本帖最后由 lilyma06 于 2011-11-14 10:25 编辑
【中文标题】中印的世纪
【原文标题】The ChIndian Century
【登载媒体】时代周刊
【来源地址】http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2099180_2099179_2099178,00.html&rct=j&sa=X&ei=hrG8ToSNKyZiQem35SRBQ&ved=0CGcQAsoATAGOAo&q=China&usg=AFQjCNEZgj7iYC3sfoqZSsjKYrVa21rZJw 【翻译方式】 人工
【译 者】huabianr
The ChIndian Century
By Zoher Abdoolcarim Thursday, Nov. 10, 2011
中印的世纪
I saw the Indian hit movie 3 Idiots recently in an unusual location: a cineplex in Hong Kong. Very rarely do Bollywood flicks make the city's commercial circuit — the conventional wisdom holds that they do not appeal to local audiences. Yet my Sunday morning matinee was 80% filled, mostly with Chinese of all ages. Some took the movie at face value: the zany antics of Indian college kids. But the majority of viewers, it seemed to me, got the universal moral about breaking free from social straitjackets. They laughed when they were meant to, and didn't when they weren't. While the foreign 3 Idiots was a box-office monster, 1911, a China-backed war docudrama starring hometown celebrity Jackie Chan, bombed. Go figure: India 1, China 0.
不同于以往，我最近在一家香港影院观看了印度热门电影《三个傻瓜》。一般人认为，宝莱坞电影对港人没有吸引力，因此宝莱坞向来不在香港做商业推广。然而，我周日上午看的日场上座率竟达80%，观众大多是不同年龄层的中国人。当然，有的人只是来凑个热闹，看看荧幕里的印度大学生耍的是什么把戏；不过，我觉到大多数的观众融入到了影片当中，他们时而开怀大笑时而静默专注地欣赏着这部影片。外来影片《三个傻瓜》简直成了票房怪物，打败了成龙领衔主演的《辛亥革命》。比赛结果：印度1分，中国0分。
Introducing India's 3 Idiots to a Chinese audience won't make the cut of epic attempts to break down barriers between cultures. But it does tap into a spreading consciousness that China and India and their people share a special place among today's nations — a tandem locomotive pulling the global economy while much of the rest of the world is a train wreck. You've heard the drumbeat: stupendous growth rates; ever richer consumers; geopolitical clout — a new order trumpeted by mega-events and extravagant slogans like the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and "Incredible India" at Davos. "The rise of India and China," writes Robyn Meredith in her seminal book, The Elephant and the Dragon, "has caused the entire earth's economic and political landscape to shift before our eyes." Indian politician Jairam Ramesh sums up the phenomenon in a neologism: Chindia. (Graphic: How the Giants Measure Up.)
《三个傻瓜》无助于缩小两国文化差异，却传达给观众这样一种信息：当今世界，其他国家经济停滞难前之时，中印两国皆处于一个特殊的位置，成为了引领世界经济前进的火车头。你或许听过这些吹捧之词：惊人的增长率，富有的消费者，新的地缘政治影响力——举办大型活动，如2008北京奥运，使用夸张标语，如达沃斯论坛上的“不可思议的印度”。Robyn Meredith在她即将出版的新书《大象与龙》中这样写道：“印度和中国之崛起，已让我们看到世界经济和政治形势的变换。”而印度政治家Jairam Ramesh则干脆为这种现象造了一个新词：Chindia。
With Western economies reeling, the world is looking especially to China and India as saviors — whether it's buying Italian bonds or Italian bags. The E.U. is even begging Beijing to help bail out its euro-zone bailout fund. But that's only one side of the coin. There's a duality to China and India, a blend of reality and myth, internally as well as between them. China and India have an arabesque relationship. These two giants on the cusp of superpower-hood are more rivals than partners. Despite their achievements, they face enormous challenges. And though they add up to nearly 40% of the world's 7 billion population, they still live pretty much in parallel universes. Chinese and Indians, writes Indian journalist Pallavi Aiyar in her perceptive book, Smoke and Mirrors: An Experience of China, are "largely culturally untranslatable to each other."
西方经济萎靡不振，世界希望中印担当救助者——购买意大利国债或意大利名包。欧盟甚至乞求中国为欧元区提供救助资金。然而，这只是硬币的一面。无论中印内部还是中印之间，都存在两面性——现实和疑惑。中印关系复杂，这两个处在权力尖端的巨头，与其说是搭档，不如说是对手。尽管成就了得，却面临巨大挑战。两国人口占世界70亿人口的40%，但却各走各道，各行其是。正如印度记者Pallavi Aiyar 在她的新书《Smoke and Mirrors: An Experience of China》中写到的那样：中印在文化理解上存在巨大鸿沟。
Rivals or Allies?
As a Gujarati born, raised and living in overwhelmingly Cantonese Hong Kong — both tribes are brash and materialistic — I have long been privy to what local Chinese and Indians think of the other. It used to be downright ugly. Perceptions and attitudes, liberally spiced with racial epithets, went broadly like this: to the Chinese, the Indians were poor, superstitious and dirty; to the Indians, the Chinese were crass, godless — and dirty. Hong Kong is no microcosm of Chindia, but it reflects how, just as China and India have changed, so have the stereotypes. If before I were assumed by the Chinese to be someone's chauffeur, now I am a tech entrepreneur or investment banker. Local Indians see China afresh too, but often in just two superficial dimensions: wealth and might. My 17-year-old son's peers are only half-joking when they tell him that, because he is half Chinese, half Indian, he has it made. (See photos of the making of modern India.)
对手还是同盟？ 我是在古吉拉特出生的，在香港长大的，现在生活在香港，这里广东人占绝大多数。吉拉特人和广东人性子急躁又功利——我很清楚本地中国人和印度人怎么看待对方。过去是彻头彻尾地互相鄙视：中国人觉得印度人贫穷、讲迷信、不讲卫生；印度人认为中国人愚笨粗鲁、没有信仰、不讲卫生。香港不是“中印---chindia”的缩影，但却折射出中印以及这些旧有观念的变化。过去，我会被中国人认为是谁家的司机，现在会被认为是技术员或者投资者。相应地，本地印度人改变了对中国人的看法，但只局限于两个很浅的层面：财富和权力。我儿子的朋友常常半开玩笑地告诉他这些，因为他是中印混血，他造成了这些。
If only it were that simple. In her book, Meredith quotes Indian tycoon Ratan Tata saying, "China is the factory of the world; India can be the knowledge center of this region ... If we orient ourselves to working together, we could be a formidable force of two nations." That's ambitious — and perhaps unrealistic. China and India were once soul mates — through the migration of Buddhism some 2,000 years ago. Later, the Indian monk Bodhidharma traveled to China to spread the message of Zen. Prominent Chinese went the other way: the devout pilgrim Xuanzang, later immortalized in the classic Ming novel Journey to the West, and the great explorer Admiral Zheng He. It was a time of mutual discovery. By the 17th century, the Middle Kingdom and the subcontinent were the planet's trading powers. They then got caught up in their own worlds of feudalism and colonialism — a decaying dynasty in China, the British Raj in India — followed by decades of serial revolution and fervent socialism. Modern relations between the two countries were marked mostly by suspicion — and the occasional border war.
事情要真这么简单就好了。在Meredith的书中，她引用了印度企业巨头Rata Tata的话：“中国是世界工厂，印度可以做亚洲地区的知识中心……如果联合起来，两国前途将不可限量。”多么雄心勃勃！或许却不太现实。2000多年前印度佛教传入中国，中印曾经是精神伴侣。此后，印度僧人菩提达摩到中国传播禅宗教义。优秀的中国人则到印度取经：虔诚信徒玄奘，（他后来在明朝小说《西游记》中被神化），还有伟大的航海家郑和。那是一个相互学习的时代。到17世纪，中印是世界上的贸易大国。后来，两国都成为了半殖民地半封建的社会——中国衰落了，印度则被英国殖民。再后来，是此起彼伏的革命和社会主义运动。近几十年来，两国相互猜忌，发生过边界战争。
The contemporary period is friendlier, yet tensions are never far from the surface. Even as both governments speak of peace and prosperity, China is establishing a "string of pearls" in the Indian Ocean, unsettling New Delhi, and India is talking oil and gas exploration in the South China Sea, angering Beijing. More to the point, the close economic ties between nations that often prevent conflict do not sufficiently exist between China and India. Chinese investment in India is about 0.05% of its worldwide total, while Indian FDI in China is so low that it does not appear on many charts. Bilateral trade is growing (especially Chinese exports to India), but it's still a small proportion of their global total. Given their size and footprint, the two are nowhere as connected as they should be. Astonishingly, just a few of the two countries' cities have direct flights. 现在的关系友好一些了，然而依然存在令关系紧张的因素。两国政府都说要和平、繁荣，然而中国在印度洋上的“珍珠链”战略令新德里感到不安，而印度在南中国海的油气田开采计划也时常激怒北京。此外，现代国家关系中，紧密的经济联系常常能够避免冲突，而这在中印关系中并不奏效。中国在印度的投资只占到其全球投资总额的0.05%，而印度对中国的直接投资也微不足道。双边贸易在增长（特别是中国对印出口量），可总量还是不大。两国都是大国，这样的贸易额实在是说不过去。不可思议的是，两国之间只在几个城市有直航。
Houses in Order
Before they rescue the world, china and India need to fix their own economies and societies. They are beset by some grim news. Growth is slowing, though in China's case that helps cool an overheated economy. In both countries, exports are sliding, inflation is at painful levels, income inequality is reaching chasm proportions, and injustices like land grabs are sparking widespread protests. Cronyism is a scourge. The two have lifted countless millions out of poverty (though China has done a better job), but countless other millions — youths, workers, farmers — remain marginalized and desperate for decent livelihoods. While China doesn't follow the rules, India has too many rules to follow. China is, if not at a tipping point, certainly at an inflection, struggling to contain asset bubbles and bad loans and to rebalance its economy away from state-directed investment to consumer-led growth. India's reputation, meanwhile, has been so dented by corruption that the country's top corporations have hired U.S. consultancy Bain to craft a "Credible India" campaign. Good luck. (See photos of China's 90 years of communism.)
拯救世界之前，中印需要解决自己的经济和社会问题。双方都面临一些棘手的问题。增长放缓，当然中国会因此而防止经济过热。出口下滑，通胀严重，收入差距扩大，社会正义在人们反抗强占土地中受到挑战。任人唯亲现象也日趋严重。尽管两国也都让亿万人口脱贫（中国做得更好），但是仍然有大量的年轻人、工人、农民挣扎于社会底层，希望过上体面的生活。中国常常不按规则行事，而印度则有太多规则需要遵守。中国正努力转型——化解经济泡沫和不良贷款、变投资型经济为消费性经济。而印度的腐败也臭名昭著，致使国内的一流企业雇佣美国顾问公司Bain策划了一场“可信的印度”的运动。祝印度好运！
Perception vs. Reality
At least India can count on a better image worldwide than China. Westerners in particular see the pair through a romantic and ideological prism. India is Gandhi, yoga, eat-pray-love. A gentle elephant; an exporter not of unfairly underpriced goods but articulate and urbane CEOs as at home in New York City as in Mumbai. China is "gutter oil"; the country you love to hate. Fiery dragon rather than cuddly panda. Mercantilist, rapacious, threatening; resented even as it is wooed.
感觉与现实 至少印度在世界上的形象要优于中国。尤其是西方人，常常用一种浪漫的意识形态标准来看待双方。印度有甘地、瑜伽和宗教信仰。印度是大象，出产彬彬有礼的CEO而不是廉价商品。中国有“地沟油”；也让人又爱又恨。中国是凶猛的龙而不是可爱的熊猫。中国功利、贪婪、有威胁性。
There are two reasons for this dichotomy: Beijing's profile and swagger are bigger than New Delhi's, allowing India to escape the same scrutiny; and India is a democracy while China is an authoritarian state. All year, Beijing's leaders have systematically cracked down on political dissent and cyberspace activity; they would not have tolerated, for example, the Indian summer of anticorruption protests in New Delhi. (Remember Tiananmen?) Yet the hard truth is that India is not as free as it's made out to be. Democracy does not necessarily result in good governance. India's institutions are weak, human-rights abuses are not unknown, and money and power often buy impunity. "India's poor [have] a vote," writes author Aiyar, "but this [does] not always equal a voice." India even has its own Tibet: I don't mean Dharamsala but Kashmir.
两个原因导致了上述差异：北京高调、招摇甚于新德里，这让印度免除了同样的指责；印度是民主国家，中国是集权国家。北京的领导人全年都在全面镇压不同政见者和网络抗议；他们是不会容忍像印度夏天发生的反腐抗议活动的。（记得中国的天安门事件吗？）然而印度也不是它看上去的那么自由。民主不见得能带来清明的政治。印度政府腐败、人权状况糟糕、钱权可以免除惩罚。作家Aiyar写道：“印度穷人有投票权，但这并不代表他们有话语权。”印度甚至也存在“西藏问题”：不是达兰萨拉，而是克什米尔。
Whose economic path, China's or India's — essentially, state capitalism vs. private enterprise — is sustainable? Which society is more durable? Which nation has a stronger sense of destiny? The entire planet wants and needs to know. In the following pages, TIME's Bill Powell and Michael Schuman face off to argue the case, respectively, for China and India as to whose template of change will prevail. It's not easy to pinpoint the killer app. But given a year of restless populaces worldwide, the winner may be the one providing the greater justice and dignity to the most people. On that score, it's still China 0, India 0.
谁的经济模式，中国的还是印度的——也就是国家资本主义还是私营经济——更具可持续行？谁的社会能经久不衰？谁有更高的抱负？全世界都渴望知道。在下文里，本报的Bill Powell和Michael Schuman将分别为中国和印度辩护，争论谁的模式会胜出。找出确切答案并没那么容易。近来世界范围内多处动荡不安，获胜者将是那个能为最广大的人民争得正义和尊严的国家。在这场比拼中，中国零分，印度零分。
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发表于 2011-11-12 17:52
