本帖最后由 yangfuguang 于 2010-6-3 00:18 编辑
【中文标题】外国公司对中国的限制不满 【原文标题】Foreign Companies Chafe at China’s Restrictions 【登载媒体】纽约时报 【来源地址】
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/17/business/global/17lobby.html?pagewanted=all 【译者】yangfuguang 【声明】本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载。 【原文库链接】http://bbs.m4.cn/thread-242349-1-1.html
HONG KONG — Foreign companies doing business in China are increasingly feeling as if the deck is stacked against them. 香港报道——在中国的公司越来越觉得中国日益针对自己。 China has filed more than a dozen trade cases to limit imports, imposed a series of “buy Chinese” measures and limited exports of some minerals to force multinationals to move factories to China. 中国已经出台了很多文件来限制进口，让国人“购买国货”，限制一些原料的出口，以使跨国公司把工厂搬入中国。 Foreign executives in China find themselves increasingly at odds with Chinese officials over these measures, which Westerners view as protectionist and intended to give an edge to Chinese companies. Surveys by Western chambers of commerce of executives show growing disenchantment in the last year and a sense that doing business in China, never easy, is growing harder. 在中国的外国经营者发现自己和中国官方在一些政策上的分歧越来越大，这在西方人看来是保护主义，以此来使中国企业在竞争中获得优势。对西方贸易部门人士进行的调查显示，很多公司醒悟到，在中国做生意不是那么容易的，变得越来越麻烦。 Arriving in Hong Kong on Sunday evening at the start of a nine-day trade mission to China, including stops in Shanghai and Beijing, the American commerce secretary, Gary Locke, said that his agenda for discussions with Chinese officials included Western companies’ difficulties in the Chinese market. 美国商务部长Gary Locke周日的9天中国之行，由香港开始，途径上海、北京，他表示他会代表西方公司向中国官方探讨西方公司在华的困境。 “There are some policies of the Chinese government that many countries have raised concerns about, including the United States,” Mr. Locke said at a press conference at Hong Kong International Airport. 洛克先生在香港国际机场的新闻发布会上表示，中国新近出台的很多政策，使很多国家，包括美国相当关注。 In January, when the Chinese government overhauled procurement rules to encourage more competition, including from foreign companies, Beijing officials exempted all public works projects, which account for half of government procurement. 在一月，当中国政府修订采购法案来鼓励竞争，包括在外国公司间的，中国官方开放了所有公共工程，这占中国政府开支的一半。 Contracts involving state secrets or business secrets are reserved for Chinese companies, and Chinese bureaucrats have been given broad latitude to exclude companies with foreign owners even if the company has been set up in China and has all of its operations in the country. 而有关国家或商业机密的工程给了中国公司，中国官方人为制造障碍，使得哪怕是在中国本土设厂的外资公司也不得参与这些建设工程。 The trend toward favoring Chinese-owned companies, Chinese and Western executives and economists say, has been driven by a powerful combination of economic nationalism and an evolving blend of capitalism and socialism. 中国及西方的行政及经济界人士说，这些倾向对中国公司有利，这是在一种经济民主主义以及资本主义和社会主义进一步的融合的结果。 Partly state-owned corporations, armed with lobbyists, have gained considerable influence over the state. Many Chinese executives are former party cadre members whose primary concern now is making a profit, not balancing long-term international policy considerations. 部分国有的公司，由于有人呢游说，已经获得对国家的影响。许多中国的经营者是以前党的干部，他们的私人关系现在很值钱，和长久以来国际原则是不一样的。 This has many multinational executives deeply worried. They say severe recessions and the near collapse of banking systems in many Western countries a year ago, coupled with China’s relatively robust economic performance, have persuaded Chinese policy makers that Western policies of free trade and open markets do not work as well as previously thought, and that new industrial policies are worth trying. 许多跨国公司的管理人员都很担心，他们认为在西方严重的衰退，西方许多国家几近崩溃的银行系统，以及中国近来强劲的经济增长，使得中国领导人认为，西方的贸易自由和市场开放政策在中国不像以前那么有用了，因此一些新的工业政策是值得试一试的。 “They say, ‘Don’t show us broken models; we’re looking for a completely different way,’ and you see a much greater willingness to experiment with completely untested policies,” said a senior executive at a multinational who insisted on anonymity for fear of retaliation by Chinese regulators. 一位不愿透露姓名，以免触怒中国的监管者的跨国公司高级管理人员说，中国人认为，不要给我们展示那些以及失败的例子，我们在找一种全新的道理，因此你们会看到他们会很愿意实行前所未有的政策。 With China already struggling to limit an influx of cash that threatens to push up the value of China’s currency against the dollar, the Chinese government has much less incentive these days to welcome foreign investment. 由于担心外资大量涌入会抬高人民币对美元的汇率，中国政府现在不是那么积极地欢迎外资了。 As foreign companies step up their complaints, the Chinese government has already begun responding on a few issues. 由于外国公司不断抗议，中国政府也在一些事情上作了回应。 In mid-April, the government announced a more open policy toward foreign investment in a few high-tech industries and in some less prosperous regions. It also delayed a plan to give preference in government procurement to products using intellectual property first registered in China. Mr. Locke said that the plan remained a concern. 在四月中，政府宣布在一些高新技术园区和欠发达地区向外资进一步开放。政府也推迟了在政府采购中优先考虑在中国注册的公司的政策。洛克先生曾说过，这种政策让人担忧。 Chinese leaders are also becoming worried that China’s restrictions on other countries’ exports and overseas investments might set an international precedent for limiting China’s own overseas expansion. This arises at a time when China has emerged as the world’s largest exporter and when Chinese companies are making more international acquisitions. Chinese leaders have gone out of their way in recent days to reassure multinationals. 中国领导人也很担心，中国队其他国家商品进口和海外投资的限制，会使得中国的海外扩张受到其他国家的限制。这在中国成为世界第一出口大国，以及中国的公司越来越多地海外并购的时期内，显得尤为明显。中国领导人近来已他们自己的方式消除跨国公司的担心。 “We will endeavor to create a level playing field for all market players, foreign and Chinese enterprises alike,” Premier Wen Jiabao said. 温家宝总理说过：“我们努力为所市场参与者有创建一种公平竞争的环境，外国和中国的企业我们一视同仁”。 Despite these signs of a softening stance, many barriers remain. 尽管有一些弱化的表现，许多藩篱还是存在的。 China has been a strong critic of anti-dumping cases elsewhere that limit Chinese exports. Yet the Chinese government itself has become quick to accuse other nations of dumping, or selling goods for less than it cost to produce them. China started 19 antidumping cases last year, tying the United States last year as the third-biggest initiator of antidumping cases, according to statistics gathered by international agencies. China and the United States trailed India and Argentina, but each started more antidumping cases than the European Union. 中国对于外国给予中国的反倾销案例是持严重批评态度的。但是中国政府在控诉其他国家反倾销方面的反应越来越快，对于以低于成本价销售产品也是这样。有一个国际组织去年发布的统计数字显示，中国去年有19总反倾销案例，和美国一样，在去年中国是世界第三大反倾销发起国。中国和美国在印度和阿根廷之后，但他们都比欧盟的反倾销力度大。 When China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001, it promised to sign as soon as possible the W.T.O.’s agreement banning discrimination against foreign companies in government procurement. Most industrialized countries have signed the agreement. But China has never actually accepted it, leaving the nation free to adopt “buy Chinese” policies that allow government agencies to favor Chinese-owned companies when they award contracts. 当中国在2001年加入世贸组织时，中国承诺尽快签订WTO协议，禁止在政府采购中歧视外国公司。多数工业化国家已经签订了这种协议。但中国实际上是没有遵守这一协议的，使得国内盛行“购买中国货”的政策，以使中国的公司在获得订单时占优势。 In sectors like green technology, Chinese companies’ advantages are clear. State-controlled banks are providing generous loans at near-zero interest rates to Chinese-owned companies that manufacture clean energy equipment like solar panels. And foreign-owned companies that set up wind farms in China have been banned from selling carbon-emissions credits to businesses in Europe, denying these companies millions in revenue even as Chinese-owned companies with wind farms are allowed to sell the credits. 在洁净技术领域，中国公司的优势是明显的。对于向开发太阳能这类企业，中国国有银行给予他们近乎零利率的贷款。但在中国设立风力发电厂的外国公司却被禁止出售碳排放许可证给欧洲的企业，使得这些公司年损失很多，尽管中国的公司没有类似的限制。 Analysts point to a surge of economic nationalism across China, and not just inside government ministries, after China’s heady success in the face of the global downturn. 分析人士指出，这是一种在全中国盛行的经济民族主义作用的结果，不仅在政府内部。在全球衰退面前所取得的成绩，这就显现出来了。 China’s commerce ministry, for instance, had a cool but not especially confrontational initial response last autumn to President Obama’s imposition of tariffs on tires. But after a weekend of furious exchanges on Chinese Internet chat rooms and suggestions that the Chinese government was not standing up to the United States, the commerce ministry issued a blistering statement describing its plans to investigate automotive and chicken imports. 例如中国商务部最初在面对奥巴马提出的轮胎特保案时，显得不是那么针锋相对。但是在一周以后，经过在网络的发酵，人们认为中国政府很软弱，商务部提出对销往中国的美国汽车和鸡肉制品进行调查。 Changes in the way the Communist Party operates have also driven the pro-China measures. Starting with the military in the late 1990s, and gradually expanding to other industries since then, the party has gradually forced its members to choose: they can be military officers or ministry officials, or they can run companies, but they are discouraged from holding government and corporate jobs at the same time. 共产党政策的改变也使得赞同中国货的政策。在上世纪九十年代开始的军事化以及向其他工业领域扩展，共产党渐渐地使得她的成员选择：他们可以是军官或者文官，他们也可以去经商，但是他们不能再政商两界获得平衡。 This shift has meant that corporate executives, often former government officials or military officers who have turned into capitalists, have more of a stake in maximizing their company’s profits. 这种转变意味着公司的管理者经常是以前的官员或者军官，他们现在成了资本家，他们在最大化自己公司利润方面有得天独厚的优势。 Corporate influence is increasingly apparent. Office buildings near important ministries in Beijing are stuffed with lobbyists. They are usually on the staff of big corporations, as opposed to independent lobbying firms of the sort that populate K Street in Washington. 公司的影响日益明显。北京临近重要部门的办公楼里充满了游说者。他们经常是大公司的代表
，
这和华盛顿独立的游说公司是截然不同的。 Corporate executives in China now speak openly of giving instructions to their lobbyists in Beijing when they do not like a policy. When the commerce ministry started its investigation last autumn of American automotive and chicken exports, the ministry said that it was acting at the request of the industries’ rivals in China. 中国公司的管理者现在当他们对某一些政策不满意时，就直接向他们的游说人士说明。当中国去年发起对美国汽车和鸡肉制品的调查时，他们宣称这是应他们在中国的竞争对手的要求去办的。 China has been particularly aggressive in using its position as the world’s dominant exporter of some raw materials to force multinationals to move production to China. 中国现在越来越懂得利用自己是某些原材料的出口商来逼迫外国公司搬往中国。 Sergio Iorio, the chief executive of an Italian chemical company, remembers vividly when a weeping Chinese mine owner called him in Genoa two years ago. The Chinese government had imposed a prohibitive export tax that, in a single night, quadrupled the price of yellow phosphorus, a crucial raw material for more than 2,000 phosphorus-based chemicals. Sergio Iorio,是一家意大利化学品公司主要负责人，他记得两年前一位中国矿业拥有者在热那亚怎样向他哭诉的。中国政府是怎样在一夜之间出台了禁止性的关税政策，使得黄磷，这种两千多种磷化学品的原料大涨了四倍。 “I was seated, or I would have fallen down,” Mr. Iorio recalled. Sergio Iorio说，我当时是坐着的，但我好像跌倒了一样。 But Beijing officials provided a loophole: if Mr. Iorio’s company, Italmatch Chemicals, manufactured its chemicals in China, they could be exported without the tax. 但是中国官方开了一个口子，如果Sergio Iorio的公司在中国生产他们的产品，就不必付关税了。 China has gradually lowered the export tax on yellow phosphorus since then. But Italmatch and other chemical companies are still responding by rushing to expand production in China. 中国慢慢在降低黄磷的关税，但这些公司仍想在中国扩大生产。 “We don’t know if and when this can happen again,” Mr. Iorio said.
Mr. Iorio说，我们不知道这种事情何时在会发生。 | 
狗仔卡
发表于 2010-6-3 00:16
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显身卡
发表于 2010-6-3 05:08
这个您不需要跟我解释的 我知道这个典故 您太实诚了
