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本帖最后由 Mc大梨 于 2011-6-23 13:51 编辑
【原文标题】South China Sea dispute
【中文标题】中国南海问题纷争
【登载媒体】BBC
【来源地址】http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13748349
【译 者】大梨
【翻译方式】 人工
【声 明】 本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载。
【译 文】
几个世纪以来在中国南海地区，互为竞争对手的国家之间对南海问题一直争论不休。但是最近的紧张局势，引发了关注热潮，该地区正在成为一个全球性后果的导火线。
到底在争论些什么？
这是一个在领土和海洋领域，西沙和南沙群岛的主权争议——这两个列岛全部或部分声称拥有主权的国家。除了完全成熟的岛屿，剩下的都是无人居住的岩石，珊瑚岛，沙洲和礁石。
谁要求了什么？
中国对最大的一部分领土宣称拥有主权——从其最南部省份海南省向南向东延伸数百英里的领域。北京称，已有逾2000年的历史，西沙与南沙群岛链都被视为中国领土的一部分。
1947年中国发表了详细地图要求主权。 这两个群岛显示了他们在领土内部的遗忘。 这些要求有点像台湾，因为台湾岛本身就是属于中华人民共和国的，具有相同的领土请求权。
越南与中国进行了激烈的争议，说中国从20世纪40年代以来从来没有声称过拥有该岛屿的主权。越南说，这两个岛屿链是完全在其领土内的，并且在17世纪以来积极的治理着西沙和南沙群岛，而且还有文件资料来证明这一点。
另一个主要的原告是菲律宾，调用他地理位置邻近南沙群岛的优势，加入这个要求主权的群体。
如果依据1982年定义的《联合国海洋法公约》，马来西亚和文莱也宣称在中国南海拥有主权，他们说属于被排除在外的经济区。而文莱不要求任何有争议的岛屿的主权，但马来西亚要求的是在南沙小数岛屿的主权。
为什么这么多国家对中国南海主权如此渴望？
西沙和南沙群岛周围可能拥有庞大的自然资源储备。而那里几乎没有被详细的勘采过，所以估计这里及邻近地区有着非常丰富的矿产资源。
中国官员对该地区的资源财富石油储量最乐观估计，可能会高达2130亿机筒。而美国科学家估计只可以储存总计28亿机筒的石油量。中国探明储量是美国探明储量的10倍。
根据美国能源情报署评估，这个地方真正的财富很可能是天然气储量。预算该地区拥有大约900万亿立方英尺（25万亿立方米）， 与卡塔尔的探明储量相同。
该地区亦是该区域中的最主要航道和渔场之一，它提供了成千上万人的生计。
这次南海纷争引起了多少的麻烦？
最近数十年来最严重的问题已经在越南和中国之间爆发了，中国在1974年已经紧紧认定了这些群岛，与越南海军爆发了西沙海战。1988年，双方在南沙群岛发生冲突，越南再次战败，损失了约70名海军。
菲律宾也想参一脚，与中国，越南和马来西亚也发生了一些小冲突。
最近的紧张局势与中国强硬的姿态不谋而合。北京官员已发出了一系列措辞强硬的声明，包括警告对手不允许他们对这个地区采取任何矿物勘探。
菲律宾指责中国在南沙建立军事基地。中国海军故意破坏两艘越南勘测船只，这一消息并未经过核实，却在河内（越南首都）和胡志明市（越南第一大城）导致了一场反对中国的大型抗议活动
。
越南已推迟了其海岸举行实弹演习。一个将被北京作为一个严重挑衅的行动。
有人试着去解决这场纷争么？
如1982年的《联合国海洋法公约》出现了一个解决方案的框架。但实际上，该公约导致了更多的主权要求，在历史主权问题上，这么做并没有对中国和越南起到任何作用。
在该领域，菲律宾和越南制定了一个双边协定对中国要求有行为准则。但这协议有与没有，并没有产生多大差别。
东南亚联盟整个区域的成员都是中国南海纷争的参与者，除了中国与台湾之外。因为在2002年台湾与中国签订了一项行为准则。
根据协议，各国同意"以和平方式解决领土和管辖权的纠纷，通过友好协商和谈判，而不必诉诸威胁或使用武力"。
但是，最近的事件表明，越南和中国，至少未能遵守该协议。
这些年来，中国更趋向于和个别国家安排闭门谈判。 但剩下的其他国家却是把这个问题公开化，来争取国际调解。
因此，2010年7月，当美国国务卿希拉里克林顿涉及到这个辩论并要求建立行为准则的时候，中国很生气。中国外交部称，她的这个建议是对中国的攻击。
【原 文】
Rival countries have squabbled over territory in the South China Sea for centuries - but a recent upsurge in tension has sparked concern that the area is becoming a flashpoint with global consquences.
What is the argument about?
It is a dispute over territory and sovereignty over ocean areas and the Paracels and the Spratlys - two island chains claimed in whole or in part by a number of countries. Alongside the fully fledged islands, there are dozens of uninhabited rocky outcrops, atolls, sandbanks and reefs.
Who claims what?
China claims by far the largest portion of territory - an area stretching hundreds of miles south and east from its most southerly province of Hainan. Beijing has said its rights to the area come from 2,000 years of history, where the Paracel and Spratly island chains were regarded as integral parts of the Chinese nation.
In 1947 China issued a map detailing its claims. It shows the two island groups as falling entirely within its territory. Those claims are mirrored by Taiwan, because the island considers itself the Republic of China and has the same territorial claims.
Vietnam hotly disputes China's historical account, saying China never claimed sovereignty over the islands until the 1940s. Vietnam says both island chains are entirely within its territory. It says it has actively ruled over both the Paracels and the Spratlys since the 17th Century - and has the documents to prove it.
The other major claimant in the area is the Philippines, which invokes its geographical proximity to the Spratly Islands as the main basis of its claim for part of the grouping.
Malaysia and Brunei also lay claim to territory in the South China Sea that they say falls within their economic exclusion zones, as defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982. Brunei does not claim any of the disputed islands, but Malaysia claims a small number of islands in the Spratlys.
Why are so many countries so keen?
The Paracels and the Spratlys may have vast reserves of natural resources around them. There has been little detailed exploration of the area, so estimates are largely extrapolated from the mineral wealth of neighbouring areas.
Chinese officials have given the most optimistic estimates of resource wealth in the area. According to figures quoted by the US Energy Information Administration, one Chinese estimate puts possible oil reserves as high as 213 billion barrels - 10 times the proven reserves of the US. But American scientists have estimated the amount of oil at 28 billion barrels.
According to the EIA, the real wealth of the area may well be natural gas reserves. Estimates say the area holds about 900 trillion cubic ft (25 trillion cubic m) - the same as the proven reserves of Qatar.
The area is also one of the region's main shipping lanes, and a fishing ground that supplies the livelihoods of thousands of people.
How much trouble does the dispute cause?
The most serious trouble in recent decades has flared between Vietnam and China. The Chinese seized the Paracels from Vietnam in 1974, killing several Vietnamese troops. In 1988 the two sides clashed in the Spratlys, when Vietnam again came off worse, losing about 70 sailors.
The Philippines has also been involved in a number of minor skirmishes with Chinese, Vietnamese and Malaysian forces.
The most recent upsurge in tension has coincided with more muscular posturing from China. Beijing officials have issued a number of strongly worded statements, including warning their rivals to stop any mineral exploration in the area.
The Philippines has accused China of building up its military presence in the Spratlys. And unverified claims that the Chinese navy deliberately sabotaged two Vietnamese exploration operations has led to large anti-China protests on the streets of Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
Vietnam has held live-fire exercises off its coast - an action that will be seen as a gross provocation by Beijing.
Is anyone trying to resolve the row?
Agreements such as the UN's 1982 convention appeared to lay the framework for a solution. But in practice, the convention led to more overlapping claims, and did nothing to deter China and Vietnam in pressing their historical claims.
Both the Philippines and Vietnam have made bilateral agreements with China on codes of conduct in the area. But the agreements have made little difference.
The regional grouping Asean - whose membership includes all of the main players in the South China Sea dispute except China and Taiwan - concluded a code of conduct deal with China in 2002.
Under the agreement, the countries agreed to "resolve their territorial and jurisdictional disputes by peaceful means, without resorting to the threat or use of force, through friendly consultations and negotiations".
But recent events suggest that Vietnam and China at least have failed to stick to the spirit of that agreement.
Over the years, China has tended to favour arrangements negotiated behind closed doors with the individual leaders of other countries. But the other countries have pushed for international mediation.
So in July 2010, when US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton became involved in the debate and called for a binding code of conduct, China was not pleased. The Chinese Foreign Ministry dismissed her suggestion as an attack on China. |
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发表于 2011-6-23 18:18
