本帖最后由 小明啊 于 2011-9-27 17:47 编辑
【中文标题】繁荣始于污染，中国最大城市在变绿
【原文标题】Built in a Dirty Boom, China's Biggest City Tries to Go Green
【登载媒体】THE NEWYORK TIMES
【来源地址】http://www.nytimes.com/cwire/201 ... -city-tr-68826.html
【译 者】 小明啊
【翻译方式】 人工
【声 明】 欢迎转载，请务必注明译者和出处 bbs.m4.cn。
By COCO LIU of ClimateWire
Published: September 26, 2011
http://www.nytimes.com/cwire/201 ... 6.html?pagewanted=1
CHONGQING, China -- Wandering around in downtown Chongqing, it is hard to imagine that this is a city that is going green.
中国，重庆--徘徊在重庆的市中心，很难想象这个城市要变成绿色城市。
Vehicles clog roads in every direction. Construction cranes stretch to the horizon. And huge posters displaying locally produced industrial goods show where the city's exploding economic growth is coming from.
东南西北的路都被车辆所阻塞，建筑用起重机的身影一直延伸到地平线的尽头。巨大的海报在展示着本市的工业成品，告诉人们这个城市爆炸式的经济发展是从何而来。
But Chongqing (population 28,846,200) is more than meets the eye. After living with acid rain and toxic smog for decades, the city has been scrambling for ways to clean up the air. It is also overhauling its power-hungry economy and rebuilding it on a base of industries that use less energy.
但是重庆（人口28846200）已经看到了这些，笼罩在酸雨和有毒烟雾下数十年之久，这座城市想尽方法清洁空气，也在大力整顿他们的高耗电经济，并且想用比较节能的方式去重建这一产业基地。
Chongqing isn't alone on such a transformation path. It is one of several pilot provinces and cities that Chinese leaders picked last year in an attempt to find a low-carbon growth model that can be spread to the rest of the nation.
重庆并不是独自处在这样一个转型期，它只是试点省份其中之一，中国领导人去年试图找到一个可以扩散到其他国家的低碳增长模型。
Experts attribute this new Chinese desire to the fact that China's environment and natural resources can no longer afford the blights of heavily polluting, energy-intensive growth. Moreover, there is growing pressure from the outside world to reduce emissions.
专家们认为中国这个新的愿景的发起是因为事实上中国目前的环境和自然资源的枯萎再也经不起严重污染了。此外，还有世界要求减少二氧化碳排放所带来的压力。
Cities will play a major role in that effort. During the next 20 years, more than half of global greenhouse gas emissions are estimated to come from the developing world's cities, and more than half of that will come from Chinese cities, says Michael Lindfield, a lead urban development specialist at the Asian Development Bank.
城市将会在这方面发挥重要的作用。来自亚洲开发银行的城市发展专家迈克尔·林德菲尔德提出，在接下来的20年中，全球温室气体排放查过一半的量估计都会来自发展中国家的城市,其这其中的一大半又是中国的城市。
"So the importance of making Chinese cities energy-efficient is really a global issue, not just a Chinese issue," Lindfield added.
“所以中国节能的重要性显而易见，这不仅仅是中国的问题，也是全球的问题。”林德菲尔德补充道。
But none of this comes easily. For one, it is hard for cities to uproot decades-old economic foundations. In addition, cities risk revenue losses. Energy-guzzling factories that are shut down, in many cases, can't be immediately offset by low-carbon industries that are still in their nascent stage. Moreover, the switch from traditional industries to green businesses claims jobs, at least for a short term. While cement makers can hire people with few skills, solar panel producers can't.
但是这一切都不容易，首先，城市很难为此放弃已经沉淀几十年的经济基础。此外，城市也将会为此损失大量的税收。在许多情况下，因为低耗能产业现在正处于初级起步阶段，所以也不能抵消关闭高耗能工厂的代价。而且，将传统产业工人转变为绿色产业工人，也不是短期内可以实现的，水泥厂可以雇佣一些技能较低的人，太阳能板制造商却不能。
The goal for Chongqing, which is nestled in the mountains of less-developed western China, may be the most ambitious of them all. One expert even puts it in this way:
"If Chongqing can succeed in transforming into a green, low-carbon city, there is no doubt that the rest of Chinese cities will be able to make this switch," said Li Yong, an economist at Chongqing Academy of Social Sciences, a leading think tank in western China.
而依偎在在中国西部欠发达地区的重庆，可能是这些城市中嘴野心勃勃的，中国的西部的智囊团，重庆社会科学院的经济学家李勇（音译）提到：
“如果重庆能够成为一片绿洲，低碳城市，那么毫无疑问，中国其他城市也将会效仿。”
The dark side of a manufacturing tradition、
传统制造业的黑暗面
Chongqing's challenge is deeply rooted in its past. Back in the late 1930s, the city was the wartime capital of China. Thousands of factories moved from Japanese-occupied eastern regions to inland Chongqing, quickly turning it into an industrial city. Factories multiplied again in the 1960s. As a war with the former Soviet Union was thought to be a likely scenario at that time, Chongqing was turned into a manufacturing base to provide weapons, vehicles and many other industrial goods that could be used against the enemy.
重庆的挑战是其深厚的历史背景。回望上世纪三十年代，这座城市当时是战时中国的首都。成千的工厂从被日本侵占的东部地区迁移到内陆重庆，很快的将其转变为一个工业城市。在上世纪六十年代，因为当时认为与苏联可能会发生战争，工厂再次增多，为了对付潜在的敌人，重庆变成了一个武器，车辆等工业产品的生产基地。
While the enemy never came, Chongqing did become one of the nation's industrial hubs. It is China's biggest producer of motorcycles. It leads in aluminum production. Every day, containers of made-in-Chongqing steel, chemicals and machinery are loaded on cargo ships and then sent from here to destinations along the Yangtze River.
而敌人并没有来，重庆却变成了国家的工业中心之一。它是中国最大的摩托车生产地，它的铝产量领先。每天，集装箱将重庆产的钢铁，化工，器械，运上船，沿着长江送往其目的地。
All this came at a heavy price. Data from the World Bank showed that in the early 2000s, one-third of crops in the Chongqing area had been damaged by acid rain -- the result of sulfur dioxide and other industrial pollutants.
这一切的代价是巨大的。在2000年代早期，世界银行的数据显示，重庆地区三分之一的农作物被酸雨袭击，这是二氧化硫和其它工业污染物排放量超标的结果。
Breathing here became a dangerous thing to do. The World Bank reported that in 2004, residents in Chongqing were inhaling six times more lung cancer-causing pollutants than the World Health Organization considers safe.
在这个城市，呼吸都变成了一件危险的事。世界银行在2004年报告，在重庆吸入的肺部致癌物比世界卫生组织认定的标准要高六倍。
"The city was always enveloped by fog and smog," explained Li, the local economist. The mountain terrain around it helped concentrate Chongqing's murky air, he said, "but pollution from heavy industries was the key."
“这座城市总是充满着烟雾和灰尘，”当地的经济学家李抱怨道。重庆因为是被群山环绕，而这种地形则会使得空气集中，他说：“但是重工业的污染是关键。”
No more need to wash umbrellas
不需要去清洗雨伞
To clean its skies, in recent years, Chongqing first changed the fuel of its taxis, replacing their gasoline tanks with natural gas. Meanwhile, light rail was set to run up and down its hilly streets, luring private car drivers into mass transit. Heavy industries -- all of them major polluters -- were ordered to relocate to the outskirts in industrial parks with tighter environmental controls.
为了洁净天空，近年来，重庆的第一个举措就是更换的士的燃料，将油箱里的汽油换为天然气。与此同时，还在其盘旋在丘陵地形的道路上设置了时而地上时而地下的轻轨以吸引民众放弃私人汽车，改乘公共交通工具。而重工业--其主要污染源--被迫搬迁到郊区的工业园区里，并且有了有更为严格的环保控制。
The policy was so stringent that one of the city's biggest taxpayers found it was not exempt. It took nearly $4 billion plus five years to get Chongqing Iron & Steel Group to move.
而这座城市的最大的纳税人们发现这项政策是非常有害的。它花费了40亿美元和五年的时间去移动重庆钢铁集团。
The move still isn't completed, but Chongqing Iron & Steel's old factory site, usually wrapped wrapped in a shroud of gray smog, is slated to become the site of riverview apartments and pollution-free software companies. There will also be an art area, featuring the plant's giant chimneys as a reminder of the city's gritty past.
这项迁移工程还未结束，但是曾经经常被包裹在灰色的烟雾中重庆钢铁厂的旧厂址，将变为riverview公寓和无污染的软件公司的所在地。这里还会变成一个艺术区，而工厂巨人般屹立的烟囱则向人们展示着这个城市坚毅的过去。
At the same time, the new factory is also much cleaner. Armed with the cash and encouraging policy from the central and municipal governments, the steel mill modernized its decades-old production lines. That cut more than half of the dust and sulfur dioxide the mill emits. Meanwhile, its steel output has doubled.
与此同时，新建的工厂则会更加的洁净。在中央政府用资金和政策支持鼓励下，钢厂将其几十年来的生产线实现现代化，而这条老生产线是工厂过去所排放的一半的粉尘和二氧化硫的制造者。而将这条生产线实现现代化，也是这家钢厂的钢产量提高一倍。
This, together with many other pollution-shrinking measures, brought more sunny days to the city. It also changed citizens' habits during the rainy season.
这些连同其他减缓污染的举措，给这个城市带来了阳光。也改变了市民们在雨季的生活习惯。
"When I had my college time in Chongqing 20 years ago, my umbrella got spoiled very quickly because of acid rain," recalled Jin Ruidong. To protect his umbrella, Jin said, he learned to wash it after each time it was used, and so did his classmates.
“20年前我在重庆上大学的时候，我的伞总是很快就被酸雨淋坏了。”金瑞东（音译）回忆着过去。为了保护自己的伞，金说，他学会了在每次用完雨伞之后都清洗它，他的同学也这么做。
"But now, I can bring back a clean umbrella without any washing no matter how long I use it," Jin said. "The air quality of Chongqing is greatly improved."
“但是现在，无论我用多长时间，也不进行清洗，我的脸都还是干净的，”金说.“重庆的空气质量真的得到了大幅度的提高。”
Farmers embrace cap and trade
农民拥护碳交易
The former college student, who works for the Beijing office of the U.S.-based Natural Resources Defense Council, often travels to Chongqing and helps the city improve its energy efficiency. Since Chinese cities largely run on coal, a high carbon dioxide emitter, more efficient energy use means slowing down global warming.
这位在办公室设在北京的为美国自然资源保护委员会工作的大学生，经常到重庆帮助其提高能源利用效率。因为中国工业的运行最主要是靠煤炭，是一个高二氧化碳排放国，所以更加需要提高能源利用效率以减缓全球气候变暖。
Chongqing leads the nation in reducing the amount of the energy that its buildings consume, Jin says. Now, it is developing a cap-and-trade scheme to get factories on its side of the energy-saving battle.
重庆在减少建筑能源消费上领先于国内其他城市，金说。现在，他在计划一个碳交易计划，以求让工厂主动减排废气。
Under such scheme, factories that emit carbon dioxide beyond a set limit will be required to buy allowances, while those that become more efficient can sell allowances they no longer need.
Besides trading allowances with one another, factories will also have other options to comply. Their choices will include sponsoring tree planting or paying area farmers to turn waste into biogas power.
在这种方案下， 工厂若排放二氧化碳超过限额，则就要购买排放权限，而那些排放不超限额的工厂就可以出售他们用不到的那部分排放权限。除了交易津贴和其他，工厂还有其他的政策可选择，他们可以资助植树事业和帮助农民实现粪污处理沼气工程。
"The central government quite supports this idea," explained Chen Hongbo, a carbon trading expert who oversees the proposed citywide scheme. "That is because it not only helps the city reduce carbon emissions but also promotes a sustainable development in rural areas."
“中央政府很支持这个想法，”陈洪波（音译）解释道，这位碳交易专家为重庆提出了一个监督方案。“这是因为这项举措不仅减少了城市的二氧化碳排放量，也为农村的可持续性发展提供了帮助。”
Still, experts and officials are examining whether such a scheme is doable. And even if it is, Chen said, crucial elements, from building a trading infrastructure to drawing the limits or "caps" that factories can emit, are largely missing. Thus, it could take years to see the scheme take shape.
Incubating green startups
但是专家和政府官员仍然在调查这项方案是否可行。而陈洪波表示，关键因素是企业能否接受这样的一个计划，因此，这需要一段时间才能初具规模。
Incubating green startups
绿色企业孵化
But Chongqing doesn't want to wait for that long. Although keeping its status as an industrial center, Chongqing is now steering away from energy-intensive cement producers, for instance. Instead, it embraces businesses that can boost economic output while decreasing environmental damage.
但是重庆不想等那么久，尽管作为工业中心，重庆现在转离能源密集型的产业，例如水泥生产。相反的是，它现在在大力促进可以减少环境污染的业务发展。
Earlier this year, Chang'an, China's fourth-largest car maker, which is based here, opened an environmentally friendly factory to produce zero-emission electric vehicles. And American information technology giant Hewlett-Packard Co. equipped its newly built Chongqing-based production center with energy-efficient machinery to make laptops.
前些年，重庆的中国第四大的汽车生产商，长安汽车，开放了一个环保工厂用以生产零排放电动车，而和美国信息技术巨头惠普也在重庆建立制造中心使用节能机械制造笔记本电脑。
Besides welcoming outside technology giants, the city has also begun to grow its own green startups.
除了引进国外电子巨头，重庆也开始发展自己的绿色产业。
Last year, Tailu Puji, a manufacturer of products that decrease oil use in vehicles, ships and power plants, bought land for its factory at a high-tech industrial park in Chongqing for only half of the market price, according to Liao Zhineng, a company executive.
通过公司总裁廖志能（音译）了解，去年，Tailu Puji，一个致力于使车辆，船只，发电厂减少用油量技术的制造商，在重庆高新技术开发区用一般的价格为自己的工厂购买了一块地。
"That is because the local government cuts land costs for green businesses," Liao explained. "Otherwise, there is no way we could have gotten such a good price. This is really a big help, given nowadays high real estate costs."
“这是因为当地政府为绿色环保企业主动削减土地价格，”廖解释到，“否则，我们不可能用这个价格买一块地，这真是个巨大的帮助，要知道如今房地产的价格太高了。”
Being a green business in Chongqing also creates more opportunities for financial backup. Liao noted that the industrial park his company is located in helps connect green startups with high-profile investors that are otherwise far beyond the company's reach.
重庆的绿色公司们也得到了自己财政储备的机会。廖表示，当地政府帮助他的公司获得了很多靠他自己不可能拿得到的高端投资。
While its mass production only started last spring, the company has already sold products to half of the nation, said Liao. "We never imagined growing so fast. It seems clients are quite excited about our fuel-saving technology."
And so is the city striving to go green.
直到去年春天，它才开始大规模的进行生产，这个公司已经向搬个中国出售了他们的产品，廖说。“我们从来没有想象过有这么快速的增长，我们的客户好像对节省燃油的技术感兴趣。”
所以，重庆这座城市，在努力变绿着。 |
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发表于 2011-9-27 17:34
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