【BBC111028】投靠中国的美利坚战俘
本帖最后由 連長 于 2011-10-28 21:13 编辑【原文标题】The American POW who chose China
【中文标题】投靠中国的美利坚战俘
【译者】土鳖连长
【登载媒体】BBC
【原文链接】http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15453730
霍金斯先生奔赴朝鲜前线时，年仅17岁
朝鲜战争后期，敌对双方数以千计的战俘面临着一个选择：要么回家，要么追随俘虏他们的猎手。大卫·霍金斯是极少数选择中国的美国大兵中的一个。
霍金斯先生曾经在赤色朝鲜那布满冰冻泥浆的三八线上与中国士兵战斗，他感叹道：“我从来没有想过会有美国士兵选择去其他国家，而不是自己的祖国。”
当战争于1953年结束时，数万朝鲜和中国的战俘选择离开自己的家乡，前往美国定居。
但是对于已经陷入了反共狂潮的美国来说，当人们得知有20名自己的年轻士兵叛逃至中国时，感到十分震惊。
当时年仅17岁的大卫·霍金斯在战斗中受伤并被俘。被囚禁了三年，战争结束后，他决定不回家。
已经78岁的霍克斯现今居住在加利福尼亚州，他说：“我的理由是，我们这群人当时真的信奉了社会主义思想，所以我应该去看看，一探究竟。”
‘死亡山谷’
他在朝鲜前线被俘数个月之后，霍金斯先生被带到了一处由中国控制的战俘营，俘虏们都称它为”死亡山谷。”
他说：“医生把一小块从我腿里取出的弹片递给了我，还告诉我说「我们是你的朋友，我们不会伤害你」。”
战俘营地没有暖气，到了晚上，气温骤降零度以下。
他和他的战友在着极为恶劣的冻伤中煎熬着。他的右脚被冻掉了一个脚趾，其他的指头的顶端也被冻伤。
他回忆道：“当然我们身上都爬满了虱子，我们开始出现疥疮，我们所有人都得了痢疾，我们都大小便失禁。“
'命悬一线'
抵达战俘营还不到一周，美国大兵就开始死亡。
极端的严寒意味着那些活着的人不用过于担心尸体的腐烂，并以此从长官手里骗得更多的食物，他们把尸体倚靠在墙上，这样似乎房间里看起来就有很多人。
霍克斯先生的房间约有26个战俘，他声称仅有10人活着离开了。
他说：”我们命悬一线，我只是个17岁的孩子。去韩国的时候才刚刚满17岁，或许正是因为我的年轻，才让我活了下来“
60年过去了，他激动地流下眼泪，他回忆称醒来后发现战友就死在他身边。至今，他仍做噩梦。
几个月后，战俘们被转移到了另一个营地，那儿的条件好多了。他们有了体育设施，更好的食物和洗浴条件，但他们仍要接受中国士兵每天六七个小时的思想教育。
光荣的马克思主义和罪恶的资本主义弊端的演讲起到了一丁点作用。
他说道：”当我们回到班里时，我们就聊汽车，聊女人和其他诸如此类的事儿，就像士兵们平时做的一样。
美国人对他们的优待政策感到吃惊：因为他们之前都被警告称中国人对待俘虏即野蛮又凶残。
当霍克斯先生在营地里日渐憔悴的时候，以美国为首的联合国部队正在同中朝军队作战，双方打了两年才停战谈判。
去留自由
三八线附近的一个发生激烈战斗的战壕
最受关注的是被关押在南部的成百上千的朝鲜和中国籍战俘的命运。
当时《日内瓦公约》已经生效，规定当战争结束时，所有的战俘都要被释放回家。但是许多在南部朝鲜和中国籍战俘在停火后拒绝被遣送回北方，1953年7月签署的停战协议允许双方那些想要留下来的战俘留下。
霍金斯先生说道，当他获释那刻到来时，他选择和中国士兵一起回到北京，他对此印象深刻，他还在一所大学里报名学习语言课程。
他说：“有句话他们一直挂在口上，那就是「你不会永远在这里，如果你愿意的话，你可以随时回国。”
“我从来没想过结果，坦率的说，我一直在寻找一个绝好的最佳时机。”
大学毕业后，他拿了运输驾照，搬到了武汉。在那儿，他为工厂驾驶一辆捷克进口的车。他说，他是城里唯一的外国人。
他回忆道：“人民并不害羞，当得知他是美国人时，人们把他看做是一个名人。”
他说：“他们想要知道你的生活方式，想知道你住在哪儿。”
但三年后，霍金斯先生决定是时候回家了。
他说：“当我回到美国的时候，我真的很紧张。”
他在北京结婚，妻子是一名俄国女人，嫁给他一年后，夫妻俩终于有了两个孩子，但霍金斯先生已经难以适应了。
他说：“我关注中国的进程和一切。在中国，同我打交道的人年龄都比我大很多，更复杂的政治。我回国后再不能和那样的人打交道。”
‘一个真正的爱国者’
当他回家的时候，他同样感到吃惊，没有遇上私人的敌意。事实上，霍金斯受到大学的请求去演讲，分享他的经历，甚至有电视新闻节目，比如《麦克华·莱士访谈The Mike Wallace Interview》把他当做一个游客进行采访。
然而，美国军方给了他一个不太光彩的退伍令，并且拒绝按照他的战斗和战俘营中度过的年限进行补偿。
他说：“我从不感到后悔，我意识到在美国的人能够去中国这是一件多么大的事，是多么的幸运。我们的政府并不完美，但是我觉得我们是世界上最好的。
“我学到了很多，我学会了去当一个好的美国人。如果不出意外，我可以说我是一个真正的爱国者。”
朝鲜战争1950-1953
●1945年：第二次世界大战后，朝鲜半岛根据三八线被划分为两半，北部是苏联的斯大林支持的政权，以及南部获得美国支持的政权
●1950年6月：北朝鲜军队在金日成领导下入侵南部。在美国的推动下，联合国安理会授权军事反击。
●1950年9月~10月：美国联军把北朝鲜军队击退回38线。
●1950年11月：中国从北方进军，联合国军南撤
●1951年春天：战线在三八线附近确立
●1951年~1953年：两年来，双方皆朝对方猛烈炮击，整条战线实行高烈度的步兵袭击，同时，美国空军计划对北朝鲜地面建筑实行轰炸
●1953年7月：双方达成谈判停火，数以千计的战俘穿越边境线上新划定的非军事区
【原文】
The American POW who chose China
By Chloe Hadjimatheou and Daniel Nasaw
BBC News
Mr Hawkins was 17 when he went to the front lines in Korea
At the end of the Korean War, thousands of prisoners from both sides faced a choice - whether to return home or remain with their captors. David Hawkins was one of a handful of American GIs who chose to go to China.
"I don't think it ever occurred to the US or the army that there would be GIs that would choose to go somewhere other than their own country," Mr Hawkins says, more than six decades after he fought communist Korean and Chinese soldiers in the frozen mud along the 38th Parallel.
When the war ended in 1953, tens of thousands of Korean and Chinese prisoners of war chose life in the US over their own homelands.
But America, in the grip of anti-communist fervour, was shocked when 20 of its own young soldiers defected to China.
David Hawkins was just 17 years old when he was wounded in battle and captured. Held prisoner for more than three years, when the war ended he decided not to return home.
"My reasoning was, they really have embraced this socialism so let me see what it is like - let me check it out," says Mr Hawkins, now 78 and living in California.
'Death Valley'
After his capture a few months after arriving on the front in Korea, Mr Hawkins was taken to a prisoner-of-war camp run by the Chinese - the prisoners called it "Death Valley".
"This doctor handed me a little piece of shrapnel that he'd taken out of my leg and said: 'We are your friends, we won't hurt you,'" he says.
The compound was unheated, and at night, the temperature fell far below zero.
He and his comrades suffered severe frostbite. He lost a toe on his left foot and the tips of all of his other toes.
"We were all covered with lice by that time, we started to develop scabies," he remembers. "All of us had dysentery, we were all incontinent."
Thin line
Within a week of arriving at the camp, American GIs began to die.
The intense cold meant those who survived did not have to worry about the bodies decomposing, and in order to trick the prison guards into providing more food rations, they would prop the corpses against the wall so that it appeared there were more people in the room.
Of the roughly 26 prisoners in Mr Hawkins' room, only 10 made it out of the camp alive, he says.
"We were on a very thin line of survival," he says. "I was just 17. I turned 17 on the way over to Korea, so maybe that youth allowed me to survive."
More than 60 years later he is moved to tears as he recalls waking up and finding comrades dead beside him. He still suffers from nightmares.
Several months later the prisoners were moved to another camp where the conditions were far better. They had sports equipment, better food and washing facilities, but their Chinese captors also subjected the soldiers to six or seven hours of indoctrination per day.
The lectures on the glories of Marxism and the evils of capitalism had little effect.
"When we would get back to the squads we would all sit around and talk about cars and women and that sort of thing, like GIs do," he says.
The Americans were surprised at their mild treatment - they had been warned the Chinese were brutal and sadistic to their prisoners.
As Mr Hawkins languished in the camp and the fighting raged on between the US-led UN force and the North Koreans and Chinese, the two sides spent two years negotiating an armistice.
Free to leave
The chief sticking point was the fate of the hundreds of thousands of North Korean and Chinese prisoners held in the south.
The Geneva Conventions in effect at the time called for all prisoners of war to be returned home when fighting ended. But many North Korean and Chinese prisoners in the south refused to be sent north following the ceasefire, and the armistice signed in July 1953 allowed for prisoners from both sides who wanted to stay behind to do so.
The final two years of fighting took place from heavily fortified trenches along the 38th Parallel
When it came time for his release, Mr Hawkins says, he had been so impressed by the Chinese he opted to return with them to Beijing, where he enrolled in language courses at a university.
"The one thing that they'd always said is that you're not there forever, you can come home any time you want," he says.
"I never thought of the consequences, quite honestly, I was looking through a very narrow window of opportunity."
After university, he obtained a commercial driving licence and moved to the city of Wuhan. There he drove a Czechoslovakian truck for a factory. He was the only non-Chinese in the city, he says.
"People were not shy," he recalls. And he says people would treat him as a celebrity when they learned he was American.
"They wanted to know what your lifestyle was like and where you lived," he says.
But after three years, Mr Hawkins decided it was time to return home.
"That was the only time I was really nervous, was when I got back to the States," he says.
His wife, a Russian woman he married in Beijing, joined him a year later and the couple eventually had two children, but Mr Hawkins had a difficult time readjusting.
"My thought processes and everything were in Chinese," he says. "In China I was dealing with people much older than I, much more sophisticated politically and I found it very shallow. I couldn't deal with people on that level when I came back."
'A real patriot'
He was also surprised he faced no personal animosity when he returned. In fact, Mr Hawkins was sought by universities to lecture about his experience, and was even invited as a guest on TV news programmes such as The Mike Wallace Interview.
Nevertheless, the US Army gave him a dishonourable discharge and refused to pay him for the years he spent in combat and in the prison camps.
"I never had regrets," he says. "The one big thing I learnt about going to China was how lucky we are here in the US. Our government's not perfect but I think it's one of the best in the world.
"So I learnt so much, I learned to be a better American. If nothing else I'm a real patriot."
Korean War, 1950- 1953
1945: The Korean peninsula is split in half at the 38th Parallel following WWII, with a Soviet-backed Stalinist regime in the north and an American-backed regime in the south
June 1950: North Korean troops under Kim Il Sung invade the south. Pushed by the US, the UN Security Council authorises a military response
September - October 1950: The US-led military force pushes the North Korean army back over the 38th Parallel.
November 1950: The Chinese invade from the north, driving the UN forces back to the south
Spring 1951: The line settles near the 38th Parallel
1951 - 1953: For two years, the two sides pummel each other with heavy artillery and pursue costly infantry attacks across the lines, while US planes ground the North Korean air force and bomb the north
July 1953: The two sides negotiate a ceasefire and thousands of prisoners from each side cross the newly drawn demilitarised zone on the border
如果中美再次发生战争的话,
会不会有更多的美军战俘选择留在中国?
如果大哥有空的话，翻译一下这个网页：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_and_British_defectors_in_the_Korean_War
上面有更多的人物名单，资料也比较翔实。
如果有兴趣的话，翻一下这部影片《They Chose China (2005)》，上面有许多资料。 同样是战俘怎么解悟差那么多呢 wywy0405 发表于 2011-10-28 22:10 static/image/common/back.gif
如果中美再次发生战争的话,
会不会有更多的美军战俘选择留在中国?
你希望看到某些人被爆菊花？ 好事坏事只有天知道 本帖最后由 滔滔1949 于 2011-10-29 03:56 编辑
不知道这个美国大兵在抱怨最初战俘待遇不理想时时不时知道，其实那些俘虏了他的中国大兵们或许境遇也并不比他强多少。甚至可能比他更差？？
如果他日后看过《上甘岭》的话，说不定就会暗自庆幸其实他的运气并没自己想象的那么差。
{:soso_e114:} 如果中国士兵被俘，会不会想留在美国呢？ 留下了不少 不少人留下了 被送到台湾去的人不少 wywy0405 发表于 2011-10-28 22:10 static/image/common/back.gif
如果中美再次发生战争的话,
会不会有更多的美军战俘选择留在中国?
同问啊~ coldwarj 发表于 2011-10-28 23:12 static/image/common/back.gif
如果大哥有空的话，翻译一下这个网页：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_and_British_defect ...
这部电影有中文字幕版。 wywy0405 发表于 2011-10-28 22:10 static/image/common/back.gif
如果中美再次发生战争的话,
会不会有更多的美军战俘选择留在中国?
关键看他们有无机会投降 龙飞地 发表于 2011-11-1 15:15 static/image/common/back.gif
这部电影有中文字幕版。
大哥能给个链接不？ leobien 发表于 2011-10-29 00:15 static/image/common/back.gif
你希望看到某些人被爆菊花？
所以中美不会再战的，因为卡扎菲这个活生生的例子在哪儿摆着。 1355100 发表于 2011-11-6 05:35 static/image/common/back.gif
至少当时他还可以回他的美国，美帝国主义还是要接纳他，那些投奔了美帝国主义的天朝战俘敢回天朝来吗？哈哈 ...
恩。其中一个人回国后被判了10年监禁诶。 这位爷爷应该庆幸是被中国人俘虏！如果是日本人朝鲜人，~~~~~~~~~~~~ 在中国三年......
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