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本帖最后由 lilyma06 于 2011-10-13 13:09 编辑
【中文标题】中国不受日本福岛核泄漏影响，继续进行核能研发
【原文标题】China Marches on With Nuclear Energy, in Spite of Fukushima
【登载媒体】纽约时报
【来源地址】http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/11/business/energy-environment/china-marches-on-with-nuclear-energy-in-spite-of-fukushima.html?_r=2&pagewanted=1
【译 者】小浦子
【翻译方式】人工
【声 明】欢迎转载，请务必注明译者和出处 bbs.m4.cn。
【译 文】
Meltdowns of three reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan last March have put a chill on much of the world’s nuclear power industry — but not in China.
三月份日本福岛第一核电站的三个反应核泄漏事件给了世界上大多核工业以沉重打击，但是中国除外。
The German Parliament voted this summer to close the country’s remaining nuclear power plants by 2022, while the Swiss Parliament voted this summer to phase nuclear power out by 2034. Economic stagnation in the United States and most other industrialized economies since 2008 has produced stagnant electricity demand, further sapping interest in nuclear power.
今年夏天，德国国会对“于2022年前关闭本国剩余核电站”进行了投票表决；瑞士国会也对“于2034年前逐步淘汰核能” 进行了投票表决。美国经济不景气，其它大多数工业化经济体制也从2008年起电能需求减少，进一步导致对核能的兴趣减弱。
In Japan itself, the government has put on hold its plans to build further nuclear power plants, and the government faces a political battle to continue operating existing reactors. Emerging economies like Brazil and particularly India are still planning nuclear reactors. But the Indian leaders introduced legislation on Sept. 7 that is supposed to increase the independence of nuclear regulators from the industry, though critics are skeptical.
在日本本国，政府也搁置了继续建造核电站的计划，日本政府继续使用现有核反应堆的想法，政府还面临着国际政治斗争。巴西特别是印度等新兴经济体仍在计划建核反应堆。但是9月7日印度领导人立法，打算把核监管机构从工业中独立开来，尽管这一做法受到批评家们的质疑。
That leaves China poised to build more nuclear reactors in the coming years than the rest of the world combined. But questions abound whether China will be a savior for the international nuclear power industry, or a ferocious competitor that could create even greater challenges for nuclear power companies in the West.
这却使得中国在未来的几年中要建造比世界上其他国家更多核反应堆。但是周遭质疑纷纭：中国究竟会成为国际核能工业的救世主，还是给西方核能集团造成巨大挑战的强劲竞争者。
Chinese regulators performed a four-month review of safety at all existing nuclear reactors and reactors under construction after the Fukushima meltdowns and declared them safe. Safety reviews continue at reactors where construction had not yet started at the time of the Fukushima accident.
中国的监管机构对现存的反应堆以及福岛核泄漏事件之后在建的反应堆进行了为期四个月的安全检测，检测结果为安全。福岛事件发生时尚未启用的反应堆也进行了安全检测。
Jiang Kejun, a director of the Energy Research Institute at the National Development and Reform Commission, the top Chinese economic planning agency, said that the government was sticking to its target of 50 gigawatts of nuclear power by 2015, compared to just 10.8 gigawatts at the end of last year.
最高的中国经济规划机构国家发展与改革委员会能源研究所主任姜克隽说，中国政府坚定不移地执行2015年前产500亿瓦特核能的目标，相比去年年底仅为108亿瓦特。
Mr. Jiang said in an interview that nuclear power construction targets for 2020 had not yet been set and might end up slightly lower than they would have been without the meltdowns in Fukushima. But he and other Chinese officials say that China’s rapidly rising electricity consumption makes nuclear power essential. They even try to portray the Fukushima incidents as salutary for the nuclear power industry, a view seldom heard elsewhere.
姜主任在一次访谈中说道，2020年的核能工程目标尚未设定，可能最终会略低于若福岛核泄漏不发生的情况下的目标。但是他和其他中国官员指出：中国的电能消耗量剧增，因此核能是很必要的。他们甚至认为福岛核泄漏事件对于核能工业来说是有好处的，这个观点在别处鲜有所闻。
“Globally, I think Fukushima could be a good thing for nuclear power,” Mr. Jiang said. “We can learn a lot from that. We can’t be smug or too clever.”
“就全球而言，我认为福岛事件可能是对核能发展有好处，”姜主任说，“我们可以从中吸取很多教训，不应该自满或自以为是。”
China allowed existing reactors to continue operating during the safety review from March to July and allowed construction to continue at reactors where it had already begun. Chinese regulators have also encouraged electric utilities to continue planning future nuclear power plants.
在三月至七月的安全检测期间，中国现存的反应堆一直在运行，新开工的反应堆也在继续建造。中国监管机构还鼓励公用电力事业继续规划将来的核电站。
But one category of reactor has been delayed by the Fukushima incident. At reactors that had been approved before the Fukushima accident but where construction had not yet begun, the government still has not allowed construction to start while continuing to study whether further safety improvements can be made, said Xu Yuanhui, one of China’s top nuclear engineers for the past half century.
但是有一类反应堆受到福岛事件的耽搁。上半世纪中国顶尖的核工程师之一徐元辉透露：政府在继续研究是否能进一步提高安全性，对于在福岛事件之前就被批准但是尚未开始建造的反应堆，政府还未允许开建。
The delay applies to several conventional nuclear reactors plus Beijing’s project to build two reactors in northeastern China, using a new generation of technology known as a pebble-bed design. Critics and advocates describe it as safer than current reactors, though its cost-effectiveness unclear.
一些常规核反应堆以及北京在中国东北部建造两个运用新一代卵石层设计技术的反应堆项目都被搁置。评论家和拥护者认为新技术反应堆比现有反应堆更安全而且更节约成本。
The two reactors in Shidao, in Shandong Province in northeast China, were approved days before the Fukushima nuclear accident began with an earthquake and tsunami March 11. But the 50-month timetable for building them cannot start until the government lifts its hold on construction.
位于中国东北部山东省石岛得两个反应堆得到批准的时间是在3月11日地震和海啸引发福山核泄漏的前一天。但是预计50个月的建造计划还需等待政府的批准。
“By the end of this year, maybe we’ll have some information from the government side,” Dr. Xu said.
“今年年底前政府可能会给我们回应。”徐博士说。
Nuclear power represented only 1.1 percent of China’s electricity generation capacity at the end of last year. With wind turbines and coal-fired power plants being installed at rates that far surpass those in any other country, nuclear power is on track to account for no more than 4 percent of electricity capacity by 2015.
去年年底核能仅占中国总发电量的1.1%。风力涡轮机和燃煤发电站建造速度远远超过其他任何国家，而核能到2015年为止却只占总电量的4%。
A big part of the appeal of nuclear energy for Chinese officials is that it supplies baseload power, meaning it is available 24 hours a day and seven days a week to meet needs. China passed the United States last year as the world’s largest installer of wind turbines, but wind still accounts for only 3.2 percent of China’s installed electricity generation capacity and less than 2 percent of electricity generated.
大部分中国官员呼吁核能的原因是它能提供基底负载能量，这就意味着它能全天候满足需求。中国去年超过美国成为世界上最大的风力涡轮机建造国。但是风力仍只占中国安装电发电量的3.2%，占总发电量的不到2%。
Coal remains by far the dominant source of electricity in China, producing three-quarters of the country’s electricity. Nuclear power mainly displaces coal as a source of baseload power. That has also made it popular with Chinese officials, as they have set increasingly ambitious targets to slow the country’s rapid rise in emissions of global warming gases, in which the country already leads the world.
煤炭目前为止仍是中国电力的主要来源，国家四分之三的电都由煤炭发电而来。核能主要能作为基底负载能量来取代煤炭。这一点广受中国官员欢迎，他们设定的目标也越来越野心勃勃：减缓中国日益增长的温室气体排放速度，中国已经是世界上温室气体排放量最大的国家。
Until reliable, large-scale storage of electricity is perfected for renewable energy sources like the wind and sun, “they’ve got to continue using nuclear as a fundamental part of their fuel mix,” said James A. Maguire, the regional managing director for Asian infrastructure at Aon Risk Solutions, a risk management and insurance broker.
风能、太阳能等可持续能源使可靠的大规模的电能储备得到完善。“他们得继续使用核能作为混合燃料的基本组成部分，”怡安全球风险管理公司旗下亚洲基础建设的地区经理、风险及管理保险经纪人James A. Maguire说。
Coal is the most polluting major source of electricity in terms of emissions of climate-changing gases, while nuclear power is one of the cleanest. Coal mining accidents also kill more than 2,000 people a year in China, and large areas of the countryside in northern China have been heavily polluted.
作为发电的主要资源，煤炭发电排放的气体是引起气温变化气体中最具污染性的，相反核能却是最清洁能源之一。中国每年有超过2000人因煤矿事故丧生，中国北部农村的很大一部分地区也已经被严重污染。
China is paying particular attention to nuclear safety issues, however, because it has some of the world’s most densely populated rural areas. If a nuclear accident rendered even a small area around a power plant uninhabitable, many would need to be resettled.
中国尤其重视核安全问题，因为一些农村地区人口是是世界上最稠密的。一旦发生核事故，哪怕是核电站附近很小的一块区域没法住人，很多人将会流离失所。
China now has an unusually varied fleet of nuclear reactors, using French, American, Russian and homegrown technology. While awarding contracts to a wide range of multinational nuclear power plant contractors, it has required that they provide documentation on exactly how to build the reactors.
中国目前有各种核反应堆，使用的是法国、美国、俄罗斯和本国的技术。跟跨国核电站建造承包商签合同的时候，中国要求他们提供如何建造反应堆的详细程序说明书。
That will give China the ability to export reactors in a few years, in competition with industrialized nations, nuclear power industry experts warned. Demand outside China could revive if memories of the Fukushima accident fade or if worries about global warming become more pressing.
中国在近几年内与工业化国家竞争向外国出口核反应堆将成为可能。核能工业专家发出警告：一旦福岛核泄漏事件的记忆淡去或者全球变暖的担忧更加厉害，外国的核能需求很可能会死灰复燃。
China is not only acquiring technology. It is also creating economies of scale by building dozens of reactors at the same time. As a population equal to New York City’s moves into China’s cities each year demanding air-conditioners and other electricity-guzzling conveniences, consumption is likely to continue growing by double digits.
中国不仅实现了技术，同时也通过成批建造反应堆大规模推动经济发展。就像纽约搬到中国城市的人口那么多，每年都需要大量的空调和其它高耗电设备，电能消耗很可能会成倍增长。
“It’s the largest migration in history, so they need to build a lot of infrastructure,” said Dennis Bracy, the chief executive of the U.S.-China Clean Energy Forum, a bilateral discussion group formed by the Chinese government with prominent Americans from previous Republican and Democratic administrations. “I believe they will stay with nuclear as part of the portfolio.”
“这是历史上最大规模的迁移，所以他们需要建造许多基础设施。”中美清洁能源论坛总裁丹尼斯•布若斯（Dennis Bracy）说道。中国政府和来自前共和国及民主机构的杰出美国人组成了一个双边讨论小组。“我相信他们将继续把核能作为投资组合的一部分。”
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发表于 2011-10-13 12:13
