【皮尤调查 20140109】当老板有什么好？
【中文标题】当老板有什么好？
【原文标题】Why it’s Great to Be the Boss
【登载媒体】皮尤调查
【原文作者】RICH MORIN
【原文链接】http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/01/09/why-its-great-to-be-the-boss/
老板挣得更多，不仅仅是钱。根据皮尤调查中心的最新调查结果，除了收入丰厚，美国的老板对于家庭生活、工作和整体财务状况，相比于非管理层员工，感觉更加满意。
有子女的高层管理者相比于其它有工作的父母，不大会说抚养儿女是工作的障碍，而且更愿意承认目前的工作就是一生的事业，而不仅仅是养家糊口的方式。
但是当谈到工作场所的性别歧视问题时，员工和管理层之间并没有太大的区别。相比于员工，老板更加不倾向于认为社会更重视男性（43％的老板和46％的员工）。同样，只有4％的老板和9％ 员工认为女性得到了更多的优惠待遇。认为男女平等的比例大致相同（44％的老板和40％的员工）。
老板和员工都认为，美国需要更加努力地改变工作场所男女不平等的现象（62％的老板和66％的员工）。
让我们来看看生活中的其它方面。调查结果显示，老板比员工更多偏向于共和党，员工更倾向于民主党。在周末生活安排上，高级管理层和员工去教堂和参与其它宗教活动的比例大致相同。
对于老板和员工各方面情况的描述，来自皮尤在10月7日到27日针对2002名成年受访者的调查结果。样本中包括了1301位有全职或兼职工作的男女。根据所有在职受访者提供的信息，结果正确率在3.3％上下浮动。1090名受访员工的回答正确率在3.6％上下浮动，211名受访老板的回答正确率在8.3％上下浮动。14名受访者没有回答任何问题。员工与老板之间的差异从统计角度来看非常明显。这些分析来自皮尤研究中心在2013年12月11日发布的工作场所性别报告中的部分数据。
调查人员向成年受访者提问，他们未来是否想成为公司的高层管理者。在所有受访者中，大约39％说他们希望，类似比例的人（43％）说他们不希望。但是有16％的受访者说他们已经是目前工作机构的老板或高层管理者。我们的分析就是主要针对这些位于机构级别顶端的人群。
满意的老板
调查发现，那些自称老板的人比自称员工的人，对他们的家庭和工作更加满意。大约八成（83％）的老板说他们对家庭“非常满意”，大约七成（74％）的员工也对家庭“非常满意”。
在工作的问题上，劳资问题双方的态度差异明显。69％的老板和49％的员工说他们对目前的岗位非常满意。在经济条件方面，老板也比员工更加满意。四成的管理者说他们对自己的经济条件非常满意，只有28％的员工具有类似乐观的态度。这并不奇怪。根据调查结果，大约一半和老板和高层管理者家庭年收入超过7.5万美元，而只有三分之一（32％）的员工能达到这个水平。
对工作的态度
老板不仅挣钱更多，他们明显比员工更加认为他们的工作是一项事业（78％和44％），不大会说这份工作仅仅是谋生的手段（13％和36％）。
老板更倾向于认为他们得到了足够的教育和培训，来帮助他们获得职业上的成功（73％和57％），也普遍感觉目前的薪资是公平的（62％和54％）。
这也就不难解释为什么相比于目前正在寻找工作的员工百分比，只有一半的老板有这种想法（12％和23％）。
从某种程度上说，年龄是造成这些差异的原因之一。老板的平均年龄比员工大8岁（47和39），所以他们整体上比员工有更长的职业经历。
工作价值观和政治倾向
高层管理者和员工说他们对于工作所看重的部分基本一致。他们最关注的部分包括：喜欢这份工作（39％的老板和44％的员工说这对他们“极为重要”）、岗位的安全感（32％和36％）和有时间照顾孩子和家人（32％和35％）。双方对于工作中不大重要部分的看法也基本一致。五分之一的老板（20％）和员工（18％）认为丰厚的薪资极为重要，同样比例的人认为工作对社会有贡献（19％和23％）和有晋升机会（25％和24％）非常重要。
调查中提出的工作价值观选项中，员工和老板只有七分之一的选择结果有差异。大约三分之一的员工（35％）和四分之一的高层管理者（26％）认为，良好的福利待遇对他们“极为重要”。
在政治问题上，老板们更倾向于共和党，员工更倾向于民主党。根据调查结果，大约一半（53％）的老板说他们是共和党，或者倾向于共和党，只有37％的员工有同样的表态。与此相比，44％的员工和34％的老板说他们是民主党。
大约四成的老板（43％）和37％的员工认为自己在政治上持保守的态度，三分之一（34％的老板和33％的员工）说他们是温和派，只有17％的老板和21％的员工认为自己是激进派。
持无神论和不可知论，以及说自己“没有明确的宗教信仰”的老板的比例不比员工高（5％和6％）。每周至少一次参加宗教活动的比例在双方人群中大致相当（33％的老板和36％的员工）。
老板、员工和性别问题
老板和工人对于工作场所中关键性别问题的看法惊人地一致。
大约一半的高层管理者（52％）和员工（48％）认为，男人比女人更容易在企业和政府部门中找到工作。认为做同样一份工作的男人普遍比女人挣钱更多的比例几乎一模一样（54％）。
但是劳资双方都对于目前工作场所中男女同酬的问题有正面的态度。七分之一的老板和类似比例的员工（75％）认为，在他们的工作场所，做同一份工作的男女薪酬一致。相同比例的大部分人认为男女有同样的晋升机会。
美国老板的人口结构类型
那么老板都是些什么人？
皮尤调查结果显示男人比女人更倾向于自称老板（16％和10％）。
白人依然主导着公司管理层，16％的白人受访者是老板，只有6％的黑人和4％的西班牙人是老板。
可以想象，80后和90后一代虽然野心勃勃地进入工作岗位，但还需要等几年才能进入管理层办公室。只会有4％的80/90后是老板，这个比例在60/70后和婴儿潮中的比例分别是16％和17％。
今天的老板要比其它人群受教育的程度更高。根据调查结果，16％的大学毕业生和15％有大学学习经历的人说他们是老板或者高层管理者。
与此相比，只有8％的高中及以下学历的人是老板。
原文：
It pays to be the boss, in more ways than one.
In addition to bigger paychecks, America’s bosses are more satisfied with their family life, jobs and overall financial situation than are non-managerial employees, according to a recent Pew Research Center survey.
Top managers1 with children also are less likely than other working parents to say parenthood has been an obstacle to job advancement (33% vs. 17%) and more likely to say their current position is their career rather than a just a job to get them by.
But the differences between labor and management virtually disappear when the subject turns to gender discrimination in the workplace.
Bosses are no more likely than workers to say that society favors men over women (43% for bosses and 46% among workers). Similarly, only 4% of bosses and 9% of workers say women get preferential treatment while similar shares say both are treated equally (44% for bosses and 40% for workers).
Bosses and workers also agree that the country needs to make more changes in order to bring gender equality to the workplace (62% and 66%).
Turning to other realms of life, the survey found that bosses are more likely than workers to identify with the Republican Party while workers are more inclined to identify as Democrats. And when it comes to the weekend, top managers and workers are equally likely to be found in church or attending some other religious service.
This attitudinal profile of bosses and workers emerges from a Pew Research survey of 2,002 adults conducted October 7 to 27. The sample included 1,301 men and women who are currently working full- or part-time. Margin of sampling error is plus or minus 3.3 percentage points for results based on all employed respondents, plus or minus 3.6 points for the subsample of 1,090 workers and 8.3 points for results based on the sample of 211 bosses; 14 employed respondents did not answer the question. All differences between workers and bosses reported in this analysis are statistically significant. The analysis is based on data from a larger Pew Research Center report on gender in the workplace, released December 11, 2013.
The survey asked adults if they would like to someday be a boss or top manager. Among all employed adults, about four-in-ten (39%) say they would while a roughly similar share (43%) say they would not.
But 16% of workers surveyed say they already are the boss or a top manager where they work. It is this group at or near the top of the career ladder that is the primary focus of this analysis.2
Satisfied Bosses
The Pew Research survey found that adults who say they are the boss are more satisfied than workers with their home and work lives.
Overall about eight-in-ten bosses (83%) describe themselves as “very satisfied” with their family situation. In contrast, about seven-in-ten (74%) of workers are similarly content with their home lives.
A larger labor-management gap opens when the subject turns to jobs: 69% of bosses but 48% of workers report they are very satisfied with their current position.
Bosses also are more satisfied than workers when they check their financial bottom line. Four-in-ten top managers say they are very satisfied with their financial situation. In contrast, 28% of workers have such a rosy view.
That’s not surprising. According to the survey, about half of all bosses and top managers (54%) have household incomes of $75,000 or more, compared with only about a third (32%) of other employees.
Attitudes toward their Jobs
Not only do bosses earn more money, they are significantly more likely than workers to think of their job as a career (78% vs. 44%) and less likely to say it’s just a job to get them by (13% vs. 36%).
Bosses also are more likely to say they have sufficient education and training to help them succeed (73% vs. 57%) and to believe they are fairly paid for the work they do (62% vs. 54%).
So it may not be surprising that bosses are only about half as likely as workers to be looking for another job (12% vs. 23%).
In part, each of these differences is attributable to age. On average, bosses are about eight years older than workers (47 vs. 39) so as a group they are further along in their careers.
Job Values and Political Values
Top managers and non-management employees say they value the same things in a job. At the top of their lists: Work they enjoy doing (39% for bosses and 44% for workers say this is “extremely important” to them). Followed by job security (32% and 36%), and the ability to take time off for child or family care needs (32% vs. 35%).
Both groups also agree what is less important about a j0b. Only about one-in-five bosses (20%) and workers (18%) say a big salary is extremely important while somewhat similar proportions highly value a job that helps society (19% and 23%) and opportunities for advancement (25% and 24%).
On only one of the seven job values tested in the survey did workers and bosses differ. Roughly a third of workers (35%) but about a quarter of top managers (26%) say having a job that offers good benefits was “extremely important” to them.
In terms of their politics, bosses are more likely to identify with the Republican Party while workers favor the Democrats. According to the poll, about half (53%) of bosses say they are Republican or lean to the GOP compared with 37% of workers. In contrast, 44% of workers but 34% of bosses identify with the Democratic Party.
About four-in-ten bosses (43%) and 37% of workers describe themselves as political conservatives while about a third (34% and 33%, respectively) say they are moderates. Only 17% of bosses and 21% of workers describe themselves as liberals.
Bosses also are no more likely than other workers to be atheists or agnostics (5% and 6%) or to describe their religious affiliation as “nothing in particular” (18% and 19%). Roughly similar proportions also attend religious services at least once a week (33% for bosses and 36% for other workers).
Bosses, Workers and Gender Issues
To a striking degree, bosses and workers share similar views on key gender issues in the workplace.
About half of top managers (52%) and employees (48%) say it’s easier for a man than a woman to get a top job in government or business. And exactly the same proportion say men generally earn more for doing the same work (54% for both sexes).
But both labor and management offer a more positive view when asked to focus on how men and women fare at their workplaces. Seven-in-ten bosses and a similar share of workers (75%) say that men and women are paid the same for doing the same job where they work. Equally large majorities agree that women and men have the same opportunities to advance.
A Demographic Profile of America’s Bosses
So who is the boss?
A Pew Research Center analysis finds that men are more likely than women to say they are the boss (16% vs. 10%).3
Whites still dominate in the corporate suite: 16% of all whites are bosses, compared with 6% of blacks and 4% of Hispanics, the survey found.
And perhaps predictably, the Millennial generation, recently arrived in the workforce with an abundance of ambition, will have to wait a few more years to break into the executive suite. Only 4% of Millennials say they are bosses, compared with 16% of Gen Xers and 17% of Baby Boomers.
Today’s bosses also are somewhat better educated than other adults. According to the survey, those with college degrees (16%) or some college experience (15%) are most likely to say they are now a boss or top manager.
In contrast, only 8% of all high school graduates and those with less education have a top job where they work.
页:
[1]