本帖最后由 武大郎 于 2011-11-24 23:18 编辑
【中文标题】共和党人与奥巴马一致对外，炮轰中国贸易行为
【原文标题】Republicans and Obama Can Agree on Criticizing China’s Trade Practices
【登载媒体】纽约时报
【来源地址】http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/22/us/politics/republican-candidates-and-obama-find-common-ground-china.html
【译 者】武大郎
【翻译方式】人工
【声 明】欢迎转载，请务必注明译者和出处 bbs.m4.cn。
【译 文】
President Obama with Hu Jintao of China in Hawaii. Mr. Obama has stepped up his criticism of Chinese economic policies 总统奥巴马和胡锦涛在夏威夷，奥巴马已经开始指责中国的经济政策。 WASHINGTON — China’s swift economic rise, and a presidential election dominated by fears of a declining American economy, have produced a rare convergence: Republican contenders talking tough about China, and a president who is already getting tough on it.
华盛顿——中国经济的快速增长，以及由对美国经济衰退的恐惧所主导的大选，超生了一次罕见的趋同：共和党候选人主张对中国强硬，现任总统也在对中国采取强硬态度。
As President Obama returned Sunday from a trip to Asia that was filled with signs that the United States plans to be a counterweight to Beijing’s growing influence in that region, Mitt Romney and other Republican candidates have stepped up their denunciation of China’s trade practices, casting the country as predatory and a culprit for lost jobs at home. 作为总统，奥巴马周日结束了他的亚洲之行，在这次亚洲之行中，美国处处表现出要制衡中国在亚洲不断增长的影响力的姿态。米特·罗姆尼，以及其他共和党候选人也开始对中国的贸易行为进行公开批评，将中国比作比作掠夺者以及失业的罪魁祸首。
Given the bleak economic backdrop, China’s emergence as an election issue is no big surprise. But it is an unusual case in which domestic politics are playing to Mr. Obama’s diplomatic advantage, allowing him to project to China the picture of a country united in its resolve.
Still, the intensity of the American anti-China sentiment— in Congress, as well as on the campaign trail and during Mr. Obama’s travels — could have damaging consequences for the relationship between the two countries, regardless of who wins the White House. 在全球经济萧条的大背景下，把中国作为竞选的议题并不出人意料。但不正常的是，国内政治都倒向奥巴马一边，允许他向中国展示一幅团结坚决的国家的景象。 但是，不管谁赢得大选，国会里、竞选以及奥巴马亚洲之行中的强烈反中情绪，都会对中美关系造成破坏。 Mr. Romney, diplomats and other experts said, could be haunted by his harsh claims that China steals American technology and hacks into its computers, and his threat to declare it a currency manipulator on his first day in the Oval Office. As candidates, Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton both attacked China, only to have to make amends after bitterness in Beijing hindered their efforts to work with Chinese leaders. 一些外交官和专家说道，尽管罗姆尼言辞激烈，称中国窃取美国技术并侵入他们的电脑，同时威胁说在他当总统的第一天就要把中国定位汇率操纵国，但他有可能反受这些言论之害。作为候选人，里根和克林顿也曾攻击过中国，这使得北京方面十分恼怒并拒绝同他们合作，最终结果只能是他们自吞恶果，不得不再去弥补同中国的裂痕。
Mr. Obama avoided going after China when he ran in 2008, and he has sought to balance criticism of Beijing’s economic policies with pledges of global partnership. But experts and former officials said the president would be pressured, by the Republicans and by his own political advisers, to take a harder line this time around.
“He has not risen to the bait to try to outbid Romney rhetorically in terms of the security relationship,” said Jeffrey A. Bader, who was Mr. Obama’s chief adviser on China until last April. But, he added, “If you look at what he has said on economic issues, it’s hard-edged.”
At an economic summit meeting in Hawaii last week, Mr. Obama said that China was now a “grown-up” economy, and that its leaders needed to start behaving that way. He singled out Beijing’s artificially depressed currency, which undercuts exports from the United States. The American people, he declared, “understandably, feel that enough is enough.” 在08年上台后，奥巴马一直在避免对北京亦步亦趋，同时他也在寻找对中国经济政策的批评和全球伙伴关系承诺间的平衡。但有关专家以及以前的官员说道，最近一段时间奥巴马迫于压力可能不得不变的更强硬一些，而这些压力来自共和党人以及他自己的政治顾问。 “他并没有向鱼儿一样上钩，要在安全关系方面盖过罗姆尼的风头”，杰弗里·贝德如是说，他在去年四月份之前一直担任奥巴马在中国方面的主要顾问。 但是，他补充道，“若你去看奥巴马在经济问方面的言论，你会发现他变的更加锋芒毕露了。” 在上周夏威夷举行的亚太经济高层会议上，奥巴马说道，中国现在已经是一个“成熟”的经济体，其领导人也需要有与之相符合的表现和行动。他特别提到了中国被人为压低的汇率状况，这压低了美国（对中国）的出口。他说道，美国人民，“可想而知，已经对此受够了”。
On Saturday, on the Indonesian island of Bali, Mr. Obama threw his weight behind neighbors of China who are disputing Beijing’s aggressive maritime claims in the South China Sea.
Chinese leaders were rattled by the flurry of American initiatives during the president’s trip, which also included reaffirming an alliance with the Philippines, opening a historic diplomatic channel to Myanmar and agreeing to deploy 2,500 Marines to Australia. 周日，在印尼的巴厘岛上，面对在南海咄咄逼人争取海事赔偿的中国，美国选择了站在中国的邻国一边。 中国的领导者被美国主导的这一系列疾风骤雨打的有些慌乱，美国的这些行动包括重申与菲律宾的盟友关系，为孟买方面提供一个历史性的外交途径以及同意在澳大利亚部署2500名海军陆战队士兵。
The American election adds to their confusion, China experts said, because they are uncertain how much of Mr. Obama’s stance is driven by domestic political calculations.
But the president’s criticism has been far more measured than that of Mr. Romney and other Republicans, who excoriated China at a debate in South Carolina that occurred as Mr. Obama was greeting the Chinese president, Hu Jintao, in Hawaii.
“We can’t just sit back and let China run all over us,” Mr. Romney said, calling for tariffs on Chinese goods. “People say, well, you’ll start a trade war. There’s one going on right now, folks.” 中国专家说，美国的大选加剧了他们的困惑，因为他们不知道奥巴马的这种姿态到底有多大程度是出于对国内政治形式的考虑。 但实际上，与罗姆尼及其他共和党人指责中国的言论相比，总统对中国的这些指责，无疑是更经过深思熟虑的。罗姆尼在奥巴马于夏威夷会见中国领导人时，在南卡罗来纳州的一个讨论中也曾严厉指责中国。 罗姆尼要求对中国货物征收关税，“我们不能在那闲坐，任由中国超越我们。人们会说，你将要开启一场贸易战争。那伙计们，现在有一场战争就将出现在眼前” 。
For Mr. Romney, a wealthy business executive with free-market credentials, criticizing China is a rare chance to play the populist and appeal to working-class voters, many of whom do blame China and other Asian nations for sucking away jobs with cheaper labor and production costs.
Not wanting to be outdone, Gov. Rick Perry of Texas likened China to the Soviet Union. “I happen to think that the Communist Chinese government will end up on the ash heap of history,” he said.
While Chinese officials are sophisticated enough to understand the posturing in Republican primaries, Kenneth G. Lieberthal, a China adviser to President Bill Clinton, said that on a recent visit to Beijing, several of them expressed worry to him about the tone of the campaign. China is in its own delicate leadership transition and has a restive military eager to flex its muscles.
“This kind of rhetoric really helps the nationalist and conservative wings of the Chinese government,” said Cheng Li, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. “To reinforce the hard-liners could lead not only to economic tensions, but a military confrontation.”
对拉姆尼这样一个希望市场自由的商业高管，抨击中国是不可多得的扮演平民主义者角色并将其示之于工薪阶层投票者的机会，因为很多工薪阶层的人也都在指责中国和其它亚洲国家利用廉价的劳力和成本吸走了大量的工作岗位。 德州州长里克佩里也不甘落后，并将中国与前苏联联系起来。他说，“我突然想到共产主义的中国政府将消逝在历史的灰烬里”。 老练的中国官员当然明白共和党领导人的这种态度的含义，比尔·里根总统在中国方面的顾问，肯尼斯·利伯索谈到他在最近一次中国之行时说，一些中国官员向他表达了对这场竞选基调的担忧。中国自身也正处在领导层交接的微妙时期，对于展示自己的力量有着难以抑制的渴望。 布鲁金斯学会的资深研究员李成说道，“这种论调有助于中国政府的民族主义者和保守一派”“强硬派的增强不仅会导致经济领域的紧张状态也会导致军事上的摩擦”。
In Washington, the maneuvering over China also has a military component. The Pentagon is using an expanded American presence in Asia to help forestall deep cuts in the defense budget. Facing off against the People’s Liberation Army, officials argue, will require a reinforced Navy and other military hardware.
Then, too, there is the political benefit of targeting a country whose success is alarming to many Americans, especially at a time of near double-digit unemployment. In a CBS News poll last month, 61 percent of people said the economic expansion of China was “generally bad” for the United States. Only 15 percent said it was “generally good.”
The Senate has responded to such fears by passing a bill that would impose tariffs on Chinese goods to punish it for keeping its currency artificially low. Last week, the House Intelligence Committee announced it would investigate a Chinese telecommunications company to determine if it posed a national security threat to the United States.
“It will cost President Obama votes if he comes up short on China as a currency manipulator, or in enforcing trade laws,” said Senator Sherrod Brown, Democrat of Ohio, who sponsored the currency bill. “You can’t talk about jobs and the economy without talking about China.” 在华盛顿，对中国的指责还包括军事方面的动机。五角大楼正在利用美国在亚洲不断增加的高光表现来预防军费的进一步削减。有关官员认为，要对抗中国人民解放军，就需要加强海军和其它方面的军事硬件。 另外，针对中国这样一个用其成功警示了很多美国人的国家也有其政治利益，尤其是在美国失业率近10%的这样一个时候。在上个月的CBS（哥伦比亚广播公司）调查中，有61%的人认为中国的经济扩张“在整体上看是无益的”，只有15%的人认为中国的经济扩张“在整体上是有益的”。 针对这样的担心，美国参议院做出了回应，他们通过了一项法案，该法案决定对中国货物征收关税以此惩罚中国认为维持低汇率的行为。上周，议会情报委员会决定对中国的电信设备公司（中兴和华为）进行调查，以评估其是否对美国的国家安全造成威胁。 俄亥俄州的民主党参议员布朗说道，“若奥巴马在是否将中国作为汇率操纵国或实施贸易法案上做的不好，他的支持率将会下降”，“不谈论中国，你也就无法去讨论工作和经济方面的事”，布朗是上述货币法案的发起者之一。 Senator Brown credited Mr. Obama with imposing tariffs on Chinese tires, citing unfair trade practices. And he predicted voters in Ohio, whatever their frustration with the president, would not believe Mr. Romney’s tough talk, given that he is a “guy who’s come to my state, bought companies, shut them down and moved the jobs to China.”
No one better embodies the complexities of China’s political role than Jon M. Huntsman Jr., the Republican candidate who was governor of Utah and ambassador to China under Mr. Obama. As a young aide to President Ronald Reagan, Mr. Huntsman said he traveled to Beijing to help repair the damage done to relations by Mr. Reagan’s threat, during the 1980 campaign, to restore Taiwan’s diplomatic status, in defiance of China.
“He got into office and found that the world functioned a little differently,” Mr. Huntsman said in an interview. “You needed to sit down with the Chinese to figure out how to manage these issues.”
Like his fellow Republicans, Mr. Huntsman said the United States needed to be more aggressive in defending its interests with China. But he added, “It can’t be a Romney approach, where you go to the W.T.O., slap a tariff on and end up in a trade war.” 参议员布朗支持奥巴马对中国轮胎征收惩罚性关税的措施，认为中国的轮胎出口是不公平贸易的例子。同时他预言，不管奥巴马最后会遇到什么样的挫败，俄亥俄州的选民都不会相信拉姆尼的强硬言论，他说拉姆尼就是一个“来我们州，买下公司，然后关闭公司，并将其中的职位都移到中国”的家伙。 没有人能够比乔恩·亨斯迈更好的表达中国政治角色的复杂性，他是共和党候选人，犹他州长以及奥巴马任下的驻华大使。作为里根总统的一个副手，年轻的他曾到中国去帮助修复中美关系，因为在1980年大选时期，里根曾无视中国，威胁要保留台湾的外交身份。 他说道，“当里根上台后，发现世界有了一些不同，你必须坐下来同中国一起商量如何处理这些问题”。 和他的其他共和党同伴一样，亨麦斯也认为在同中国的交易中，美国应该更加积极的维护自身的利益。但他补充道，“绝不能用罗姆尼的方式来处理问题，到世贸组织那，强加关税，然后以一场贸易战争而结束”。
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