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【原文标题】Man in the News: The Dalai Lama
【中文标题】新闻人物：达赖喇嘛
【登载媒体】金融时报 Financial Times
【来源地址】http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fd6a48d2-1000-11de-a8ae-0000779fd2ac.html?nclick_check=1
【译者】rlsrls08
【声明】本译文版权归Anti-CNN及译者所有，未经许可，切勿转载
Man in the News: The Dalai Lama
By Geoff Dyer
Published: March 13 2009 19:17 | Last updated: March 13 2009 19:17
It started with, of all things, an invitation to watch a Hungarian dance troupe.
A Chinese general stationed in the Tibetan capital of Lhasa in 1959 asked the Dalai Lama to the performance but insisted he come without bodyguards. As rumours spread that the then 23-year-old monk would be kidnapped, Tibetans thronged the streets and anti-Beijing protests soon erupted. Fearing a brutal crackdown if he supported the rebellion and impotence if he opposed it, the Dalai Lama chose exile after consulting with Nechung, the state oracle. He slipped out dressed as a soldier for the long Himalayan trek to India.
That was 50 years ago this week. In that time, the Dalai Lama has become one of the most prominent and enigmatic global figures. He has won the Nobel Peace Prize and been feted in Hollywood by the actors Richard Gere and Steven Seagal. He has been awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor, guest-edited French Vogue and won a global following for a version of Tibetan Buddhism that combines the ancient and opaque with a hint of New Age. “He seems as ubiquitous as Britney Spears,” said Pankaj Mishra, the Indian writer.
Yet five decades after leaving Tibet, the 73-year-old is no closer to winning an agreement with the Chinese government on greater autonomy that would allow him and his fellow exiles to return home. The Dalai Lama is famous for dropping mid-sentence into peels of giggles, but in a speech at his Indian hill-town home of Dharamsala this week he sounded melancholic. Life in China for Tibetans, he said, had been “a hell on earth”.
Indeed, the 50th anniversary of the protests in Lhasa underlined just how polarised the situation in Tibet remains. The Tibetan Autonomous Region and Tibetan areas of Sichuan, Gansu and Qinghai provinces were all blocked off to visitors this week, especially foreign journalists, by a government worried there would be a repeat of last year’s protests and violence. While the Dalai Lama accused China of bringing “untold suffering” to Tibet, Wen Jiabao, the Chinese premier, said on Friday that the Dalai Lama was still “lying” about his desire to move all Han Chinese out of Tibet. Stalemate reigns.
“Anyone meeting the Dalai Lama for the first time would still see a mischievous and warm person,” says Pico Iyer, a family friend and his biographer, who notes the Dalai Lama cannot see a ponytail without wanting to give it a tug. “But he is clearly exasperated and much more outspoken about saying that his policy is not succeeding.”
For Beijing, the continuing global celebrity of the Dalai Lama is a constant source of frustration. China has poured investment into Tibet, most notably the engineering triumph of the first railway line to the region which covers hundreds of miles of permafrost.
However, the wave of riots last March across Tibetan areas exposed anti-Beijing resentment. For all the rapid growth, the Tibetans who benefit are the relatively small group who speak good Chinese. Much of the commerce in booming Lhasa is dominated by Han Chinese migrants. The investment surge has been accompanied by a hardline political campaign against perceived enemies, including “patriotic education” where monks are instructed to denounce the Dalai Lama. “A wolf in monk’s clothing,” Zhang Qingli, the Tibet Communist party secretary, called him. Although the Dalai Lama dropped the demand for independence in favour of “meaningful autonomy” in 1988, Beijing argues that he would use such freedom as a platform to push for independence and denounces him as a “splittist”.
The Dalai Lama also has critics in the west who say his talk of “the oneness of humanity” or “inward disarmament” is a Hollywood fad, alongside Kabbalah and macrobiotic diets. His speeches have been played on the dance-floors of London nightclubs. Christopher Hitchens, the writer, has called him a “medieval princeling”.
But his supporters believe he is a model global citizen, at once effortlessly cosmopolitan and rooted in ancient tradition. Unlike the Pope who travels the world to meet other Catholics, Mr Iyer points out, the Dalai Lama revels in engaging with new people, discussing his views at a neuroscience conference one day and palling around with fellow laureates Vaclav Havel and Desmond Tutu the next. Yet this is also a man who wakes every morning at 3.30am to meditate, studied Buddhism for 18 years and had to pass an oral exam from 35 Tibetan scholars of logic and 35 experts on metaphysics before he took office.
Given the Dalai Lama’s age and recent health scares, it is inevitable that attention is shifting to the question of succession. For Tibetans, the Dalai Lama is the reincarnation of the previous office holder. The current Dalai Lama – the 14th – was aged two when he was discovered by a search party in his home village, where his parents were farmers. He faced tests to prove his identity, but the monks were won over when the boy picked out a walking stick from a pile of old objects and then discarded it: the previous Dalai Lama had once given the same stick away.
But Tibetans are divided about whether to repeat this mysterious ritual next time. Beijing has made it clear it reserves the right to approve the next Dalai Lama. When the Panchen Lama, the second highest figure in Tibetan Buddhism, died in 1995, the Dalai Lama announced a successor. Beijing objected and anointed its own Panchen Lama. The six-year old boy chosen by the Dalai Lama has not been seen since.
Instead, the Dalai Lama has raised the prospect of naming a successor before he dies. A new leader could be elected by the Tibetan exile community or another option might be for the 23-year-old Karampa Lama, the third highest religious figure who lives in India as well, to assume a broader leadership role.
The reason so many foreign governments push Beijing to talk to the Dalai Lama is they fear an even greater polarisation once he dies. “I can even predict the time of the next Tibetan riots,” Wang Lixiong, a dissident Chinese intellectual, wrote last year. “If Tibet does not make progress, and the Dalai Lama does not return to Tibet before he dies, the moment that he dies will see general riots across the Tibetan areas of China.”
The dominant view in Beijing appears to be to wait him out. Without the Dalai Lama’s charismatic leadership, officials hope that more Tibetans will see that their future lies in China’s dynamic economy and that Tibetan nationalism will simply ebb away. It is a risky gamble.
新闻人物：达赖喇嘛
杰夫·代尔
发布时间： 2009年3月13日19:17
故事的开始是一个观看匈牙利舞蹈团的邀请。
中共驻扎在西藏首府拉萨的将军在1959年邀请达赖喇嘛去看演出，但坚持达赖喇嘛不能带保镖。谣传23岁的达赖喇嘛将会被绑架，藏人聚集在街头，反北京的抗议活动很快爆发了。如果他支持叛乱，他会遭到残酷镇压；如果他反对叛乱，他会被视为无能。在这样的担心下，达赖喇嘛跟先知Nechung协商后选择流亡。他打扮成士兵的模样，经过长途跋涉穿越喜马拉雅山到达印度。
那是50年前的这个星期。在此期间，达赖喇嘛已经成为一个最突出的和神秘的全球人物。他曾获得诺贝尔和平奖，并在好莱坞受到演员李察基尔和史蒂芬西格尔的款待。他被授予国会荣誉勋章，法国时尚杂志客户编辑(这里不是很明白，请指教)，因为结合了古老，难理解和新时代喻示的藏传佛教赢得了全世界的追随者。 “他跟布兰妮一样，似乎无处不在。 ”印度作家潘卡米什拉说。
然而离开西藏50年后，今年73岁的达赖喇嘛在跟中国政府协议给予西藏更大的自主权，使他和他的同胞流亡者可以返回家园方面没有得到任何进展。达赖喇嘛以主张中间道路闻名，但这个星期在印度山城达兰萨拉发表演讲时，他听起来很忧郁。他说在中国的藏人生活在“人间地狱”里 。
事实上， 拉萨抗议活动50周年凸显了西藏形势有多严重。因为政府担心重演去年的暴力抗议，这个星期西藏自治区和四川，甘肃，青海的藏人地区都禁止游客，特别是外国记者进入。虽然达赖喇嘛指责中国给西藏带来了“无尽的痛苦”，中国总理温家宝星期五也表示，达赖喇嘛仍然在要求汉人离开西藏问题上“撒谎” 。争执相持不下。
“谁第一次见到达赖喇嘛都会觉得他是一个顽皮和温暖的人。”达赖喇嘛的私人朋友和传记作者Pico Iyer说，他注意到达赖喇嘛每次看到马尾辫都忍不住要拉一拉。 “但说到他的政策不成功，他显然很愤怒和更坦率。”
对于北京来说，达赖喇嘛持续的全球名人效应一直令人沮丧。中国大力投资西藏，最显著的工程是第一条通往西藏的，横跨该地区数百英里冻土的铁路线。
然而，去年3月整个藏族地区的骚乱暴露了(藏人)反北京的怨恨。对于所有的快速增长，获益的是相对少数，中文说得比较好的西藏人。拉萨蓬勃发展的商业主要由汉族移民控制。投资增长一直伴随着强硬的政治运动反对认知的敌人，包括“爱国主义教育”--僧侣被要求谴责达赖喇嘛。 “穿着僧服的狼， ”西藏自治区党委书记张庆黎这样形容他。虽然于1988年达赖喇嘛放弃寻求独立，只要求“真正的自治”，但北京说，他将利用这种自由作为一个平台推动独立，并谴责他是“分裂分子” 。
也有一些西方批评家指责达赖喇嘛说他宣扬的“人道统一”或“内心无害”(不会翻)，以及卡巴拉和长寿饮食是好莱坞的时尚。他的演讲在伦敦夜总会的舞池里播放。作家克里斯托弗希钦斯也称他是“中世纪的幼君” 。
但是，他的支持者认为，他是一个典范的全球公民，轻松的四海为家的人，并植根于古老的传统。Pico Iyer 指出，不同于教宗旅行各地会见其他的天主教徒，达赖喇嘛致力于结交新人，在神经科学会议讨论他的观点，和同为诺贝尔奖获得者的哈韦尔和图图主教切磋(pall around我不确定翻译对了没有，请指正)。然而，这也是一个每天早晨3点半起床打坐，研究佛教18年，在上任前通过了35名西藏逻辑学者和35名玄学专家口试的人。
由于达赖喇嘛的年龄和最近对健康的恐慌，不可避免地关注已经转移到继承问题。在西藏，达赖喇嘛是前一位达赖喇嘛的转世。现在的第14世达赖喇嘛两岁时被一个搜索小组在他的家乡发现了，他的父母都是农民。他面临着测试，以证明自己的身份。当男孩从一堆旧物品里头挑选了一根手杖，然后抛弃它时，僧侣们被他折服了。前世达赖喇嘛也曾同样地抛弃同一根手杖。
但在是否再次重复这一神秘的宗教仪式的问题上，藏人意见不一。北京已经表明它有权批准下一代达赖喇嘛。当藏传佛教第二高地位的人物十一世班禅死于1995年，达赖喇嘛宣布了继任者。北京反对并且选定了自己的班禅喇嘛。 达赖喇嘛所选择的6岁男孩从此消失无踪。
相反地，去世前达赖喇嘛提出了继承者的选择方式。新的领导人可以由西藏流亡社区选出，另一种选择可能是23岁的嘎玛巴活佛，生活在印度的第三最高宗教人物，来承担更广泛的领导作用。
这么多的外国政府推动北京与达赖喇嘛谈判，是因为他们担心一旦达赖喇嘛去世会发生更大的两极分化。 “我可以预言下一次西藏暴动，”持不同政见的中国知识分子王力雄去年写道。 “如果西藏没有取得进展，以及达赖喇嘛死前没有返回西藏，他去世的时候会看到中国整个藏族地区普遍发生暴乱。”
北京占主导地位的观点似乎是等他死。如果没有了达赖的魅力领导，中国官员希望更多的西藏人会看到他们的未来取决于中国的经济活力，西藏的民族主义会衰落。这是一个危险的赌博。 |
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