【洛杉矶时报 20150414】林肯的最后一口气
本帖最后由 满仓 于 2015-4-17 09:30 编辑【中文标题】亚伯拉罕•林肯的最后一口气拯救了他人
【原文标题】How Abraham Lincoln's last breaths may have saved others
【登载媒体】洛杉矶时报
【原文作者】PATT MORRISON
【原文链接】http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-how-lincolns-last-breaths-may-have-saved-others-20150413-story.html
左：林肯被约翰•威尔克斯•布斯刺杀后第二天的华盛顿特区福特剧院包厢。右：据信，1865年林肯的这张照片是他最后的一张照片。
1865年4月15日星期日上午7:22，亚伯拉罕•林肯呼出了最后一口气，距今整整150年。
如果不是因为查尔斯•李尔医生，林肯的最后一口气应该是在9个小时之前，躺在福特剧院的总统包厢中，头部中了刺客的一刻子弹。
李尔当时只有23岁，刚刚从医学院毕业。他在最后一刻买到了福特剧院的门票，他想再看一眼总统，因为几天前他站在白宫的窗户外听了总统的一次演讲。
艾齐塔•马加纳是洛杉矶卫生部的一位公共为生专员，她在研究一本有关呼吸的书时发现了李尔（她有过溺水的经历）。她在亨廷顿图书馆的杂志《前线》上，首次披露了研究结果。
马加纳告诉我，李尔匆忙感到总统包厢，要求护卫允许他治疗林肯。林肯的伤口被血块堵住，李尔不停地疏通伤口，以缓解颅内压力。他伴随林肯到街对面的一座公寓中，整个晚上和他在一起，直到林肯死亡。李尔在军队医院期间见到了太多的枪伤，尽管他直到林肯的伤势是致命的，但他在9个小时里一直扶着林肯的头。他后来说：“要让他知道，在一片黑暗中，有朋友陪在身边。”
马加纳说，李尔还对林肯实施了一项新奇的治疗举措：嘴对嘴复苏。
她说：“我找到了一篇学术文章，仔细地阅读。这个人怎么会有勇气采取这种老式的方法？我必须要探明究竟。”
嘴对嘴呼吸在几代人中被助产婆所使用，18世纪的阿姆斯特丹等沿海城市的医生也广泛使用，因为溺水是当地的主要死因。但是在19世纪的其它地方，这是非常过时的手段。马加纳说：“医生认为这是粗俗的行为。而且，唤醒濒死的人是违背上帝意愿的行为。”
但是在南北战争期间，人们最喜欢使用的复苏方法在卡通漫画上常常见到：上下摆动手臂。马加纳说：“排出坏空气，吸入好空气。从1850年到1960年，出现了100多中人工复苏术。”
当其它手段都不起作用的时候，李尔采取了传统的嘴对嘴方式：“这个人变得不顾一切了，躺在他面前的可是总统啊。他说：‘我面对他的身体，紧贴着躺下来，胸膛对胸膛，脸对脸。有几次让他长长地呼入一口气，迫使肺部扩张。’”
一些问题在于，因为李尔并没有在刺杀发生几个小时之后的简短报告中提到嘴对嘴复苏术，而是在晚些时候一个完整的 报告中提到的。马加纳相信，1909年的报告或许是导致现代嘴对嘴复苏术重新兴起的主要原因。1909年，李尔提到这件事的一个月之后，备受推崇的医学杂志《柳叶刀》发表了一篇文章，作者对嘴对嘴复苏术表示赞同。因此它再一次成为救命两方，最终被军方和美国医药学会所采纳。
李尔受邀对林肯遗体进行解剖，他拒绝了。他还受邀参加林肯葬礼，他欣然而往。马加纳说，当李尔回到家中，听到一个声音说：“把一切忘了吧。”除了一些简短的官方报告，李尔再也没有公开说起这件事，直到1909年林肯诞辰100周年。
马加纳对林肯遇刺的二手研究留下了一个深刻的印记。“没有照片、没有证人、也没有任何可以确定李尔行为的证据，但是在他的照料下，林肯的生命的确有所延长。这给他和他的家人一些时间告别，也给这个国家一点点时间接受林肯去世这个事实。”
亚伯拉罕•林肯遇刺150周年
1865年2月5日，亚伯拉罕•林肯在华盛顿特区。据国会图书馆的记载，这是林肯生前最后一张照片。
1862年10月4日，林肯与乔治•B•麦克莱伦在马里兰州安提塔姆议事。
1863年11月19日，亚伯拉罕•林肯总统——中，无帽者——在把宾夕法尼亚州盖茨堡的一片战场改为墓地的仪式上被群众包围。这张照片由国会图书馆提供。
1865年4月的这张照片是弗吉尼亚州里奇蒙德国会大厦下面的建筑物，在1865年4月2日被撤退的南部联邦军队摧毁。里奇蒙德的沦陷预示着南北战争和延续了将近250年的美国奴隶制的结束。
1865年4月，联邦士兵站在阿波马托克斯法院前。不久，南部联邦将军罗伯特•E•李在弗吉尼亚州阿波马托克斯向北方联邦少尉将军尤利西斯•S•格兰特投降。
1865年4月阿波马托克斯法院前士兵的另一张照片。
1865年4月，亚伯拉罕•林肯总统在福特剧院的包厢，也是他遇害的地方。
大约1900年的一张明信片，描述了1865年刺杀林肯总统的场景。
1865年印发的大字报，悬赏捉拿刺杀林肯的共谋犯。
演员约翰•威尔斯•布斯——这张照片的日期不详——于1865年4月14日在华盛顿特区福特剧院对亚伯拉罕•林肯总统开枪。林肯在第二天早晨去世，布斯逃离现场，12天之后被堵在弗吉尼亚州波多马克附近一个着火的谷仓中，之后被射杀。
查尔斯•A•李尔医生，照片日期不详。他是1865年4月14日亚伯拉罕•林肯总统被枪击后第一个进行治疗的医生。
1865年4月，运送亚伯拉罕•林肯遗体的火车。
1865年4月，费城，民众包围了亚伯拉罕•林肯总统的葬礼。
1865年5月，伊利诺伊州，运送亚伯拉罕•林肯遗体穿过斯普林菲尔德街道的灵车。
原文：
At left, the presidential box at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., the day after Lincoln was shot there by John Wilkes Booth. At right, an 1865 photo of Lincoln believed to be the last taken of him.
Abraham Lincoln drew his last mortal breath at 7:22 a.m. on Saturday, April 15, 1865 – 150 years ago.
Had it not been for Dr. Charles Leale, that last breath might have come nine hours earlier, as Lincoln lay in the presidential box at Ford’s Theatre with an assassin’s bullet in his brain.
Leale was very young, 23 and just out of medical school, when he bought a last-minute ticket to Ford’s Theatre. He wanted another glimpse of the president, whom he'd seen delivering a speech three days before, standing at a window above the door to the White House.
Aizita Magaña, a public health official at L.A. County’s public health department, ran across Leale as she researched a book about breathing (she once nearly drowned). She first recounted her research in Frontiers, the Huntington Library’s magazine.
As Magaña told me, Leale hurried to the presidential box and asked for permission to treat Lincoln. As blood clotted over Lincoln’s wound, Leale kept removing the clot, to relieve pressure on Lincoln’s brain. He accompanied Lincoln across the street to a boarding house and was with him through the night and at his death. Even though Leale – who had seen plenty of gunshot wounds in his work at an Army hospital – had pronounced Lincoln’s wound as mortal, he held Lincoln’s hand for much of those nine hours, “to let him know,” he said later, “in his blindness, that he had a friend."
There was one other, novel treatment Leale gave Lincoln, Magaña says: mouth to mouth resuscitation.
“I found a little academic article and I fell back in my seat when I read it,” she told me. “How did this man have the courage to perform this measure that had fallen out of fashion? It was a mystery I couldn’t resist.”
Mouth-to-mouth had been used by midwives for generations, and by doctors in maritime cities such as Amsterdam in the 18th century, where drowning was a leading cause of death. But elsewhere, and by the 19th century, it had fallen out of fashion. “Physicians considered the practice vulgar," Magaña said. "Also, you were going against God’s will” to revive someone who appeared dead.
By the Civil War, the preferred resuscitation method was what everyone knows from cartoons: raising and lowering the arms. “Out goes the bad air, in goes the good air,” as Magaña puts it. “Between 1850 and 1960 there were more than 100 methods of manual resuscitation.”
When that didn’t work for Lincoln, Leale tried old-fashioned mouth-to-mouth: “The man is desperate. There’s the president in front of him. He says, ‘I leaned forcibly forward directly over his body, thorax to thorax, face to face, and several times drew in a long breath, then forcibly expanded his lungs and improved respiration.' "
Some question this, because Leale doesn’t mention it in his brief initial report just hours after the assassination, only in a longer, later one. And that 1909 account, Magaña believes, is partly responsible for the modern revival of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; a month after Leale spoke of it in 1909, the highly regarded medical journal the Lancet published an article about mouth-to-mouth, giving it the author’s approval. Mouth-to-mouth became part of the lifesaving formulary again, eventually adopted by the military and the AMA.
Leale was invited to Lincoln’s autopsy; he declined. He was also invited to the funeral and accepted. When Leale returned home from his duties, saidMagaña, he took to his knees, and heard a voice saying, “Forget it all.” Except for a few other brief official reports, Leale did not address the matter publicly again until the Lincoln centenary of 1909.
Magaña's second-hand brush with the Lincoln assassination left a powerful imprint. “There is no picture, no living witnesses, no final authentication of what Leale did, but his care did extend to Lincoln’s last breath, to give him and his family the privacy to say their goodbyes and the time for the nation to brace itself for the news that Lincoln had died.”
150th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's assassination
This Feb. 5, 1865, photo shows President Abraham Lincoln in Washington, D.C. According to the Library of Congress, this is the last photo taken of Lincoln in the last photo session of his life.
Lincoln and Gen. George B. McClellan confer at Antietam in Maryland on Oct. 4, 1862.
President Abraham Lincoln, center with no hat, is surrounded by the crowd at the dedication of a portion of the battlefield at Gettysburg, Pa., as a national cemetery on Nov. 19, 1863, in this photo made available by the Library of Congress.
This April 1865 image shows buildings below the State Capitol in Richmond, Va., which were destroyed by the Confederate evacuation fire of April 2, 1865. The fall of Richmond foreshadowed the end of the Civil War and almost 250 years of American slavery.
This April 1865 image shows Federal troops standing in front of the Appomattox Court House near the time of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's surrender to Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, in Appomattox, Va.
Another shot of Federal troops in front of the Appomattox Court House in April 1865.
This April 1865 photo shows President Abraham Lincoln's box at Ford's Theatre, the site of his assassination.
A circa 1900 postcard depicting the 1865 assassination of President Lincoln.
This broadside advertising rewards for the capture of Lincoln assassination conspirators was printed in 1865.
Actor John Wilkes Booth, seen in an undated file photo, shot President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. Lincoln died the next morning; Booth temporarily escaped, but was cornered 12 days later in a burning barn near Port Royal, Va., and shot to death.
This undated photo shows Dr. Charles A. Leale, who was the first doctor to treat President Abraham Lincoln after he was shot on April 14, 1865.
Railroad car carrying Abraham Lincoln's body, April 1865.
A crowd surrounds the funeral procession for President Abraham Lincoln in Philadelphia in April 1865.
The original hearse in which Abraham Lincoln's body was carried through the streets of Springfield, Ill., in May 1865.
自由因战争而来 林肯也不是没犯错过，但美国人极少利用这些错误而抹黑丑化他，毕竟他的功绩是主要的。
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