【印度时报12.12】美国数据盗贼背后的中国黑客

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Chinese hackers behind US data theft: Experts
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/news/internet/Chinese-hackers-behind-US-data-theft-Experts/articleshow/11079540.cms
NEW YORK: As few as 12 different Chinese groups, largely backed or directed by the government there, do the bulk of the China-based cyberattacks stealing critical data from US companies and government agencies, according to US cybersecurity analysts and experts.
  The aggressive, but stealthy attacks, which steal billions of dollars in intellectual property and data, often carry distinct signatures allowing US officials to link them to certain hacker teams. And, analysts say the US often gives the attackers unique names or numbers, and at times can tell where the hackers are and even who they may be.
  Sketched out by analysts who have worked with US companies and the government on computer intrusions, the details illuminate recent claims by American intelligence officials about the escalating cyber threat emanating from China. And the widening expanse of targets, coupled with the expensive and sensitive technologies they are losing, is putting increased pressure on the US to take a much harder stand against the communist giant.
  It is largely impossible for the US to prosecute hackers in China, since it requires reciprocal agreements between the two countries, and it is always difficult to provide ironclad  proof that the hacking came from specific people.
  Several analysts described the Chinese attacks, speaking on condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the investigations and to protect the privacy of clients. China has routinely rejected allegations of cyberspying and says it also is a target.
  "Industry is already feeling that they are at war," said  James Cartwright, a retired Marine general and former vice chairman of the  Joint Chiefs of Staff.
  A recognized expert on cyber issues, Cartwright has come out strongly in favor of increased US efforts to hold China and other countries accountable for the cyberattacks that come from within their borders.
  "Right now we have the worst of worlds," said Cartwright. "If you want to attack me you can do it all you want, because I can't do anything about it. It's risk free, and you're willing to take almost any risk to come after me."
  The US, he said, "needs to say, if you come after me, I'm going to find you, I'm going to do something about it. It will be proportional, but I'm going to do something ... and if you're hiding in a third country, I'm going to tell that country you're there, if they don't stop you from doing it, I'm going to come and get you."
  Cyber experts agree, and say that companies are frustrated that the government isn't doing enough to pressure China to stop the attacks or go after hackers in that country.
  Much like during the Cold War with Russia, officials say the US needs to make it clear that there will be repercussions for cyberattacks.
  The government "needs to do more to increase the risk," said Jon Ramsey, head of the counter threat unit at the Atlanta-based Dell  SecureWorks, a computer security consulting company. "In the private sector we're always on defense. We can't do something about it, but someone has to. There is no deterrent not to attack the US."
  Cyberattacks originating in China have been a problem for years, but until a decade or so ago analysts said the probes focused mainly on the US government -- a generally acknowledged intelligence gathering activity similar to Americans and Russians spying on each other during the Cold War.
  But in the last 10 to 15 years, the attacks have gradually broadened to target defense companies, and then other critical industries including those in energy, finance and other sectors.
  According to Ramsey and other cyber analysts, hackers in China have different digital fingerprints, often visible through the computer code they use, or the command and control computers that they use to route their malicious software through.
  US government officials have been reluctant to tie the attacks directly back to the Chinese government, but analysts and officials quietly say that they have tracked enough intrusions to specific locations to be confident they are linked to  Beijing - either the government or the military. And, they add that they can sometimes glean who benefited from a particular stolen technology.
  One of the analysts said investigations show that the dozen or so Chinese teams appear to get "taskings", or orders, to go after specific technologies or companies within a particular industry. At times, two or more of the teams appear to get the same shopping list, and compete to be the first to get it, or the one with the greatest haul.
  Analysts and US officials agree that a majority of the cyberattacks seeking intellectual property or other sensitive or classified data are done by China-based hackers. While much of the cyberattacks stealing credit card or financial information come from  Eastern Europe or Russia.
  According to experts, the malicious software or high-tech tools used by the Chinese haven't gotten much more sophisticated in recent years. But the threat is persistent, often burying  malware deep in computer  networks so it can be used again and again over the course of several months or even years.
  The tools include malware that can record keystrokes, steal and decrypt passwords, and copy and compress data so it can be transferred back to the attacker's computer. The malware can then delete itself or disappear until needed again.
  Several specific attacks linked to China include:
  -- Two sophisticated attacks against Google's systems that stole some of the Internet giant's intellectual property and broke into the  Gmail accounts of several hundred people, including senior US government officials, military personnel and political activists.
  -- Last year computer security firm Mandiant reported that data was stolen from a Fortune 500 manufacturing company during business negotiations when the company was trying to buy a Chinese company.
  -- Earlier this year, McAfee traced an intrusion to an Internet protocol address in China and said intruders took data from global oil, energy and petrochemical companies.
  For the first time, US intelligence officials called out China and  Russia last month, saying they are systematically stealing American high-tech data for their own economic gain. The unusually forceful public report seemed to signal a new, more vocal U.S. government campaign against the cyberattacks.
  The next step, said Cartwright, must be a full-throated US policy that makes it clear how the US will deal with cyberattacks, including the attackers as well as the nations the attacks are routed through. Once an attack is detected, he said the US should first go through the State Department to ask the country to stop the attack. If the country refuses, he said, the US will have the right to stop the computer server from sending the attack by whatever means possible while still avoiding any collateral damage.