000美元。据有关方面的消息透露，这些机构有意从人贩子手中购买孩子。当然这种现象极少发生。
大多数情况下，实施绑架犯罪的都是大型的、全国性的、具有高度组织性的犯罪团伙。根据中国警方破获的案件来看，涉及数十人甚至数百人的绑架犯罪链条并不少见，绑架人口的数量达数百人。
估算的数字差距如此巨大，是因为官方数字很难获取，也很难相信。犯罪司法研究中心教授和少年犯罪问题专家皮艺军说：“有关社会黑暗面的数据极难得到，即使有些信息被公开，公安局（即警方）只会报告他们已经发现的案例数量。”这意味着中国官方的绑架统计数据仅会包括那些已经确认是犯罪行为的案例。由于很多家庭都没有具体的证据证明他们的孩子是被绑架了（除孩子自行离家出走之外），很多案件都被归入人口失踪的类别，所以没有出现在官方的统计数据中。
2010年4月11日，刘女士和刘先生在屋子里，他们两岁的儿子自己走出门，和邻居的孩子在一起玩。当她向门外望去时，发现孩子不见了。她赶忙叫来丈夫，两人依然无法找到孩子之后，他们报了警。
警察来了。刘先生说：“他们基本上什么也没说，只是讲：‘不要急，放松点。或许孩子自己跑远了，要么就是跑到邻居家了。你们自己找找吧。’”
其他孩子被绑架的父母说这样的现象很常见。除非你掌握了确实、直接的绑架证据，警方甚至不会以人口失踪为理由立案，直到失踪时间超过24小时。
朱女士12岁的女儿雷小霞在5月24日从山西失踪，她向几乎所有愿意听她讲话的人报了案——三个派出所、女儿的学校，甚至当地的教育局。但是都得到了同样的回答：“他们说：‘我们只能帮你调查，别的忙帮不上。’”
这些调查其实还有很多值得改善的方面。朱女士对我说：“我报案之后，他们出去巡视了一圈，然后再没见到他们采取任何行动。”他们也从未去火车站和汽车站调查监控录像。后来，一名记者发现有人在当天学校里见过朱的女儿，但是警察忘记去查看学校的监控录像，这些图像已经被监控设备自动删除了。雷小霞至今尚未找到。
即使警方严肃对待某些案件，皆大欢喜的结局也很少见。贩卖人口的犯罪团伙有高度的组织性，孩子被绑架后，很快被送到遥远的地方，一层层转交，以避免被追踪。
李勇大约在1988年被绑架，现在已经长大成人，他大约在5岁时（他记不住确切的年龄和生日）被卖到另外一个家庭。他只记得自己被带到过很多地方：“被拐骗之后，我坐过汽车、长途大巴和火车。”他被绑架多年之后，警方终于抓获了参与绑架李的一名男子，但是线索在这里就断了。绑架者、贩卖者和在旅途中看管李的中间人均未找到。
对绑架案件的有效调查需要持续的努力、各地区之间紧密的合作，以及能识别绑架者和孩子的尖端技术。一旦犯罪团伙进入了警方的视野，需要高层立即介入，协调这些工作。犯罪分子落网之后，必须给予尽可能严厉的处罚，甚至不惜动用死刑。但是很多绑架案根本无法引起当地警方的关注，因为它们被归入人口走失的卷宗，或者干脆被忘记了。
有些父母被动地接受了他们的命运，痴痴地等着警方永远不会打来的电话。但是，越来越多的父母开始走上街头、进入网络寻找他们的孩子。
合同工刘先生说：“我们每天都在寻找。儿子被绑架之前，我根本不知道如何使用互联网，但是现在，我每天都去网吧。我买不起自己的电脑，所以到那里去上网。我到处发布孩子的启事，到处寻找。”
互联网环境让和刘一样的中国父母振作起来。包括“宝贝回家”在内的网站收集成千上万父母发来的各类信息、照片，并且公示。它们还收集街头孩子的报道和照片，供丢失孩子的父母浏览、寻找。
另外一些父母选择走上街头。刘先生与当地其它丢失孩子的父母在线联络，他们定期举办沟通会。其中一位丢失了儿子的家长，用他儿子和其它走失孩子的大幅照片罩在卡车外面。父母们选择一个繁忙的街角，把卡车停在旁边，周围竖起大幅的有关孩子走失信息的海报，向行人散发传单和卡片。
有时候，刘先生会带着他的女儿参加活动，她也会帮忙散发传单。她太小了，还不能完全理解她弟弟发生了什么事情，但是她并没有忘记。刘先生说，她在梦里有时候会说弟弟的梦话，“当我们听到她提到弟弟时，心都要碎了。”
有些人把中国拐卖儿童的现状归咎于独生子女政策，但是皮艺军认为这是一个过于简单的推论。他说，部分原因在于，与其它值得盗窃的物品，比如汽车、电脑相比，孩子更容易得手，而且更难追查。“如果绑架者已经找到了一个卖家，他们很快就可以获利，我认为这是一个重要的原因”导致拐卖儿童在中国如此猖獗。
当然，没有买家就没有卖家，但中国的买家是在太多了。的确，独生子女政策让孩子变少了，但是因为超过一个孩子的家庭——无论是生养还是收养——都必须缴纳罚款，所以一对健康的夫妇就没有理由选择买一个被绑架的孩子，而不去自己生一个。通常，被绑架孩子的买家都是无法生育，或者只生女孩的夫妇，他们想确保自己下一个孩子一定要是男孩。还有一些家庭会买下年龄比较大的女孩，如果他们的儿子无法用传统的方法找到妻子（通常的原因是生理和心理方面的缺陷），就把她作为预备新娘。
中国人沉默、内敛的性格也是一个因素。刘先生说：“我的儿子永远不会知道他曾经被绑架和贩卖。在我的老家，如果有人买来新娘，谁也不会讲话。我们的孩子太小了，理解不了发生在他身上的事情，他长大之后也不会理解周围的一切全都是假的。”
这种情况并不少见。在李勇被绑架并卖到江苏的新家庭之后，他用别省的方言向邻居们诉说他的原名，请求别人帮助他回家。但是没有一个人向当地政府报告，直到十年之后，而那时已经太晚了。很多中国人认为，插手别人的事情是给自己找麻烦。在一些教育程度比较低的农村地区，如果夫妇不能怀孕，或者年龄比较大，买孩子依然被认为是一个可以接受的行为。
从这方面来讲，刘先生并不十分怪罪绑架儿子的人。他说：“我们这些丢失孩子的父母当然恨这些人，整个社会也恨他们。但是有时候，也不能全怪他们，要怪我们的社会。我的意思是，（在中国）我们依然没有强有力的法律武器。如果有强大的法制保障，怎么会发生这样的事情呢？”
刘先生和他的妻子依然在寻找儿子，朱女士和他的丈夫依然在寻找女儿。需要的时候，他们也会去工作挣钱，但他们的整个生命都维系在有可能获取的一丝线索上，就像整个国家在寻找孩子的千万父母一样。朱女士呜咽着对我说：“我们活着，但心已经死了。如果找不到孩子，生活还有什么意义？”
原文：
BEIJING — On April 10, 2010, the Liu family was living the Chinese dream. The couple had moved to the city, rented an apartment, and were blessed with two beautiful children. They weren't rich, but they were getting by. Like many Chinese people, they felt their lives were getting better.
The next morning, strange men came to their house, grabbed their son Liu Jingjun, dragged him into a white van, and drove off. Since then, the Lius have been looking for him. They haven't found him, but they have discovered that there are an awful lot of people just like themselves.
Since at least the 1980s, kidnapping and human trafficking have become a problem in China, and most often, the victims are children. Estimates vary on just how bad things have gotten. The Chinese government reports that fewer than 10,000 children are kidnapped each year, but the U.S. State Department says it's closer to 20,000. Some independent estimates put the number as high as 70,000 (compared with 100 to 200 children kidnapped per year in the United States, for example).
The vast majority of kidnapped children will never see their families again. In China, kids are abducted not for ransom but for sale. Often, they come from poor and rural families -- the families least likely to be capable of tracking their kids down or fighting back. Some children are then sold to new "adoptive" families looking for children. Others are sold into slave labor, prostitution, or a life on the streets. In some cases, healthy children are brutally crippled by handlers on the theory that a child with broken legs or horrific boils looks sadder and can earn more money begging on the street.
Some children are even sold into adoption overseas. Chinese adoption agencies seeking the substantial donations foreign parents make when they adopt -- in some cases, as much as $5,000 -- have been known to purchase children from human traffickers, though these cases appear to be relatively rare.
Most instances of kidnapping are perpetrated by gangs that are large, national, and highly organized. Based on cases solved by Chinese police, it's not uncommon for some kidnapping rings to have dozens or even hundreds of members, and to be responsible for the kidnappings of hundreds of children.
The estimates vary so widely because official numbers are hard to come by and harder to trust. Pi Yijun, a professor at the Institute for Criminal Justice and an expert on crimes involving children, says, "Data about the dark side of society is extremely difficult to obtain, and even when it is made public, the Public Security Bureau only reports based on the number of cases they've uncovered." That means that China's official statistics on kidnapping are based only on cases that are proved to be crimes. Because most parents have no proof that their child was kidnapped (rather than running away on his or her own), many cases are filed as missing-person reports and thus go uncounted in official statistics.
On the morning of April 11, 2010, Mrs. Liu was in the apartment, but she and her husband's son -- just 2 at the time -- had wandered out the door and was playing with some other kids from the neighborhood. When she looked out the door and saw he was missing, she called her husband, and when the two of them still couldn't find the boy, they called the cops.
The police came. "They said nothing," said Mr. Liu. "They said, 'It's not urgent; just relax. Maybe he ran away by himself or he's at a neighbor's house. Just look around yourselves.'"
Other parents of kidnapped children say this is common; unless there's concrete, immediate proof of a kidnapping, police won't even accept a missing-person report until the subject has been missing for at least 24 hours.
Mrs. Zhu, the mother of kidnapped 12-year-old Lei Xiaoxia, who went missing on May 24 in Shanxi province, reported her daughter's case to anyone who would listen -- three different police authorities, her daughter's school, and even their city's education bureau -- but always got the same answer. "They said, 'All we can do is investigate for you; there's nothing we can really do ."
These investigations leave much to be desired. Mrs. Zhu told me, "After we reported , they went out and patrolled for a bit, but after that we never saw them looking again." They also never went to the train station or the bus station to check the surveillance tapes, she said. Later, a reporter discovered that Zhu's daughter had been seen at school that day, but the police had also forgotten to check the school's security tapes, which had since been automatically deleted by the surveillance system. Lei Xiaoxia is still missing.
Even when police do investigate seriously, happy endings are rare. Trafficking gangs are highly organized. Children are moved over great distances and shuffled between handlers after they're kidnapped to ensure they are impossible to trace.
Li Yong, an adult who was kidnapped around 1988 and sold to another family when he was about 5 (he's not sure of his real age or birthday), remembers he was moved around quite a bit. "After I was kidnapped, I was taken into cars, a long-distance bus, and a train," he says. Years after his kidnapping, police finally tracked down one man involved with Li's kidnapping, but the trail ended there. The seller, the kidnapper, and the handlers who watched Li during various stages of his journey have yet to be found.
Investigating kidnapping cases effectively requires sustained effort, ongoing cooperation between numerous local precincts, and high-tech methods of tracking and identifying both kidnappers and children. When a particular gang gets onto the police's radar, higher authorities may help organize this sort of sustained effort, and when caught, human traffickers face stiff sentences and even the death penalty. But many kidnapping cases never make it past the local precinct, where they're filed as missing-person cases and, generally, forgotten.
Some parents accept their fates and wait quietly for a phone call from the police that will probably never come. But more and more parents are taking to the Internet and to the streets to search for their children.
"We look every day," Mr. Liu, a contract laborer, said. "Before my son was taken, I didn't know how to use the Internet, but now I go to an Internet cafe every day. I can't afford my own computer, so I go there to look for my son, making posts about him and searching through the Net."
An entire ecosystem of Internet services has sprung up for Chinese parents like Liu. Sites like "Baby Come Home" collect information, photos, and other data from tens of thousands of parents and help them publicize it all. They also collect photos and reports of street children for parents of kidnapped kids to browse, looking for their children.
Many parents also take to the street. Mr. Liu connected online with other parents of kidnapped children in his area, and now they organize events together. One of the parents, whose son was also kidnapped, has decorated his truck with photos of his son and dozens of other missing children. The parents pick a busy street corner, park the truck there, surround it with large posters about their children, and hand out fliers and cards to passers-by.
When he can, Liu brings his young daughter along to these events, where she helps her parents pass out flyers. She's too young to understand what happened to her little brother, but she hasn't forgotten him. She dreams about him, her father says. "When we hear her talk about him, it's devastating."
Some have placed the blame for China's child-trafficking problem squarely at the feet of the one-child policy, but that's an oversimplification according to Pi Yijun, of the Institute for Criminal Justice. Part of the problem is that compared with other things one might steal, such as cars or computers, children are easy to get ahold of and difficult to track, he says. "Additionally, if has got a buyer already, they can reap the rewards quickly, and I think that's an important reason" that kidnapping is so common in China.
Of course, without buyers there would be no sellers, and there are still buyers aplenty in China. True, the one-child policy has made children scarcer, but because families with more than one child -- regardless of whether the children are adopted or birthed -- must pay fines, there's no real reason for healthy parents to choose to purchase a kidnapped child rather than just having another one of their own. Often, the buyers of kidnapped kids are married couples who can't conceive or who have given birth to only daughters and want to be sure their next child is a son. Some families also buy older girls as brides for their sons if the son can't attract a wife through traditional means (often because of some mental or physical disability).
China's culture of silence also plays a role. "My son will never know he was kidnapped and purchased," Mr. Liu says. "In our hometown, when people buy wives, no one says anything. No one talks. Our child was too young to understand what happened to him; when he grows up he won't understand that it's all fake."
This is not an uncommon phenomenon. After Li Yong was kidnapped and sold to his new family in Jiangsu, he walked around telling neighbors his original name and asking to go home, speaking in a dialect foreign to that province. But no one reported anything to the authorities until more than a decade later, and by then, it was way too late. Many Chinese believe that getting involved in someone else's business is asking for trouble, and in some rural areas where education levels remain low, purchasing children is still considered an acceptable alternative for couples who are infertile or too old to conceive safely.
For his part, Mr. Liu doesn't blame the men who kidnapped his son. "We parents, the parents of lost children, hate these people, and society hates them too, but sometimes you can't blame human traffickers. Sometimes you have to blame our society. What I mean is, we still don't have a strong rule of law. If it were stronger, could this kind of thing happen?"
Mr. Liu and his wife are still searching for their son. Mrs. Zhu and her husband are still searching for their daughter. They work when they need to, but their lives are on hold until they get some news, just like the tens of thousands of other parents nationwide who are searching. "It's like we're living with dead hearts," Mrs. Zhu told me between sobs. "If we can't find our child, life is meaningless."
这故事编得，就是无真相。骗你没商量，骗谁呢？ 这是前阵子轰轰烈烈的解救儿童的外媒版吗？
虽然拐卖儿童是社会现实问题，但是这位刘先生的故事和他最后说的话还是深深雷到了我 在我国因为有市场，拐卖儿童的事情是不少，不过这文也太扯了。尤其是扯上什么法制保障和警察不做为，自己不好好照顾孩子就骂警察。 这刘先生还真不是孤例，我认识一个新疆的汉民，也不觉得疆独有多大错，反而说政府无能…… 从这方面来讲，刘先生并不十分怪罪绑架儿子的人。他说：“我们这些丢失孩子的父母当然恨这些人，整个社会也恨他们。但是有时候，也不能全怪他们，要怪我们的社会。我的意思是，（在中国）我们依然没有强有力的法律武器。如果有强大的法制保障，怎么会发生这样的事情呢？”
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这段才是文章想要说明的意思 有些地方这种情况确实存在。。。 所以，这些外国人就会告诉我们，不管实际情形是怎样的，也不管人们为了解救这些孩子付出了多少努力，更不管实际情况究竟是多么的复杂，总而言之就是“独生子女”政策的不对，就是没天理的专制制度跟缺乏人权保护、缺乏法制精神的TG不对就是了…… 艹他妈，人贩子抓了就枪毙·，就没这事了，包庇罪犯就是鼓励犯罪，我国法律就是鼓励犯罪，个人看法。 小学时遇过人贩子的低头路过:'( 到家里抢孩子，太夸张了吧
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