【外交政策 201301】消失的证据
本帖最后由 woikuraki 于 2013-1-18 14:55 编辑【中文标题】消失的证据
【原文标题】The Disappeared
【登载媒体】外交政策
【原文作者】FRANK DIKÖTTER
【原文链接】http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/01/02/the_disappeared?page=0,1
苏联最终承认了斯大林统治时期发生的大饥荒，为什么中国依然在掩盖毛时期大饥荒的证据呢？
中国大饥荒时期的宣传画——海报和标语盛赞粮食丰收，同时数百万中国人被饿死。
中国政府从未发布过因毛泽东大跃进运动失败而导致的大饥荒的照片。在1958年到1962年的农业集体化运动期间，取而代之的是色彩亮丽的宣传画，这与我们今天了解到的大饥荒形成了鲜明的对比。以下这些珍贵的收藏是由阿姆斯特丹社会历史国际学会提供的，它们把大跃进运动杜撰成从头到脚的政治经济伟绩，把数千万中国人被饿死的悲惨4年扭曲成美好的画面。
几十年来，苏联在铁幕之后隐藏着它的恐怖行为。其中最大的秘密就是约瑟夫•斯大林在乌克兰和俄罗斯南部人为造成的饥荒，强迫农村集体化的行动造成1932年到1933年700万到1000万人死亡。土地、财产、牲畜，甚至房屋都被收归国有，农民变成了国家工作人员，被强制征收更高比率的农产品。如果有人反抗或者私藏粮食，都会被流放到古拉格（译者注：即“苏联劳动改造营总管理局”）或者被处决。整个乌克兰农村地区变成了死亡地带，数百万人死亡。而斯大林依然禁止人们谈论饥荒，只要有人吐露一个字，就被送到遥远的西伯利亚集中营。描绘出死亡率突增的统计数据，被尘封了半个多世纪。
在1991年苏联解体之前，乌克兰共产党领导人开始在党内资料库调查饥荒的原因。他们发现了大量恐怖的文献，目前我们所了解的大部分令人震惊的证据就出自那里。包括饥饿的儿童顶着一个类似骷髅的脑袋，肋骨从皮肤下露出，在乌克兰当时的首都哈尔科夫的街道上乞食。有一张照片显示一堆瘦骨嶙峋的尸体被堆在手推车上，像鼓槌一样的四肢交错在一起。这些照片并不罕见——总共有几百张。即将成为第一任民主选举总统的列昂尼德•克拉夫丘克，就是最先看到这些证据的人之一。他被这些受饥饿折磨的孩子们的样子吓坏了，于是劝说当时乌克兰共产党第一书记弗拉基米尔•伊瓦什科，请他批准把其中350张照片汇编成一本书，在1990年出版。今天，乌克兰官方把这场饥荒成为“Holodomor”，意即“以饥饿谋杀”。
一场更加严重的人为灾难，在50年代末和60年代初袭击了中国。毛泽东主席在一场被称作大跃进的运动中，在1958年喝令农村地区成立大型集体农场，他相信这些农场会让这个国家跑步进入富足的乌托邦社会。像乌克兰一样，所有的东西都被集体化，农民被剥夺了工作、家庭、土地、财产和牲畜。运动的结局是让这个国家经历了有史以来最大的灾难：至少4500万人在长达4年的饥荒中死亡。中国最近公开了共产党的一些文献，我得到了史无前例的机会看到这些文件。
我浏览了数千份文件：公安局的秘密报告、党内高层详细的会议纪要、大屠杀案件的调查结果、负责了解灾难严重程度的特遣队所收集的资料、秘密的民意调查、普通公民的申诉信。有些文件的字迹干净、整齐，有些纸张已经发黄、变脆，部分内容很难识别。一份调查报告中提到，湖南农村的一个男孩偷了一把谷子被抓到，一位当地共产党干部强迫他的父亲把这个孩子活埋。这位父亲几天后因为悲痛过度而死亡。
其它文件都用共产党官僚典型的呆板语气展示了大饥荒的恐怖。我在一摞省内文件中发现了一份警方报告，其中列举了50多个吃人肉的案件，都发生在中国西北部省份甘肃的一个城市：
日期：1960年2月25日
地点：姚合家村，红台公社
犯罪人：杨中胜
身份：贫农
涉案人数：1
受害人：杨二顺
与犯罪人关系：弟弟
犯罪行为：杀人吃肉
犯罪动机：生计问题
但是尽管花费了几个月的时间翻阅了堆成山的黄纸片，我没有看到一张与饥荒有关的照片。
北京的历史学家这样解释没有图像证据的原因，当时共产党干部都没有照相机，中国还是一个相当贫穷的国家。这个原因其实并没有说服力：档案中大量的犯罪调查，都保留了50年代了60年代详尽的图片证据——犯罪人的正面照、犯罪现场照片，甚至还有两个集体农场土地纠纷的几卷影像胶带。显然这个国家的宣传机器并不缺少摄影设备。今天，在网上很容易找到1958年到1962年的黑白照片，有兴致勃勃的农民驾驶新型拖拉机行驶在田野上；红脸蛋的孩子聚集在堆满新鲜水果、蔬菜和肉的集体食堂里；毛主席穿着棉鞋，戴着草帽走在田地里，对丰收面露喜悦之情。甚至还有毛的宿敌——国家主席刘少奇——1961年在家中了解湖南灾情的照片。
那么，这些世界上最恐怖暴行的图像证据究竟在哪里？
文化大革命时期毛的武装革命者红卫兵或许毁掉了这些证据。毛在1966年发动了文化大革命，部分目的在于清除那些批评他草率的经济政策导致饥荒的党内高官。红卫兵在1967年开始进入国家机关，政府工作人员毁掉了很多影像资料，这些都是有可能招致批判毛大跃进运动的资料。藏有这些照片的个人也出于同样顾虑将其销毁。杨雷的父母是外交官，曾经在国外工作。她看到他们烧毁了很多信件和老照片，灰烬撒在马桶里冲走。
但并非所有的证据都被焚烧殆尽，更有可能的是大饥荒的相关照片被保存的党内深处的地窖中，有关大跃进最敏感的资料毕竟还是保密的。即使是党内最自身的历史学家，也无法看到完整的资料。Jung Chang和Jon Halliday在他们的主席传记《毛不为人知的故事》中，提到在文化大革命期间，像刘这样的高层官员被折磨致死时，保安人员会拍照，把照片交给毛和周恩来总理。这些图片，或许也被保存在恐怖的秘密档案馆中。
4年来，我在研究毛的饥荒过程中，只看到过一张恐怖的照片。2009年，我到北京郊外去拜访一位历史学家，他也在研究大跃进的历史。他的故乡在湖南，是距离毛的家乡只有100英里的一个县城，饥荒几乎把这个地区彻底摧毁。他在故纸堆中发掘了十多年，执迷地寻找这场灾难的信息。在他简朴的办公室中，一堆堆的复印件从文件柜散落到地上。我问他是否见过大饥荒的照片。他皱了皱眉，不大情愿地找出一个文件夹，其中有一些照片的复印件。这些文件来自他家乡县城的党组织，是有关警方对一起食人案件的调查。这张小小、褪色的照片里有一个年轻人，站在一个砖墙旁边，直盯盯地看着镜头，面无表情。他脚下有一个大锅，里面是一个小男孩的残骸，男孩的头和四肢都从身体上断开。
原文：
Even the Soviet Union eventually acknowledged Stalin's Great Famine. Why does China still hide evidence of its own mass starvation under Mao?
Propaganda from China's Great Famine
The posters and slogans that praised bumper crops as millions of Chinese starved.
The Chinese government has not released photographs of the deadly famine that grew out of Mao Zedong's failed Great Leap Forward. Instead, whimsical, brighly colored propaganda posters, fixtures during the agricultural collectivization campaign of 1958 to 1962, offer a stark juxtaposition with what is known today about the mass starvation. The unique collection presented here, compiled by the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam, spins the Great Leap Forward as an unmitigated economic and political success, presenting a tragically warped picture of four years where tens of millions of Chinese died.
For decades, the Soviet Union hid its horrors behind the Iron Curtain. The worst of them was Joseph Stalin's man-made famine in Ukraine and southern Russia, the result of his program of forced rural collectivization that claimed the lives of 7 to 10 million people in 1932 and 1933. Land, property, livestock, even houses were requisitioned as farmers became state employees forced to deliver ever higher grain quotas. Those who resisted or tried to hide food were deported to the Gulag or executed. Whole parts of the Ukrainian countryside turned into death zones. Millions perished, yet Stalin managed to silence all talk of the famine, sending those who breathed a word of it to labor camps in far-off Siberia. The census data, which would have shown a huge spike in mortality rates, were locked away for half a century.
But even before the 1991 breakup of the Soviet Union, Communist Party leaders in Ukraine started investigating the famine in their own party archives. They found a wealth of gruesome documentation. Some of the most shocking evidence came from photographs of starving children with skeletal heads, ribs poking through their skin, begging for a scrap of food on the pavement in Kharkov, Ukraine's capital at the time of the famine. One picture showed emaciated corpses piled onto a cart, drumstick limbs akimbo amid a tumble of bodies. These were not a few isolated snapshots -- there were hundreds of images. Leonid Kravchuk, who would later become Ukraine's first democratically elected president, was one of the first to see this evidence. He was so haunted by the faces of the children killed by the famine that he persuaded Vladimir Ivashko, then the first secretary of Ukraine's Communist Party, to approve the reproduction of 350 photographs in a book released to the public in 1990. Today, the famine is officially and universally remembered across Ukraine as the Holodomor, literally "death by hunger."
A man-made disaster of even greater magnitude shook China in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In a campaign he called the Great Leap Forward, Chairman Mao Zedong herded the countryside into giant collective farms in 1958, believing that they would catapult his country into a utopia of plenty for all. As in Ukraine, everything was collectivized: Villagers were robbed of their work, homes, land, belongings, and livelihood. The experiment ended in the greatest catastrophe the country had ever known; at least 45 million people died of starvation over four years, as I found out when I was given unprecedented access to recently opened Communist Party archives in China.
I read through thousands of documents: secret reports from the Public Security Bureaus, detailed minutes of top party meetings, investigations into cases of mass murder, inquiries compiled by special teams tasked with determining the extent of the catastrophe, secret opinion surveys, and letters of complaint written by ordinary citizens. Some were neatly written in longhand, others typed out on flimsy, yellowing paper. Some were excruciating to read, for instance, a report written by an investigation team noting the case of a boy in a Hunan village who had been caught stealing a handful of grain. A local Communist Party cadre forced his father to bury the boy alive. The father died of grief a few days later.
Other documents presented the famine's horror in the sterile language typical of communist bureaucracy. A police report I discovered in one provincial archive listed some 50 cases of cannibalism, all in a city in Gansu, a province in northwestern China:
Date: 25 February 1960. Location: Hongtai Commune, Yaohejia Village. Name of Culprit: Yang Zhongsheng. Status: Poor Farmer. Number of People Involved: 1. Name of Victim: Yang Ershun. Relationship with Culprit: Younger Brother. Number of People Involved: 1. Manner of Crime: Killed and Eaten. Reason: Livelihood Issues.
But despite months of patient work sifting through mountains of yellowing folders, I never came across a single photograph of the catastrophe in those archives.
Historians in Beijing explained away the lack of photographic evidence by telling me that party cadres at the time did not have any cameras, as China was still a poor country. It's not a convincing explanation: The archives are replete with criminal investigations that contain exhaustive photographic evidence from the 1950s and 1960s -- mug shots of criminals, photos of crime scenes, even rolls of film documenting land disputes between collective farms. Certainly the state propaganda machine never lacked for photographic equipment. Today, it's easy to find online black-and-white photos from 1958 to 1962 showing peasants cheerfully driving the latest tractor model through the fields; rosy-cheeked children gathering around tables laden with fresh fruit, vegetables, and meat in collective canteens; and Chairman Mao plodding through the fields in a straw hat and cotton shoes, or marveling at a bumper harvest. There are even photos of Mao's nemesis, head of state Liu Shaoqi, investigating the famine in his home district in Hunan province in 1961.
So what happened to the visual evidence of one of the world's most horrifying atrocities?
The Red Guards, Mao's armed revolutionaries during the Cultural Revolution, probably destroyed it. Mao launched the Cultural Revolution in 1966, in part to eliminate senior officials who criticized his reckless economic experiments that had led to the famine. As Red Guards started seizing state institutions by force in 1967, government servants destroyed records and any visual material en masse -- anything that could have discredited Mao's Great Leap Forward. Individuals with photos of the brutal starvation acted with the same impulse. Rae Yang, the daughter of a family of diplomats who had served abroad, saw her parents burn all the letters they had kept, as well as some old photographs, flushing the ash down the toilet.
But not all the evidence was reduced to ashes. It's a pretty good guess that photographs of the famine are still locked away deep inside party vaults. After all, some of the most sensitive material on the Great Leap Forward remains classified. Entire collections -- most of the central archives in Beijing, for instance -- remain beyond the reach of even highly accredited party historians. In their acclaimed biography of the chairman, Mao: The Unknown Story, Jung Chang and Jon Halliday report that during the Cultural Revolution, when senior officials like Liu were tortured to death, security personnel took photographs and sent them to Mao and Premier Zhou Enlai. These, too, are probably filed away in some secret gallery of horrors.
For four years, I studied Mao's famine, and only once have I seen a visual illustration of its awfulness. In 2009, I visited a historian in a drab concrete building in the suburbs of Beijing. He, too, had been working on the history of the Great Leap Forward, burrowing in archives for more than a decade and obsessively documenting the starvation that had decimated the region of his birth, a county barely 100 miles north of Mao's hometown in Hunan. Stacks of photocopied archival material bulged out of filing cabinets in his sparse office. I asked him whether he had ever seen a photograph of the famine. He frowned and reluctantly pulled out a folder with a reproduction of the only picture he had discovered. It came from the files of the party committee in his home county and was from a police investigation into a case of cannibalism. The small, fading picture showed a young man standing against a brick wall, peering straight into the camera, seemingly emotionless. By his feet stood a large pot containing the parts of a young boy, his head and limbs severed from his body.
给力。至少4500万？又一个版本。 {:soso_e142:} 又是哪一位历史发明家写的东西啊？
连公安局秘密报告，他都能看到？
神了 希望党国出来澄清~ 那他们还说七千万退党呢、 不容易啊……这种辛苦更不容易 日期：1960年2月25日
地点：姚合家村，红台公社
犯罪人：杨中胜
身份：贫农
涉案人数：1
受害人：杨二顺
与犯罪人关系：弟弟
犯罪行为：杀人吃肉
犯罪动机：生计问题 你们内部不分裂，俺们“外交政策”只有帮你们分割了，是这样的么？
苏联和如今俄 罗 斯富豪们就知道俺们的良苦用心的了。、。。 别的不提，我们来查一查全文中出现了多少次“恐怖”这个单词？ 我不认为这篇文章有多么偏颇的地方，还是挺靠谱的。
我觉得绝大多数中国人还是知道有大饥荒这一回事的，只是了解的很少。
对于普通网名，没必要纠结于死亡人数的数字，这是个态度问题，就像日本一直在试图论证南京大屠杀死亡人数有多么的少一样，日本应该摆正态度来面对残酷的历史问题，中国也一样~~有了第一步再来第二步 HSLN 发表于 2013-1-8 20:54 static/image/common/back.gif
我不认为这篇文章有多么偏颇的地方，还是挺靠谱的。
我觉得绝大多数中国人还是知道有大饥荒这一回事的，只 ...
少见的理性回复。 一张照片也没有，没有确凿的证据和统计就能圆满整篇文章这本身就很值得一说，大饥荒绝对是有过，就如同美国大萧条时代的饥荒一样值得反思和认真得去对待。但那也不代表任何一个严肃的媒体可以随意拿来夸大其词大肆渲染，这恰恰是因为这是一个需要严肃对待的事情，最后我还是要纠结一下，谁查了整篇文章出现了多少个“恐怖”？ 江月 发表于 2013-1-7 15:01 static/image/common/back.gif
不容易啊……这种辛苦更不容易
http://bbs.m4.cn/data/attachment/forum/201301/06/091419uur340rerubzpxew.jpg 这篇文章逻辑有问题。
饥荒肯定是有的，个别地区出现人吃人肯定也是有的，一个地区的民众全部迁徙逃荒也是有的。但是——问题就出来了，如果我承认上述存在的情况，是否就应当理解为我亦赞同大饥荒时期饿死了4500万人这一说法呢？如果我不赞同这一说法，是否我就属于不够理性，属于无耻的#请文明用语#呢？
很显然，这种捆绑推理式的报道手段（即：你知道了A，就应当承认结论B；你对B无疑议，那结论C就是成立的）在无声中把报道内容和作者目的强加于人，而且很轻易的就可以从正反两方面的争论中悄然脱身。 。这些文件来自他家乡县城的党组织，是有关警方对一起食人案件的调查。这张小小、褪色的照片里有一个年轻人，站在一个砖墙旁边，直盯盯地看着镜头，面无表情。他脚下有一个大锅，里面是一个小男孩的残骸，男孩的头和四肢都从身体上断开。
如果社会发生大规模饥荒，暴力机器会趋于瘫痪，至少不会有闲情调查一个什么食人案件，因为案件太多了，而为什么会调查还有记录呢，显然表明是个案，至少没有损害到暴力机器的的正常工作
不值得反驳…… 饥荒不能全怪在GCD头上，天灾是客观存在地，人祸也有 comjack 发表于 2013-1-6 17:08 static/image/common/back.gif
给力。至少4500万？又一个版本。
你到底是啥心态？！ 驴驹 发表于 2013-1-12 20:08 static/image/common/back.gif
你到底是啥心态？！
啥心态？毛和毛的时代都已经在十一届三中全会下完定论了，总有人翻出来是想推翻谁？就这心态
本帖最后由 言论自由否 于 2013-1-13 21:11 编辑
自己不公布事实，别人只好自己猜测事实，如果不想别人乱猜，自己把事实说清楚啊！8平方也是一样的道理！
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