本帖最后由 magicboy 于 2009-4-17 03:09 编辑
【原文标题】Deals Help China Expand Sway in Latin America/Deal by Deal,China Expands Its Influence in Latin America
【译文标题】中国一步一步深入拉丁美洲
【来源地址】http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/16/world/16chinaloan.html?hpw
【译者】aha
【翻译方式】人工
【声明】本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载。
中国一步步深入拉丁美洲
委内瑞拉，加拉加斯-就在华盛顿企图重建其与拉丁美洲紧张的关系之际，中国正积极地步步深入，为地区内那些经济严重下滑，物价暴跌，信用透支的国家提供大比金钱。
最近几周，中国已经和委内瑞拉达成协议将发展基金增加一倍至120亿美元，并借给厄瓜多尔至少10亿美元建一座水电站，为阿根廷提供价值100亿美元的人民币贷款，还借给了巴西国家石油公司100亿美元。这些交易的主要目的是为中国未来几年锁定石油等其他资源。
十年来，中拉之间的贸易额迅速增长，中国成为继美国之后拉美的第二大贸易伙伴。奥巴马政府正开始挽救华盛顿在南半球流失的影响力，而就在此时，这些贷款额度之大，范围之广却显示了中国和拉美之间展开了更加深入的交往。
一位克林顿政府期间的商务部官员David Rothkopf称：“在现在的危机时期，力量平衡就这样不知不觉发生了转移，这些贷款就是例子，随着中国变得更加积极，世界上的支票强权正迈向一个新的阶段。”
本周末，奥巴马先生将和本地区的领导者们会面。他们将会讨论经济危机，包括一个泛美开发银行的充血计划，该银行总部位于华盛顿，在本地区具有重要地位，但因为金融危机其影响力已经遭受打击。参加峰会的领导者们也会讨论古巴问题，希望促使奥巴马进一步放松美国对古巴的政策。
而且，中国迅速增加对拉美的放款，不仅是追求像大豆、铁矿石这样的资源的长期供给，同时也是追求一种美国国债之外的投资方式。
在这些新交易中，有一单是和阿根廷100亿美元的协议，阿根廷可以用人民币为其从中国进口的物品付款。这可能也将帮助人民币最终成为储备货币的一个选项。在这之前，中国已经同韩国、印度尼西亚以及白俄罗斯达成了相似的协议。
去年金融海啸袭来之际，美联储也和世界各地的央行达成了他自己的货币协议，巴西和墨西哥分别得到300亿美元（巴西选择暂不支取）。但是本地区内较小的经济体就没有被这些协议涵盖，其中包括一直试图消除国际上对其债务偿还能力质疑的阿根廷。
中国和阿根廷这项协议的具体细节仍未公布，不过一位阿根廷央行的官员表示通过这个协议，阿根廷可以避免在所有国际业务中消耗其不充足的美元储备。阿根廷最近的一些动作，包括接管价值数十亿美元的私人养老基金，让阿根廷在去年损失了价值接近230亿美元的资产，大部分为美元资产。
一家布宜诺斯艾利斯的咨询公司Abeceb，其首席经济学家Dante Sica称中国之所以能在本地区施展影响力（overturn 翻转，颠覆），原因在于“整个布什政府执政期间对拉丁美洲的忽视”。
中国还趁拉美的传统借贷者努力突破自身限制的时候抓住机会，其中包括受美国控制的泛美开发银行。
仅中国计划的一项放款，就借给巴西国有石油公司100亿美元，而泛美开发银行2008年全年批准的放款额才只有112亿美元。巴西打算用此开发海上钻探，并同意每天向中国出口10万桶石油，据石油公司称。
美国在泛美开发银行中有事实上的否决权，该银行正努力使资本额增加两倍，并在今年增加放款180亿美元。不过充血计划还需要成员国间细致的谈判，去年银行损失了10亿美金使得谈判更加困难。
中国已经成为该银行的会员国，也会在谈判中拥有一席之地。
对于那些美国影响力很小的国家，如委内瑞拉，中国也积极的经营。
今年二月份，中国国家副主席习近平，在加拉加斯和总统查韦斯会面。两人宣布将设于本地由中国支持的发展基金从60亿美元增加到120亿美元，帮助委内瑞拉保持强势货币，同时协议将每日运往中国的石油量从大约38万桶提升到100万桶。
查韦斯先生的政府认为中国的援助不同于其他的国家贷款，因为中国没有附加条件，比如对内部财务的详细审查。但是中国的基金受到了查韦斯的反对者的批评，称其是对委内瑞拉主权的公然侮辱。
律师Luis Díaz说：“这项基金是对国家的诈骗”，他认为，委内瑞拉用石油作为报酬，而中国将油价锁定在低点上。
尽管通过和委内瑞拉发展关系，以及借款给其他国家，中国削弱了华盛顿的影响力，但北京在过程中并不声张从无叫嚣，大概意识到中美关系对中国仍然极为重要。不过这顺从恐怕持续不了多久了。
“中国在放长线钓大鱼，”多伦多约克大学的政治科学家Gregory Chin说。“如果这些最终化为政治影响力，那时，中国的游戏就开始了。”
Deals Help China Expand Sway in Latin America
Published: April 15, 2009
CARACAS, Venezuela — As Washington tries to rebuild its strained relationships in Latin America, China is stepping in vigorously, offering countries across the region large amounts of money while they struggle with sharply slowing economies, a plunge in commodity prices and restricted access to credit.
In recent weeks, China has been negotiating deals to double a development fund in Venezuela to $12 billion, lend Ecuador at least $1 billion to build a hydroelectric plant, provide Argentina with access to more than $10 billion in Chinese currency and lend Brazil’s national oil company $10 billion. The deals largely focus on China locking in natural resources like oil for years to come.
China’s trade with Latin America has grown quickly this decade, making it the region’s second largest trading partner after the United States. But the size and scope of these loans point to a deeper engagement with Latin America at a time when the Obama administration is starting to address the erosion of Washington’s influence in the hemisphere.
“This is how the balance of power shifts quietly during times of crisis,” said David Rothkopf, a former Commerce Department official in the Clinton administration. “The loans are an example of the checkbook power in the world moving to new places, with the Chinese becoming more active.”
Mr. Obama will meet with leaders from the region this weekend. They will discuss the economic crisis, including a plan to replenish the Inter-American Development Bank, a Washington-based pillar of clout that has suffered losses from the financial crisis. Leaders at the summit meeting are also expected to push Mr. Obama to further loosen the United States policy toward Cuba.
Meanwhile, China is rapidly increasing its lending in Latin America as it pursues not only long-term access to commodities like soybeans and iron ore, but also an alternative to investing in United States Treasury notes.
One of China’s new deals in Latin America, the $10 billion arrangement with Argentina, would allow Argentina reliable access to Chinese currency to help pay for imports from China. It may also help lead the way to China’s currency to eventually be used as an alternate reserve currency. The deal follows similar ones China has struck with countries like South Korea, Indonesia and Belarus.
As the financial crisis began to whipsaw international markets last year, the Federal Reserve made its own currency arrangements with central banks around the world, allocating $30 billion each to Brazil and Mexico. (Brazil has opted not to tap it for now.) But smaller economies in the region, including Argentina, which has been trying to dispel doubts about its ability to meet its international debt payments, were left out of those agreements.
Details of the Chinese deal with Argentina are still being ironed out, but an official at Argentina’s central bank said it would allow Argentina to avoid using scarce dollars for all its international transactions. The takeover of billions of dollars in private pension funds, among other moves, led Argentines to pull the equivalent of nearly $23 billion, much of it in dollars, out of the country last year.
Dante Sica, the lead economist at Abeceb, a consulting firm in Buenos Aires, said the Chinese overtures in the region were made possible by the “lack of attention that the United States showed to Latin America during the entire Bush administration.”
China is also seizing opportunities in Latin America when traditional lenders over which the United States holds some sway, like the Inter-American Development Bank, are pushing up against their limits.
Just one of China’s planned loans, the $10 billion for Brazil’s national oil company, is almost as much as the $11.2 billion in all approved financing by the Inter-American Bank in 2008. Brazil is expected to use the loan for offshore exploration, while agreeing to export as much as 100,000 barrels of oil a day to China, according to the oil company.
The Inter-American bank, in which the United States has de facto veto power in some matters, is trying to triple its capital and increase lending to $18 billion this year. But the replenishment involves delicate negotiations among member nations, made all the more difficult after the bank lost almost $1 billion last year.
China will also have a role in these talks, having become a member of the bank this year.
China has also pushed into Latin American countries where the United States has negligible influence, like Venezuela.
In February, China’s vice president, Xi Jinping, traveled to Caracas to meet with President Hugo Chávez. The two men announced that a Chinese-backed development fund based here would grow to $12 billion from $6 billion, giving Venezuela access to hard currency while agreeing to increase oil shipments to China to one million barrels a day from a level of about 380,000 barrels.
Mr. Chávez’s government contends the Chinese aid differs from other multilateral loans because it comes without strings attached, like scrutiny of internal finances. But the Chinese fund has generated criticism among his opponents, who view it as an affront to Venezuela’s sovereignty.
“The fund is a swindle to the nation,” said Luis Díaz, a lawmaker who claims that China locked in low prices for the oil Venezuela is using as repayment.
Despite forging ties to Venezuela and extending loans to other nations that have chafed at Washington’s clout, Beijing has bolstered its presence without bombast, perhaps out of an awareness that its relationship with the United States is still of paramount importance. But this deference may not last.
“This is China playing the long game,” said Gregory Chin, a political scientist at York University in Toronto. “If this ultimately translates into political influence, then that is how the game is played.”
Simon Romero reported from Caracas, and Alexei Barrionuevo from Rio de Janeiro.
【读者评论】
以下是纽约时报网站编辑选的两条
This is the result of our insane Globalization Policy which has burden the United States with massive trade imbalances and allowed the de-industrialization of our economy. You want to see our future look to the United Kingdom. We sold our future to save few cents at Wal-Mart.
— BLOGIE, Boston
这就是我们疯狂的全球化政策的结果，不仅让美国背负巨额贸易逆差，还让我们的经济经历了一场反工业化。想看我们的未来吗，看看英国就知道了。为了在沃尔玛省五分钱，我们出卖了未来。
— BLOGIE, 波士顿
Good article, but possibly looking at just one angle. Chinese aggression stems from the fact that it has a communist setup disguised as a corporate management system. Neither can be believed.
Tibet remains one early venue where huge Chinese 'investments' flowed, and the cultural fabric of the nation changed forever.
It is difficult for other nations to match such adventurism, but one hopes that countries that agree to Chinese terms do keep in mind their cultural/historic uniqueness. Economic surrender to China does not just result in foreclosure in the books, but a bankruptcy of soul and cultural independence.
World War III will be fought by, for and because of the Banks.
— Sujit Bhar, Kolkata, India
好文章，但可能只看了一个角度。中国的野心（aggression 进攻、侵略）源自这样一个事实，他有一个由共产党机构伪装的企业管理系统。不管哪个都不可信。
西藏仍然是这样一个现场，巨额的中国投资涌入，而这个国家的文化机理彻底被改变了。
对其他国家来说，很难能够match（匹配、抗衡）这样的（政治、外交）冒险主义，但有一个希望，所有和中国达成协议的国家请牢记自己文化/历史的独特性。经济上向中国投降不仅意味着书籍的抵押，也意味着灵魂和文化独立性的破产。
第三次世界大战将由银行打响，因银行打响，为了银行打响。
— Sujit Bhar, Kolkata, 印度 |
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发表于 2009-4-17 01:21
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