【纽约时报111121】中国成为共和党候选人与奥巴马共同话题
【中文标题】中国成为共和党候选人与奥巴马共同话题【原文标题】Republican Candidates and Obama Find Common Ground: China
【登载媒体】纽约时报
【来源地址】http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/22/us/politics/republican-candidates-and-obama-find-common-ground-china.html?pagewanted=1
【译 者】WilliamRUC
【翻译方式】 人工
【声 明】 欢迎转载，请务必注明译者和出处 bbs.m4.cn。
【译 文】
WASHINGTON — China’s swift economic rise, and a presidential election dominated by fears of a declining American economy, have produced a rare convergence: Republican contenders talking tough about China, and a president who is already getting tough on it.
As President Obama returned Sunday from a trip to Asia that was filled with signs that the United States plans to be a counterweight to Beijing’s growing influence in that region, Mitt Romney and other Republican candidates have stepped up their denunciation of China’s trade practices, casting the country as predatory and a culprit for lost jobs at home.
Given the bleak economic backdrop, China’s emergence as an election issue is no big surprise. But it is an unusual case in which domestic politics are playing to Mr. Obama’s diplomatic advantage, allowing him to project to China the picture of a country united in its resolve.
Still, the intensity of the American anti-China sentiment— in Congress, as well as on the campaign trail and during Mr. Obama’s travels — could have damaging consequences for the relationship between the two countries, regardless of who wins the White House.
Mr. Romney, diplomats and other experts said, could be haunted by his harsh claims that China steals American technology and hacks into its computers, and his threat to declare it a currency manipulator on his first day in the Oval Office. As candidates, Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton both attacked China, only to have to make amends after bitterness in Beijing hindered their efforts to work with Chinese leaders.
Mr. Obama avoided going after China when he ran in 2008, and he has sought to balance criticism of Beijing’s economic policies with pledges of global partnership. But experts and former officials said the president would be pressured, by the Republicans and by his own political advisers, to take a harder line this time around.
一边是中国快速增长的经济，一边是被经济衰退担忧主导的总统大选，一同制造了罕见的共识：共和党候选人对华言辞激烈，而奥巴马总统也已经展露牙齿了。
周日奥巴马从亚洲之旅返回，留下了美国将在该地区与中国争夺影响力的印象。罗姆尼和其他共和党候选人也谴责了中国的贸易手段，指责中国掠夺了美国的就业岗位。
考虑到暗淡的经济背景，中国成为一项竞选议题并不令人惊讶。不过在民主政治中奥巴马利用其外交优势，向中国表达坚定立场的做法并不多见。
尽管如此，美国反华的紧张情绪，无论在国会，在竞选中，还是在奥巴马的访问行程上，都可能对两国关系造成毁灭性的影响——不管最后谁执掌白宫。
外交家和其他专家称，罗姆尼可能因为他关于中国偷窃美国技术、侵入美国计算机和操纵汇率的言论，在他进入椭圆形办公室的第一天就困扰缠身。作为候选人，罗纳德•里根和比尔•克林顿都攻击过中国，只有在饱尝了苦涩的后果后，才能够与中国领导人交往。
奥巴马在2008年竞选时避免了攻击中国，他试图寻求在北京经济政策和国际合作之间的平衡。不过专家和前官员认为总统会受到来自共和党和自己政治顾问的压力，在这次大选中提出更强硬的立场。
“He has not risen to the bait to try to outbid Romney rhetorically in terms of the security relationship,” said Jeffrey A. Bader, who was Mr. Obama’s chief adviser on China until last April. But, he added, “If you look at what he has said on economic issues, it’s hard-edged.”
At an economic summit meeting in Hawaii last week, Mr. Obama said that China was now a “grown-up” economy, and that its leaders needed to start behaving that way. He singled out Beijing’s artificially depressed currency, which undercuts exports from the United States. The American people, he declared, “understandably, feel that enough is enough.”
On Saturday, on the Indonesian island of Bali, Mr. Obama threw his weight behind neighbors of China who are disputing Beijing’s aggressive maritime claims in the South China Sea.
Chinese leaders were rattled by the flurry of American initiatives during the president’s trip, which also included reaffirming an alliance with the Philippines, opening a historic diplomatic channel to Myanmar and agreeing to deploy 2,500 Marines to Australia.
The American election adds to their confusion, China experts said, because they are uncertain how much of Mr. Obama’s stance is driven by domestic political calculations.
But the president’s criticism has been far more measured than that of Mr. Romney and other Republicans, who excoriated China at a debate in South Carolina that occurred as Mr. Obama was greeting the Chinese president, Hu Jintao, in Hawaii.
“We can’t just sit back and let China run all over us,” Mr. Romney said, calling for tariffs on Chinese goods. “People say, well, you’ll start a trade war. There’s one going on right now, folks.”
“他还没有在安全关系上与罗姆尼言论较量”，去年四月离职的奥巴马前中国问题顾问Jeffrey A. Bader称。但是他补充道：“不过如果你观察他就经济话题的表态，你会发现锋芒毕露。”
在上星期夏威夷的经济峰会上，奥巴马称中国已经是一个“成熟”的经济体，中国领导人应该用成熟的方式管理。他提出北京有意降低汇率，导致美国出口量压缩。他宣称，美国人民“通情达理，但是已经受够了”。
在周六，奥巴马在印尼巴厘岛全力支持中国邻国，后者正陷入与中国在南海主权上的激烈争议。
中国领导因为美国在总统竞选期的主张感到紧张，包括与菲律宾巩固同盟关系，与缅甸发展历史性的外交关系，并同意向澳大利亚派遣2500名陆战队员。
中国专家称，美国大选增添了他们的疑惑，因为他们不确定奥巴马奥巴马谴责中国贸易的做法究竟在多大程度上是民主政治的手段。
但是总统的批评远不如罗姆尼等共和党候选人，当前者在夏威夷欢迎中国国家主席胡锦涛时，后者在南卡罗来纳的辩论上痛斥中国。
“我们不能做等中国超越我们”，罗姆尼说，号召提高对华商品关税。“人们也许会说，你会挑起一场贸易战争的，但是现在已经发生了，同胞们。”
For Mr. Romney, a wealthy business executive with free-market credentials, criticizing China is a rare chance to play the populist and appeal to working-class voters, many of whom do blame China and other Asian nations for sucking away jobs with cheaper labor and production costs.
Not wanting to be outdone, Gov. Rick Perry of Texas likened China to the Soviet Union. “I happen to think that the Communist Chinese government will end up on the ash heap of history,” he said.
While Chinese officials are sophisticated enough to understand the posturing in Republican primaries, Kenneth G. Lieberthal, a China adviser to President Bill Clinton, said that on a recent visit to Beijing, several of them expressed worry to him about the tone of the campaign. China is in its own delicate leadership transition and has a restive military eager to flex its muscles.
“This kind of rhetoric really helps the nationalist and conservative wings of the Chinese government,” said Cheng Li, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. “To reinforce the hard-liners could lead not only to economic tensions, but a military confrontation.”In Washington, the maneuvering over China also has a military component. The Pentagon is using an expanded American presence in Asia to help forestall deep cuts in the defense budget. Facing off against the People’s Liberation Army, officials argue, will require a reinforced Navy and other military hardware.
对持有自由市场理念的富有商业经理人罗姆尼而言，批评中国能够吸引工薪阶层的选民，他们中的许多指责中国和其他国家用廉价劳动力和低价商品夺走了工作。
德克萨斯的佩里也不甘示弱，将中国与苏联联系起来。“我认为中共政府会在本世纪解体”，他说。
中国官员对共和党人的故作姿态疑惑不解，前总统克林顿的中国问题顾问Kenneth G. Liebertha在最近的北京之旅中说，一些中国官员对竞选表达了担忧。中国自己也在经历领导层变更，一个骚动的军队也期望大动手脚。
“美国的这种语言完全在帮助中国政府中的民族主义和保守主义者”，布鲁金斯研究所的高级雇员程立（音）说，“加强强硬态度不仅仅会导致经济紧张，还会走向军事对立。”
在华盛顿，对中国的动作也包括军事部分。五角大楼正在亚洲扩张军事力量，以阻止预算削减。面对解放军，美国军方称需要强化海军和其他军事硬件。
Then, too, there is the political benefit of targeting a country whose success is alarming to many Americans, especially at a time of near double-digit unemployment. In a CBS News poll last month, 61 percent of people said the economic expansion of China was “generally bad” for the United States. Only 15 percent said it was “generally good.”
The Senate has responded to such fears by passing a bill that would impose tariffs on Chinese goods to punish it for keeping its currency artificially low. Last week, the House Intelligence Committee announced it would investigate a Chinese telecommunications company to determine if it posed a national security threat to the United States.
“It will cost President Obama votes if he comes up short on China as a currency manipulator, or in enforcing trade laws,” said Senator Sherrod Brown, Democrat of Ohio, who sponsored the currency bill. “You can’t talk about jobs and the economy without talking about China.”
Senator Brown credited Mr. Obama with imposing tariffs on Chinese tires, citing unfair trade practices. And he predicted voters in Ohio, whatever their frustration with the president, would not believe Mr. Romney’s tough talk, given that he is a “guy who’s come to my state, bought companies, shut them down and moved the jobs to China.”
No one better embodies the complexities of China’s political role than Jon M. Huntsman Jr., the Republican candidate who was governor of Utah and ambassador to China under Mr. Obama. As a young aide to President Ronald Reagan, Mr. Huntsman said he traveled to Beijing to help repair the damage done to relations by Mr. Reagan’s threat, during the 1980 campaign, to restore Taiwan’s diplomatic status, in defiance of China.
“He got into office and found that the world functioned a little differently,” Mr. Huntsman said in an interview. “You needed to sit down with the Chinese to figure out how to manage these issues.”
Like his fellow Republicans, Mr. Huntsman said the United States needed to be more aggressive in defending its interests with China. But he added, “It can’t be a Romney approach, where you go to the W.T.O., slap a tariff on and end up in a trade war.”
而且与威胁许多美国人利益的成功国家叫板还有政治收益，尤其在近两位数的失业率之时。在上个月的CBS新闻调查中，61%的受访者认为中国的经济扩张“基本上不利于”美国，只有15%认为“还不错”。
参议会因为中国的低汇率，通过了加收关税的法案，以作为对以上担忧的回应。上周，众议员情报委员会将调查一家中国电信公司，以决定它是否对美国国家安全造成威胁。
“如果奥巴马不提汇率和贸易法规问题，他会失去一些选票”，发起议案的俄亥俄州民主党参议员布朗说，“不谈论中国，就没法谈论就业率和经济”。
参议员布朗提到奥巴马因不公平贸易行为提高对华轮胎关税。他预测俄亥俄的选民无论对总统多么失望，也不会相信罗姆尼的强硬言论，说他是一个“来到我们州买下公司，把它们关闭后迁往中国的家伙”。
没有人比洪博培更了解中国政治角色的复杂性了，这位共和党候选人曾担任犹他州州长，并出任过奥巴马的驻华大使。洪博培曾作为里根的年轻助手前往北京，修复1980年竞选中因里根威胁受损的美中关系——后者曾藐视中国恢复与台湾的外交关系。
“他走进办公室后，发现是世界走得有点不一样”，洪博培在一次采访中说。“你需要和中国人坐下来谈谈如何解决这些问题”，和他的共和党伙伴一样，洪博培认为美国应该在对话交往中更注意维护自身利益。但是他补充道：“这不能是罗姆尼的道路，不能把事情弄到WTO，征收一笔关税，最终导致贸易战爆发。”
:L:L:L:L:L 见到"不过在民主政治中奥巴马利用其外交优势，向中国表达坚定立场的做法并不多见。"这句以后,偶是没有兴郅再看下去了,因为这与事实不符,一个与事实不符的媒体,可见为写而写是其出发点.
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