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【纽约时报11.12.10】美国人说的中国间谍的故事：W-88。。。
China’s Spies Are Catching Up
By DAVID WISE
Published: December 10, 2011
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/11/opinion/sunday/chinas-spies-are-catching-up.html
IN 1995, a middle-aged Chinese man walked into a C.I.A. station in Southeast Asia and offered up a trove of secret Chinese documents. Among them was a file containing the top-secret design of the American W-88 nuclear warhead that sits atop the missiles carried by Trident submarines.
He told a story to the C.I.A. that was so bizarre it might just be true. He said that he worked in China’s nuclear program and had access to the archive where classified documents were stored. He went there after hours one night, scooped up hundreds of documents and stuffed them into a duffel bag, which he then tossed out a second-story window to evade security guards. Unfortunately, the bag broke and the papers scattered.
Outside, he collected the files and stuffed them back into the torn bag. Although many of the documents were of interest for their intelligence content, it was the one about the W-88 that roiled American counterintelligence most because it contained highly classified details about a cutting-edge warhead design.
The United States had been producing small nuclear warheads for decades, and the Chinese were desperate to find out how to build miniaturized warheads themselves. China’s military was, and still is, playing catch-up to the United States.
China’s success in obtaining the secret design of the W-88 is the most dramatic example of a fact that United States counterintelligence agencies have been slow to recognize: just as China has become a global economic power, it has developed a world-class espionage service — one that rivals the C.I.A.
During the cold war, dozens of counterintelligence agents in the F.B.I. and the C.I.A. pursued Soviet and then Russian spies. The K.G.B. was seen as the enemy; China took a back seat. Only a handful of F.B.I. agents specialized in Chinese spy cases, and their work was not regarded as career-enhancing. Washington’s ongoing failure to make Chinese espionage a priority has allowed China to score a number of successes in its espionage efforts against the United States.
China’s foreign intelligence service and its military intelligence agency actively spy on the American defense industry, our nuclear weapons labs, Silicon Valley, our intelligence agencies and other sensitive targets.
In January, when Robert M. Gates, then the defense secretary, was visiting China, Beijing unveiled a stealth fighter jet, the J-20. The disclosure demonstrated that China had achieved a stealth capability, allowing it to conceal its planes, ships and missiles from radar — similar to the American stealth technology that China has been seeking to acquire by clandestine means for years.
Later that month, an engineer who worked on the B-2 stealth bomber for Northrop Grumman was sentenced to 32 years in prison for passing defense secrets to China. In exchange for more than $100,000, he had helped design a stealth exhaust system for China’s cruise missiles to make it difficult to detect and destroy them.
And in August, reports attributed to American intelligence officials asserted that Pakistan had allowed Chinese experts to inspect the remains of the stealth helicopter that crashed during the May mission to kill Osama bin Laden. Although Pakistan and China denied the reports, Beijing would have a great interest in examining the tail of the Black Hawk helicopter, the part of the aircraft that was not destroyed by the Navy Seals team, to learn more secret details of American stealth technology.
Meanwhile, the mystery of the leaked W-88 warhead design remains unsolved. At first, the American government suspected that Wen Ho Lee, a Los Alamos nuclear scientist, had leaked the W-88, but it produced no evidence that he had done so. He was held in solitary confinement for nine months, eventually pleaded guilty to one count of mishandling classified information and won an extraordinary apology from the federal judge who presided over the case.
Misled by the Energy Department, the F.B.I. had chased the wrong person for three years. Finally, in 1999, Robert Bryant, then the bureau’s deputy director, enlisted Stephen Dillard, a veteran counterintelligence agent, to head a major investigation of how China had acquired the design of the W-88.
The inquiry was led by the F.B.I. and run by a task force of 300 investigators from 11 federal agencies, including the Defense Department, the C.I.A., the National Security Agency and the Defense Intelligence Agency. On Sept. 11, 2001, some of the investigators were killed when American Airlines Flight 77 was flown by terrorists into the Pentagon.
But the investigation went on. Mr. Dillard’s task force, operating out of public view, looked at the nuclear weapons laboratories, government agencies and defense contractors in California and several other states who had manufactured parts of the warhead. The F.B.I. interviewed the walk-in, who was by now living in the United States, but he could shed no light on the source of the document.
Finally, after four years, the investigation ended with American intelligence agencies no closer to knowing how China obtained the secret design of the nuclear warhead. The answer remains locked up in Beijing.
More than a decade later, China’s spies continue to conduct espionage against military targets. Last year, a Pentagon official was sentenced to prison, the last of 10 people rounded up by the F.B.I., all members of a loosely connected Chinese spy network on the West and East Coasts that was run by Lin Hong, a spymaster in Beijing. The data that made its way to China included information on the Navy’s Quiet Electric Drive, designed to make submarines harder to detect, the B-1 bomber and projected American arms sales to Taiwan.
China has even penetrated the F.B.I. In 2003, Katrina Leung, an F.B.I. informant for two decades, was found to be working as a double agent for Beijing. Astonishingly, the two top F.B.I. agents in California responsible for Chinese counterintelligence were having affairs with Ms. Leung at the same time, allowing her to help herself to classified documents that were brought to her home by one of the agents.
China’s success in stealing American secrets will provide a continuing challenge to the spy catchers. And Washington’s counterintelligence agents, accustomed to the comfortable parameters of the cold war and more recent battles against Al Qaeda, must rethink their priorities and shift their focus, resources and energy eastward to counter China’s spies.
If not, more secrets like the W-88 nuclear warhead will continue to find their way to Beijing.
《纽约时报》：中国间谍正在追赶上来
核心提示：随着中国变成一个有世界影响的经济大国，他们也已经拥有了世界级的间谍机构。W-88小型核弹头技术被中国间谍窃取就是一个例子，
译者：MZ老道 译者志愿者校对http://yyyyiiii.blogspot.com/
1995年，一名中年华人男子走进了CIA（美国中央情报局）位于东南亚的办事处，提供了一些珍贵的中国机密档案。其中，有一份文件是三叉戟潜艇装载的美国W-88型核弹头的设计资料。
他描述的事情在CIA看来荒唐到了不太像是编造出来的程度。他说他在一个中国的核项目中工作，能接触到那里存储的各种保密档案。一天晚上，他在下班后又回到那里，将几百份档案放到一个旅行包里， 然后他把这个包从二楼扔下来以避开门卫。不幸的是这个包摔破了，文件也随之撒了一地。
出了大楼，他捡起这些文件把它们又塞进已经破了的包里。尽管这些文件中有很多关于中国的情报内容，不过最让美国情报人员震撼的还是这份关于W-88的的文件，因为它含有这种最先进核弹头的高度机密设计资料。
美国的小型核弹头已经投产几十年了，中国也迫切想知道怎么样生产小型的核弹头。中国军方过去和现在一直都在想追上美国的脚步。
中国成功的获得W-88的设计文件有力的证明了美国情报部门迟迟没有意识到的一个事实：随着中国变成一个有世界影响的经济力量，他们也已经拥有了世界级的间谍机构，跟CIA相比也旗鼓相当。
在冷战时期，在FBI（美国联邦调查局）和CIA内部，有几十名反间谍特工追捕苏联以及后来的俄罗斯间谍。KGB（苏联的间谍机构“克格勃”）被看作敌人，中国被放在了次要的位置上。只有为数不多的几个特工专注于中国的间谍案件，他们的工作也不会对他们的前途发展有任何裨益。华盛顿在对中国间谍案件一直都没有重视起来，这使得中国在对美间谍活动方面取得了一系列的成果。
中国的对外情报部门和军方情报机构积极刺探美国的国防产业，我们的核武器实验室，硅谷，我们的情报机构以及其他的敏感目标。
今年元月份，当时的国防部长罗伯特・盖茨访问中国时，北京方面对外界揭开了隐形战斗机J-20的面纱。这次披露显示了中国已经具备了隐形的能力，可以让他们在雷达面前隐藏飞机，舰艇和导弹——美国类似的科技是中国多年来暗中觊觎的目标。
当月下旬，一位曾供职于诺斯罗普・格鲁门B2轰炸机的工程师因为向中国泄露国防机密而被判32年徒刑。为了十多万美元，他帮助中国的巡航导弹设计了隐形排气系统，从而让其难以被（雷达）探测并摧毁。
今年八月，引用美国情报官员发言的一些报道断言，巴基斯坦已允许中国专家检测美国在五月刺杀本拉登行动中坠毁的隐形直升飞机的残骸。尽管巴基斯坦和中国都否认了这些传言，但中国肯定会很有兴趣研究这架黑鹰直升机的尾翼部分——这一部分没有被海豹突击队破坏掉——期望从中学习更多的美国隐形科技的机密。
与此同时，W88的弹头设计泄密的问题始终没有得到解决。开始的时候，美国政府怀疑洛斯・阿拉莫斯的核科学家李文和泄露了W88，但是没有证据表明他这么做了。他被单独监禁了9个月, 最后只承认了一项处理机密信息不当的罪名, 最终他赢得了主持这个案件的联邦法官向他发出的郑重道歉。
受能源部的误导，FBI花了三年时间却追错了对象。最终，在1999年，时任副局长的罗伯特・布莱恩招募一名资深的情报特工史蒂芬・迪拉德领导调查该起案件，要查明中国到底是怎么获得W88的设计资料的。
这项调查由FBI牵头，专案组由300名来自11个联邦机构的工作人员组成，其中包括国防部，CIA，国家安全局和国防家情报局等。2011年9月11日，美国航空的77航班被恐怖分子劫持撞向五角大楼，多名调查人员因此遇难。
但是调查还在继续。淡出公众视线的迪拉德专案组，开始把目光投向各核武器实验室、政府机构和加利福尼亚的国防承包商以及其他几个参与生产过弹头部件的州。FBI也约谈了本文开头提到的那位不速之客，他后来一直住在美国，但他并不知道那些机密文件当初的来源是哪里.
最终，在四年之后，这项调查也无疾而终，美国情报部门到底也没有弄明白中国是怎么得到这个核弹头的设计机密的。答案依然被牢牢的锁在北京。
十几年后，中国的间谍仍然持续不断的刺探美国的军事目标。去年，一位五角大楼的官员被判监禁，他是被FBI监禁的10人里的最后一名，他们都和一个分布于美国东西海岸的松散的中国间谍网络有关，这个间谍网络由位于北京的Lin Hong主管。被他们送往中国的数据涉及使潜艇更难被探测到的海军静电驱动技术、B1轰炸机以及美国对台军售计划等等。
中国甚至渗入到FBI内部。2003年，一名为FBI工作二十多年的线人陈文英（Katrina Leung）被发现同时是一名为北京工作的双面间谍。令人吃惊的是，FBI驻在加利福尼亚办事处的两名负责中国情报工作的高管同时和该女子有染，其中一人甚至自己把保密文件带到她的家里，让她有机会得手。
中国在窃取美国机密方面的成功将对美国的反间谍工作带来持续的挑战。华盛顿的各情报机构已经习惯于应对冷战和基地组织的情报战的处理方式，现在必须重新思考他们处置优先级，把他们关注的焦点，资源和精力转向东方，盯住中国的间谍们。
否则，还会有更多的类似于W88核弹头这样的机密跑到北京。 |
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发表于 2011-12-16 09:22
