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【中文标题】 中国和香港的紧张关系：10个关键时刻
【原文标题】 China's rocky relationship with Hong Kong: 10 key moments 【登载媒体】 基督教箴言报 【来源地址】 【基督教箴言报0326】中国和香港十个关键时刻 http://bbs.m4.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=3372175&ac=324090
【译者】 ccsingtao 【翻译方式】 人工 【声明】 本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载。
【原文库链接】 http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2012/0325/China-s-rocky-relationship-with-Hong-Kong-10-key-moments/Hong-Kong-becomes-a-British-Colony-1842
【译文】
A Hong Kong election committee Sunday chose Beijing loyalist Leung Chun-ying to lead the territory amid protests by pro-democracy activists. Fifteen years after Hong Kong’s independence from Britain, a University of Hong Kong survey conducted in December found that a growing number of residents view themselves as Hong Kongers, rather than Chinese. Here are 10 key dates in Hong Kong’s relationship with the mainland.
在民主人士的抗议声中，香港选举委员会周日选出北京心腹梁振英来领导本地区。自香港从英国独立出去15年后，由香港大学在12月份进行的民意调查显示，越来越多的当地居民视自己为香港人而非认同自己是中国人。下面列举大陆和相关关系中的10个关键时刻。
Meredith Bennett-Smith, Contributor
投稿人：梅雷迪斯·班尼特·史密斯
Hong Kong becomes a British Colony - 1842
1842年，香港成为英国殖民地
The First Opium War between Britain and China’s Qing dynasty ended with the Treaty of Nanking, giving control of Hong Kong to the British to China's chagrin.
英国和中国清朝时期发生的第一次鸦片战争随着《南京条约》的签订而结束，其中把香港交由英国管控使中国十分懊恼。
Chinese leaders had little choice but to sign the treaty’s 13 articles, or risk devastation at the hands of circling British warships. The agreement included an indemnity compensating for confiscated opium, unpaid merchant debts, and other various costs of the war.
中国领导人没有太多余地，要么签署13条款的条约，要么被环伺的英国战舰消灭。这个条款包括赔偿被没收鸦片的损失，未付清的商业债务，以及其它各种战争花费等。
The Chinese also agreed to cede Hong Kong, a small island and former fishing village of several thousand residents, to the British crown in part to provide the Queen’s traders with safe harbor and the authority to trade freely at five “treaty ports.” The Nanking treaty required no real stipulations from the British, aside from the withdrawal of its troops to be completed following the full reparations payment.
中国政府同时同意割让香港，一个曾经有着上千居民的小渔村的小岛子，来某种程度上让英国皇室为女皇的商人们提供安全港口，以及在五个通商口岸自由贸易的权力。除了在拿到所有全部赔款后撤出其军队之外，《南京条约》并未规定英国需遵守多少契约。
Strikes signal Hong Kong's dissatisfaction with British - 1925
1925年，罢工成为香港对英国不满的标志
On the heels of World War I, Chinese nationalism grew stronger and more influential. The Strike-Boycott of 1925-1926 was an indication that the power of such revolutionary nationalists movements was beginning to be felt across the harbor in Hong Kong – and there was little the British could do about it.
在第一次世界大战之后，中国的民族主义变得更壮大和更有影响力。发生在1925年到1926年之间的省港大罢工（The Strike-Boycott）就是诸如这种革命的民族主义者运动的力量在香港港口显现的迹象。并且英国对此束手无策。
On May 30, 1925 the Sikh police operating under the command of Britain opened fire on a crowd of Shanghai demonstrators, killing at least nine.
1925年5月30号，锡克族警察在英国授意下向一群上海示威者们开枪，打死了至少9人。
The situation in the region became even more volatile when troops under foreign command killed more than 50 Chinese protesters in Canton. Union and labor leaders in Canton called for a general strike in southern China, especially in the symbolically imperialist Hong Kong.
当听命于外国的军队在广州杀死了50多名中国的抗议者之后，这一地区的局势愈发动荡不安。广州的联盟和工会领袖们在中国南部发起了大罢工，特别是在象征着帝国主义的香港。
In the first two weeks of the strike, more than 50,000 left Hong Kong for the mainland in protest. A run on the banks and aggressive picket lines resulted in an economic standstill, as close to 250,000 more residents streamed across the border. By the time the strike and accompanying boycott ended in 1926, China’s influence over the colony had been clearly reaffirmed.
在大罢工的最初两周内，超过5万人离开香港到大陆参加抗议活动。跨过界河和警戒线的运动使得超过25万居民络绎不绝地越过边界，导致香港当地经济停滞。大罢工和随之的抵制运动在1926年结束时，中国对殖民地的影响清晰地获得确认。
China's communist revolution turns Hong Kong into haven – 1949
1949年，中国的共产主义革命让香港变成避难的天堂
The final stage of the Chinese Civil War (1948-1952), which began with the breakdown of peace talks between the communist and nationalist forces, resulted in the communist takeover of Peking, and the changing of its name to Beijing.
中国在内战的最后阶段（1948-1952），始于共产党和国民党和谈的破裂，并导致共产党接管了北平，并将其名字改为北京。
In October 1949, Mao Zedong, leader of the People’s Liberation Army, declared the establishment of the People’s Republic of China. Hong Kong’s population had shrunk to around 600,000 people following a harsh occupation by Japanese forces during World War II, but in 1949 it ballooned due to the influx of refugees fleeing the new government regime.
在1949年10月，人民解放军的领袖毛泽东宣布中华人民共和国成立。在二战期间，因日本军队的残暴占领，香港人口缩减至60万左右，但在1949年却因人们逃避新政权并涌入香港而人口激增。
China declares 'one country two systems' policy – 1984
1984年，中国宣布“一国两制”
British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher proposed an exchange of British sovereignty in the region for administrative authority. However, in June 1982, communist Chairman Deng Xiaoping rejected Ms. Thatcher’s idea.
英国首相玛格丽特·撒切尔提议以英国的主权换取对该地区的治权。但是，在1982年6月份，共产党主席邓小平拒绝了撒切尔夫人的想法。
Declaring Beijing’s intention to govern Hong Kong under a “one country, two systems,” Mr. Deng said the island would be allowed some degree of autonomy, but there would be no room for further British involvement.
北京宣布其理念是在“一国两制”下统治香港，邓小平说，香港地区将会被允许有一定程度的自治权，但英国不再可能进一步参与。
The 1984 Sino-British joint declaration, ratified in front of the United Nations in 1985, was Britain’s official concession of the territory. The two governments also agreed that after the transition in 1997, Hong Kong, which was poised to become the first Special Administrative Region of China, would be ruled by a limited constitution known as the Basic Law for at least 50 years after the transition.
签于1984年的《中英联合声明》指出，英国官方须让出该领地，该协议在1985年被联合国批准。两国政府同时同意在过渡期之后的1997年，将在香港设立中国第一个特别行政区，并在《基本法》的规定下过渡至少50年。
A wave of emigration from Hong Kong followed the announcement.
该声明随即掀起一股从香港移民出境的移民浪潮。
China rejects Hong Kong reform package as transition looms – 1992
1992年，中国拒绝了过渡期中的香港政改方案
Marking the end of an era, Britain’s final governor of Hong Kong, Chris Patten announced sweeping reforms to Hong Kong’s political system. These included the previously scheduled ballot election in 1995 to elect 20 members of the Legislative Council, as well as an expansion of voting rights for the process of electing the remaining Council members through indirect voting.
英国最后一任香港总督彭定康（Chris Patten）宣布对香港的政治体制进行全面改革，标志着一个时代的结束。这些改革包括按照之前的安排在1995年进行投票选举出20名立法局议员，并随着投票过程中投票权的扩大，剩余的立法局议员通过间接投票产生。
Furious, China objected to all reforms, declaring them a violation of its Basic Law.
恼怒的中国反对一切改革，并宣布这些政改违反了《基本法》。
On Nov. 30, Chinese officials announced that any and all contracts, agreements and leases – including the construction of Chek Lap Kok airport – signed by the Hong Kong government but not officially approved by China’s leadership would be invalidated beginning July 1, 1997. Beijing followed up with a second directive in December warning that all election results and legislation would be subject to nullification.
11月30日，中国官方宣布，包括建设赤腊角机场在内的所有香港政府签定，但未经中国领导人批准的任何合同、协议和租赁条约，都将从1997年7月1日起失效。紧接着，北京在12月发布了第二条规定，警告所有的选举结果和立法都将会被作废。
Hong Kong and China together again - 1997
1997年，香港和中国又回到了一起
At midnight on July 1, Chinese President Jiang Zemin and Premier Li Peng, together with Britain’s Prince Charles and Prime Minister Tony Blair, presided over a somber ceremony effectively ending 156 years of British colonial rule.
7月1日午夜，中国主席江泽民和总理李鹏，以及英国王子查尔斯，首相托尼·布莱尔一起主持了一场伤悲的仪式，实际上结束了156年的英国殖民统治。
Loyal Communist Party members, meanwhile, counted down to the takeover in Tianmen Square, cheering as huge television screens ticked down the seconds to midnight. In a symbolic gesture, British flags and crests were replaced with Chinese insignia. But much stayed the same in Hong Kong: English common law remained in place and motorists continued to drive on the left hand side of the road.
同时，当天安门广场上巨型电视屏幕上的秒针滴答指向午夜时，忠诚的共产党员们欢呼着数着倒计时，迎接交接时刻的到来。象征性地，英国国旗和标志被中国的标志物所替换。但香港仍有很多保留了下来：英美普通法系被保留了下来，并且机动车继续靠左行驶。
Beijing moved quickly to replace the Legislative Council of Hong Kong with the appointed council, and installed Hong Kong’s first chief executive, Tung Chee-hwa.
北京迅速以指定的委员会取代了香港立法局，并任命了董建华为香港第一任行政长官。
At his swearing-in ceremony, the handpicked Mr. Tung, a former shipping executive with connections to the mainland, pledged to value Hong Kong’s newfound “empowerment." "We will exercise our powers prudently and responsibly,” he said. “Hong Kong and China are whole again.”
在他的就职典礼上，被精心挑选出来的董建华先生，一位曾任某在大陆有业务的船务公司的经理，承诺重视香港的新“授权”。“我们将谨慎负责地行使我们的权力”，他说，“香港和中国现在重新是一个整体了。”
Free trade agreement improves cross-harbor opportunities – 2003
2003年，自由贸易协定改善了香港转型的机遇
Hong Kong had been steadily growing into a major international financial center, as well as an important gateway into China for the West.
香港已经逐渐成为一个重要的国际金融中心，而且对西方来说也是一个重要的进入中国的门户。
However, following a surge in GDP after the Chinese takeover in 1997 and a spurt in 2000, Hong Kong’s economy started to lag and unemployment shot to nearly 8 percent.
然而，随着1997年回归中国后的GDP大增，以及2000年暴涨后，香港的经济开始停滞，而且失业率直击接近8%。
The economic ties between the island and the mainland got a boost with the introduction of a mini free trade agreement called the “Closer Economic Partnership Agreement” in 2003. The cozy trade agreement was mutually beneficial and Hong Kong residents seemed to appreciate the preferential access they received in the mainland Chinese market.
在2003年，随着一个被称为“更密切经济伙伴协议”的小型自由贸易协定的引入，香港岛和大陆之间的经济关系得到提升。这个舒适的贸易协定是互惠互利的，而且香港人似乎乐于接受他们在中国大陆市场的优惠待遇。
Still, a congressional analysis in 2003 of Hong Kong trends expressed concern that the relationship could result in an undermining of the “high degree of autonomy” promised by the Special Administrative Region’s government.
尽管如此，一个2003年香港趋势的国会分析表达关注说，这种关系可能会导致破坏香港特别行政区政府之前的“高度自治”的承诺。
China says no to popular elections in Hong Kong - 2004
2004年，中国对香港的流行选举说不
In a controversial announcement quickly denounced by the governments of both the United States and Britain, Chinese leaders said they would not permit popular elections of the next chief executive for the island in 2007. They also said the general public would not be allowed to select more than half of the available seats in the Legislative Council in elections slated for 2008.
当一个有争议的公告说中国领导人不会允许2007年香港下任行政长官的选举实行流行选举时，迅速被美国和英国政府谴责。这个有争议的公告还说，公众不会被允许选出超过一半的在2008年选举中被提名的立法局有效职位。
Beijing’s decision seemed to contradict Basic Law, which would allow for such wide enfranchisement; party leaders cite the island’s youthful electoral history as reasoning behind the decision. Democratic advocated groups in Hong Kong promise widespread protests.
北京的决定似乎与将允许这种广泛选举权的基本法相抵触，共产党领导人引用这个岛屿年轻的选举历史来推理出这种决定。香港的民主倡导团体承诺进行大规模抗议活动。
After a large July demonstration held on the seventh anniversary of the transition draws hundreds of thousands of pro-democracy protesters, Chief Executive Tung confirmed that according to Basic Law, universal suffrage is a long-term goal.
在七月份举行的一场纪念回归七周年活动，并有成千上万的民主抗议者参加的大型示威行走之后，行政长官董建华确认说，根据基本法，普选是一个中长期目标。
In September elections, 30 members of the council were directly elected using geographical constituencies, with another 30 elected though functional constituencies, some of which were unopposed races.
在九月份的选举中，有30名立法会议员是引用地区直选而直接选举产生的，另有30名议员虽然通过功能组别选举产生，但他们中有很多赢的没有任何悬念。
Crackdown on pregnant women heading to Hong Kong - 2007
2007年，取缔怀孕妇女赴港
Senior Hong Kong officials had hinted for some time that they would seek to end the trend of Chinese women suspected of coming to Hong Kong to give birth.
一段时间来，有资深香港官员暗示说将寻求终止中国妇女涉嫌赴港产子的趋势。
Through October of 2006, nearly 13,000 non-resident mothers – the majority Chinese – had given birth on Hong Kong soil, representing a huge jump since 2001.
在2006年的10月份，将近13000名非香港户口的母亲在香港境内分娩，而这其中大多数是中国妇女，这个数目自2001年来呈现巨大增长。
Women from the mainland had been drawn to the island because of its public health care system, its freedom from China’s “one child” policy, and in the hopes of securing the right to live in Hong Kong – infants born in the territory are granted residency rights.
来自大陆的母亲被吸引到香港这块土地上是因为香港的公共卫生保障系统，它不受中国“独生子女”政策限制，而且还有望确保在香港居住的权利，因为在香港，婴儿出生即被认可具有当地居住权。
In January, border officials said they would begin denying Chinese women who are more than six months pregnant entry, unless they had already booked a Hong Kong hospital room. Pregnant women from other countries are not subject to the new regulations.
在一月份，边境官员说他们将开始拒绝多于6个月身孕的中国妇女入境，除非她们已经提前预订了香港医院产房。来自其他国家的孕妇不受新规定制约。
Calls for democracy in Hong Kong - 2007
2007年，香港呼吁民主
Following the fifth annual July 1 pro-democracy rally – claimed by organizers to have drawn crowds in the tens of thousands – Beijing-backed candidate Donald Tsang is sworn in as the next Chief Executive.
在每年7月1日举行的民主集会——据组织者宣称吸引了成千上万的人参加——的第五次集会之后，受北京支持的候选人曾荫权（Donald Tsang）宣誓成为下任行政长官。
Mr. Tsang’s victory was no surprise given China’s support, but the fact that he faced a challenger – Alan Leong – was a positive signal for pro-democracy advocates.
鉴于受到中国的支持，曾荫权先生的胜利是毫无悬念的，但事实是他面对了一个挑战者，即对支持民主的主张者们而言是个积极信号的梁家杰（Alan Leong）。
On July 11th, the government released its awaited Green Paper on political reform. The paper offered three options for public debate: universal suffrage in 2012, by more gradual steps by 2016, or sometime after 2016. The possibility of more seats in Hong Kong's legislature filled by public elections was also on the table, although some seats were indirectly selected.
在7月11号这天，香港政府发布了备受期待的政制改革绿皮书。绿皮书提供了三种整改方案供公开辩论：2012年普及普选，更渐进步骤到2016年普选，或者2016年之后的某个时间再普及普选。通过公开选举产生的香港立法局将会有更多席位的可能性也被提上日程，尽管其中很多席位是间接选举产生。
Officials reminded Hong Kong that all plans must have the blessing of the Chinese government, and pro-democracy advocates are disappointed by the Green Paper’s proposed timetable.
香港官员提醒说所有的计划都必须经过中国政府的同意，而绿皮书提出的时间表则让民主倡导者们失望。
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