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【原文标题】A Victory for the Uighurs at Guantanamo...but Now What?
【中文标题】关塔那摩的维吾尔人胜利了...但然后呢?
【登载媒体】Washington Post 华盛顿邮报
【来源地址】http://newsweek.washingtonpost.c ... e_uighurs_at_g.html
【译者】rlsrls08
【声明】译文版权归AC所有,谢绝转载
【翻译方式】个人原创翻译
【原文】
A Victory for the Uighurs at Guantanamo...but Now What?
The strangest cases to come out of Guantanamo have been those against a group of Chinese Muslims who were picked up in Afghanistan following the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks. These men were training or living in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and were sent to Guantanamo after being turned over to U.S. authorities apparently by bounty hunters.
Some of the Chinese Muslims -- known as Uighurs (pronounced WEE-gurs) -- believed in establishing a breakaway state from China that they called East Turkestan. Others said they were in Afghanistan because they just wanted to live some place where they weren't persecuted for their faiths. None of them, several federal courts have ruled, were threats to the United States.
From my travels in Central Asia and elsewhere, no group that I've ever come across has struck me as more pro-American than the Uighurs. So one has to wonder who made the decision to send them to Guantanamo in the first place.
But today a federal judge ordered 17 of them released from Guantanamo into the United States. The judge agreed with the detainees' attorneys that the Constitution bars holding the men indefinitely without cause.
It was the first time, the Post reported, that a U.S. court has ordered the release of a Guantanamo detainee, and the first time that a foreign national held there has been ordered brought to the United States. The Bush administration will fight this decision and an appeal is planned.
The Uighurs saga is the stuff of, well, Greek tragedy.
First, who are they? The Uighurs are a Turkic ethnic group of some 8-9 million that inhabits the northwest corner of China, an autonomous zone called Xinjiang. Xinjiang means "new frontier" in Chinese and got its name during the Qing Dynasty when China's empire expanded into those zones. They speak Uighur -- a language related to Turkish.
From the middle 19th century until after World War II, Russia, later the Soviet Union, China and various warlords vied for influence over the region. Several independent states -- one called East Turkestan -- were established there. Soviet influence was high for a while. Then in 1949 China's People's Liberation Army entered Xinjiang, placed it under military control of Marshal Wang Zhen and the region grew in infamy as China's Siberia -- a place of labor camps and nuclear testing grounds. China tested its first nuclear device in Xinjiang's Lop Nur in 1964. China's biggest oil fields were discovered in Xinjiang as early as the mid-1920s.
Relations between the Uighurs and the Han Chinese have never been close. With their opposition to religion and traditional cultures, the Communists were no exception. After 1978 when China began opening up to the outside world, Uighur separatist groups started agitating for independence, sometimes violently. Unlike the Tibetans with the Dalai Lama, independence-minded Uighurs never had a single locus of authority. So their struggle was often scattershot and regularly violent, involving attacks on Chinese police stations and bombings of buses and other acts.
The United States traditionally took a dim view of Chinese claims that Uighurs were "terrorists." Instead, US officials maintained that China should allow all its citizens the freedom to associate and lobby peacefully for change. After 9/11, however, US policy on the Xinjiang issue shifted. For the first time the United States labeled a Uighur group as "terrorist." On Sept. 12, 2002, the United Nations accepted a joint recommendation by the governments of the United States, China, Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan that the Chinese-based East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) be declared a terrorist organisation. The US was pushing for war against Iraq at the time and needed to make sure that China did not block UN Security Council resolutions against Saddam. As such, Washington's support for the terrorism label was most probably an American pay-off for Beijing's acquiesecence to the US invasion.
After 9/11, bounty hunters apparently picked up more than 20 Uighurs in Afghanistan and along the Pakistan border. Somehow they were shipped to Guantanamo. The US government asserted that the Uighurs were members of the East Turkistan Islamic Movement and trained at camps affiliated with the Taliban or al-Qaeda.
In one of the most bizarre chapters of the Guatanamo episode, the US released five of the Uighurs several years ago to (of all places) Albania where they were resettled. They can't work; they can't visit their families; their wives and kids can't get passports to leave China. They live on a couple of hundreds Euros a month. At least the US, in its wisdom, didn't send them back to China because of worries that they would be jailed and tortured. (China is in the midst of a serious crackdown against Uighur separatism. China has accused Uighur groups of a series of recent attacks on police and other security forces. However, Western reports, have called into question the veracity of China's official claims.)
So U.S. District Judge Ricardo M. Urbina ruled today that the Uighurs still in Guantanamo can now enter the United States. If the ruling stands, it will be quite a victory for this group of Uighurs. But I wouldn't be surprised if China exacts revenge on their compatriots back in Xinjiang.
关塔那摩的维吾尔人胜利了...但然后呢?
走出关塔那摩监狱的最奇怪的情况,应属于那些911恐怖袭击后在阿富汗被抓获的一群中国穆斯林。 这些人在阿富汗和巴基斯坦接受训练或居住,当地人为得到赏金,把他们移交给美国当局,之后被送往关塔那摩监狱。
某些中国穆斯林(被称为维吾尔人)据信正试图建立一个从中国分裂出去的国家,即所谓的东土耳其斯坦。 其他人说他们在阿富汗只是因为他们想住在一个没有信仰迫害的地方。联邦法院裁决他们对美国没有威胁。
从我在中亚和其他地方的旅行经历来看,没有任何组织比维吾尔人更亲美。 因此,人们很奇怪是谁最一开始做出了把他们送到关塔那摩的决定。
但是,今天,一位联邦法官下令从关塔那摩释放17名维吾尔人并允许他们进入美国。 法官同意被拘留者的律师的说法,宪法反对在没有指控的情况下无限期的拘留某个人。
华盛顿邮报报道 ,这是第一次美国法院下令释放关塔那摩被拘留者,也是第一次外国国籍被拘留者被下令带到美国。 布什政府将抗争这一决定,并计划上诉。
维吾尔人的传奇故事是一出希腊悲剧的材料。
首先,他们究竟是谁? 维吾尔族是突厥人,人口大约8-9百万,居住在中国的西北角,一个称为新疆的自治区。 新疆的意思是“新的边疆”,它在清朝得到这个名字,当时中国的帝国扩展到这个地区。他们讲维吾尔语-一种类似土耳其的语言与土耳其。
从19世纪中期到二战结束后,俄罗斯,后来的苏联,中国和各种军阀竞相争夺该地区。建立了几个独立的国家,其一叫东土耳其斯坦。 某段时期苏联的影响力很大。然后在1949年中国解放军进入新疆,把新疆纳入王震将军的军事控制下,该地区被耻辱的作为中国的西伯利亚--一个劳动营和核试验的地方。1964年中国在新疆罗布泊第一次测试了核装置。 20年代中期在新疆发现中国最大的油田。
维吾尔族和汉族中国人之间的关系从来没有亲近过。汉人反对宗教和传统文化,共产党人也不例外。1978年中国开始对外开放后,维吾尔族分离主义组织开始鼓动独立,有时采取暴力。 不同于藏人与达赖喇嘛,要求独立的维吾尔人从来没有一个单一权力象征。 因此,他们的斗争往往是漫无目标,并经常是暴力的,比如攻击派出所和炸巴士等行为。
中国指控维吾尔人是“恐怖分子”,而美国一向持怀疑态度 。 相反,美国官员坚持认为,中国应允许所有公民自由结社,和游说和平演变。 然而,911后美国对新疆问题的政策改变了。 美国首次定义维吾尔组织为“恐怖分子” 。2002年9月12日, 联合国接受了美国,中国,阿富汗和吉尔吉斯斯坦政府提出的一项联合建议,以中国为基础的东土耳其斯坦伊斯兰运动(东突伊斯兰运动)被宣布为恐怖组织。 美国彼时正在推动对伊拉克发动战争,需要确保中国没有阻止联合国安理会对萨达姆的决议。因此,华盛顿支持恐怖主义的标签,很可能是为了让北京默认美国对伊拉克的入侵,所付出的代价。
911之后 ,当地人在阿富汗和沿巴基斯坦边境抓住了20多个维吾尔族人。 不知怎的,他们被运到关塔那摩美军基地。美国政府声称,这些维吾尔族人是东突的成员,在附属于塔利班或基地组织的营地接受训练。
一个最离奇的关塔纳摩事件,是几年前美国释放了五名维吾尔人, 他们后来在阿尔巴尼亚定居。 他们不能工作,不能访问家属,他们的妻子和孩子不能获得护照离开中国。他们每月生活费是数百欧元。 至少美国明智的没有把他们送回中国,因为担心他们将被监禁和酷刑。(中国正处于严打维吾尔分裂主义的时期。中国指责维吾尔人团体最近一系列袭击警察和其他安全部队。然而, 西方新闻报道质疑中国官方指控的真实性。 )
因此,美国地区法官里卡多M乌尔维纳今天裁定说,在关塔那摩的维吾尔人现在可以进入美国。如果裁决生效,这将是这群维吾尔人的极大胜利。不过,如果中国严酷的报复他们在新疆的同胞,我不会感到惊讶。 |
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