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本帖最后由 woikuraki 于 2012-12-26 11:53 编辑
[中文标题]流动工人制度是中国的种族隔离政策?
[原文标题]Is migrant system China's apartheid?
[登载媒体]CNN
[链接地址]http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/25/world/asia/china-migrant-family/index.html
[译者]1块钱的咖啡能够喝出100块的情调的高贵连长
郭纪纲(音)用了一些透明的胶带把他的小家的斑驳的墙壁粘好.
郭,和他的妻子和儿子一起住在一个狭窄的,53平方英尺(5平方米)的房间里,有一张床,一把已经褪色的椅子和一张桌子.他们和另外20~30个居住这栋位于北京城郊的建筑物里的邻居们共用同一间浴室,那里是中国流动工人大军的一小片家园.
尽管他们的居住条件一般,但郭仍然认为他家的生活品质有所提升.他说:"我觉得我们已经变得越来越好了."
就像其他2亿中国流动工人一样,30岁的郭和他26岁的妻子葛亚茹(音)是"nong min gong"的一员,也就是农民阶层的意思,这个词通常用来描述那些离开农村的人.他们也被称为"liu dong ren kou",意思是流动人口.
在最近10年,一波又一波的农民工在城市找到了工作,据官方估计,数以亿计的中国人脱离了贫困.
但在中国虚浮的成功的背后,农民工们难以获得公共服务,因为有一个叫做"户口"的户籍制度,也就是把居民们分为农村居民和城市居民.
当一个像郭一样的农民工离开他的村庄时,他也离开了他身后的社会福利.一个没有城市户口的流动人口通常没有那些城市居民所享有的在健康,住房和教育方面的保障.民工们虽然可以在工厂,工地,公共基础设施,餐馆和别人家打零工,但是不能享受和城里人一样的权益.
据一份受到政府控制的报纸<环球时报>报道:"他们在自己的国家,可是境况已经形如非法移民了."
一些知识分子把中国的户口制度形容为南非早已取消的种族隔离制度,那种制度隔离了本国权益受到严格限制的黑人和享受优待的白人.这种法律认可的歧视把黑肤色的工人变成只拥有一点权益的流动劳动力.
大卫·班志远著有一本关于农民工的书,马上将出版,他说:"中国的流动工人从来没有融入城市,也没有享受到和城里人一样的权益和机会."
他还说:"中国的歧视是非常真实的".
在户口制度之下,流动工人们可以通过繁杂的手续,获得暂住证.在一些情况下,他们的雇主必须给当地政府极高的费用使工人们获得这样的暂住证.
当问到关于对他家庭未来的期许时,他说:"我仍将是一个农民工".他们想要开一家商店,以便在将来有能力送他们的现在只有2岁的儿子上学.
郭说:"在我们的有生之年,我猜我们不会有什么高期望,一切都本着孩子们着想".
他的儿子害羞的藏在父母的背后.小孩儿透过他母亲的肩膀眯眼瞧着,在那张他和父母一起睡的床上显得难为情.
郭的妻子葛,怀着他们的第二个孩子.他们计划好为违反该国的独生子女政策而支付罚款---大约1500美元.葛打算在她位于河北省的村子生小孩.
他们生第二个孩子符合他们流动工人的情况.郭说:"如果出了什么意外,并且你失去了你唯一的孩子,你就会孤独终老.你起码要有至少有两个
孩子,对吧?一个孩子是不够的.尤其对于我们农村人来说."城市和农村(户口)--(待遇)是不一样的.
他的妻子接着说道:"当城里人老了之后,他们可以去养老院,但如果我们老了,我们只能依靠我们的孩子,我们没有任何养老金.我们没有任何希望或者别的指望.所有这一切都落在了我们孩子的肩上.所以,如果没有足够多的孩子,一旦出了什么问题,我们也完了."
他们承认,哺育第二个孩子会加重经济负担,但在某种程度上,二胎给了那些在社会上没有保障的农民工一个安全的依赖.
当城里人领着养老金的时候,葛说他们农村人什么都没有.
中国的媒体,包括国营新闻机构,都报道过流动工人们面临的困难.
比如,流动工人的子女不能和城里孩子上同一所学校.他们被叫做"liu dong er tong",意思是流动儿童,因为他们不知道能在哪里上到学,也不知道怎样才能付得起学费.
在一所专为民工子女开设的学校任教的作家班志远说,民工子女不得不去上私立学校,而且在中国,把这种学校称为"私立学校"是具有误导性的.
他说:"这种学校不能提供同等的教育质量.甚至跟他们同龄的"城里孩子"差距甚远,尽管他们也居住在城里.
班志远说,没有教育和机会,许多流动儿童最后都跟他们父母一样打工.这种周期循环已经持续了将近4代人了.
他说:"我觉得在过去15~20年间,这不是一个社会地位上的流动社会."
与此同时,也存在一些动荡.据南华早报报道,今年6月,当一则警察殴打一位青年民工的消息被披露之后,数千工人在广东省引发暴动.同样,去年的新塘市也因为官方殴打一位怀孕的流动工人和她的丈夫后而陷入暴力冲突之中,工人们冲击了当地政府.
一些家庭寄希望于他们的孩子,希望通过上大学改变命运.
班志远说,那样的机遇非常非常的微乎其微.
郭强调说他想让他的儿子去上学.
"我们农村人对于孩子没有太多过高的期许,只盼着他去学校努力学习.不然,我们没有任何能力帮助我们的孩子...我只希望他别再像我们一样活了."
[原文]
Beijing, China (CNN) -- The chipped walls of Guo Jigang's tiny home are bandaged together with clear packing tape.
Guo, together with his wife and son, live in a narrow, 53-square foot room furnished with a bed, faded chair and table. They share a bathroom with 20 to 30 neighbors in their building in suburban Beijing -- a little piece of home for China's army of migrant workers.
Despite their modest living conditions, Guo insists his family's standard of living is improving. "I feel we are already getting better and better," he said.
Like 200 million Chinese migrants, Guo, 30 and his wife, Ge Yaru, 26, are part of the "nongmingong" -- which means peasant class, a term used to describe those who've left the countryside. They are also known as "liudong renkou" which means floating population.
In the last decades, as waves of migrant workers have found jobs in the cities, hundreds of millions in China have been lifted out of poverty, according to official estimates.
But beyond China's successful facade, migrant workers face difficulties accessing public services due to a household registration system called "hukou," which divides the population into rural and urban residents.
When a migrant worker like Guo leaves his village, he also leaves his social benefits behind. Without an urban hukou permit, a migrant is often denied access to the subsidized health, housing and education that city dwellers enjoy. The workers find odd jobs in factories, construction sites, public infrastructure projects, restaurants and households but cannot enjoy the same privileges as urbanites.
"Their plight has been described as them being like illegal immigrants in their own country," according to the Global Times, a Chinese state-controlled newspaper.
Some scholars have likened China's hukou system to South Africa's now-defunct apartheid, a system of segregation that severely restricted the rights of the country's black population, with whites enjoying preferential treatment. This legalized form of discrimination relegated the nation's black workers to migrant labor with little rights.
China's migrant workers never integrate into the city to enjoy the same rights and opportunities as urbanites, said David Bandurski, an author of an upcoming book about migrant workers.
"The discrimination is very real in China," he added.
China's urban explosion: A 21st century challenge
Under the hukou system, migrant workers can secure temporary residence certificates but getting them is a lengthy process. In some cases, their employers are obligated to pay exorbitant fees to the city government for such certificates.
Guo, who has a tanned, leathery face, spends 10 hours a day painting outside, dangling from high buildings where he's exposed to the sun, heat and wind.
When asked about his dreams for his family's future, they say they want to open a store someday and be able to send their son, who is now two, to middle school. "I'll still be a migrant worker," he said.
"During our lifetime, I guess we won't have any high hopes," said Guo. "Really any hopes are for the children."
His son shyly hides behind his parents. Squirming on a bed that he shares with both parents, the toddler peeks over his mother's shoulders.
Guo's wife, Ge, is pregnant with their second child. They plan to pay a fine -- about $1,500 -- for violating the country's One Child Policy. Ge plans to give birth in her village in Hefei province.
Their reasoning for having a second child pertains to their migrant worker status.
"If something went wrong, and you lost your only child, then you would grow old alone," Guo said. "You'd at least want two, no? One is just not enough. Especially for us, villagers. The city and the village -- it is not the same.
"When people get old in the city they can just be sent to the old people's home, where as if we grow old, we can only rely on our children," his wife added. "We don't have any pension. We don't have any hope or anything. All of that we put it on the shoulders of our children. So if there aren't enough kids, and something goes wrong, we are also done for."
They acknowledge that raising a second child adds financial pressures; but in a way, a second child provides a security net in a society where migrant workers do not have one.
While people in the cities have pensions, Ge said their village has nothing.
Chinese media, including state-run news agencies, have reported on the difficulties faced by migrant workers.
For example, the children of migrant workers cannot go to the same school as the city kids. They've been called "liu dong er tong," which means floating children, because of the question of where they can go to school and how they'll be able to afford it.
Migrant children have to pay for private schooling, said the author Bandurski, who taught at one for migrant children. In China, calling it "private school" is also misleading, he said.
"They're not getting the same quality of education. It's not even close to their counterparts, 'city kids' although they are city kids," he said.
Without education and opportunities, many children of migrants end up doing the same work as their parents. This continuous cycle has spanned almost four generations, Bandurski said.
"I think in the last 15 to 20 years, it's not a socially mobile society," he said.
And there are signs of unrest. Thousands of workers rioted in Guangdong province early this year after reports that police officers had beaten a migrant teenager in June, according to both Chinese and Western media reports. Tensions also spilled over into violence in the city of Xintang last year when migrant workers clashed with locals after reports that officials had beaten a pregnant migrant worker and her husband.
Some families pin their hopes on their kids to break the cycle by gaining admission into a university.
The chances of that, Bandurski said, are "very very slim."
Guo insists that he wants his son to go to school.
"We villagers don't have many ambitious hopes about our kids, as long as he goes to school and studies hard. Otherwise, we don't have any plans for our kids... I just hope he doesn't do what we are doing."
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狗仔卡
发表于 2012-12-26 08:34
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楼主
发表于 2012-12-26 11:12
