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美国最近一期《转基因作物与食品》（GM Crops & Food）发表了美国爱荷华州立大学学者们的一篇研究论文揭示，不断增长数量的食虫目前已经能够狼吞虎咽享用转基因Bt玉米，而这种转基因Bt玉米特定被孟山都设计转基因来杀灭的正是这种害虫。其他州的研究也揭示食虫群对转基因Bt玉米正在增长抗性。美国学者因此将这些昆虫称之为“超级害虫”这项项新的研究表明，尽管孟山都这个生物技术巨头最近在国会中或许取胜，它永远无法胜过自然界。不久前，《网易探索》 2012年6月15日发表中国研究发现转基因作物有益农业生态系统》，借中国农业科学院的吴孔明教授大肆吹嘘转基因Bt作物“作为防治害虫的一项举措，转基因农作物拥有巨大优势”。十天后，6月25日公布的美国爱荷华州学者该项研究，对吴孔明教授如同一记响亮的嘴巴！ Superbug vs. Monsanto: Nature rebels against biotech titan 路透社：超级害虫与孟山都对决：大自然抗逆生物技术巨头 -- 禁止抗草甘膦转基因作物原料进口、开发、种植、销售理由之260 《转基因技术与人类安全》研究专家、80年代前全国青联委员 《新浪网》“陈一文顾问博客”：http://blog.sina.com.cn/cheniwan 翻译转载自《路透社》网站：http://rt.com/usa/news/superbug-monsanto-corn-resistance-628/ Published: 25 June, 2012, 05:11
2012年6月25日发表 
TAGS: Ecology, Health, SciTech, USA, Agriculture关键词： 生态 健康 科学技术 美国 农业 A growing number of rootworms are now able to devour genetically modified corn specifically designed by Monsanto to kill those same pests. A new study shows that while the biotech giant may triumph in Congress, it will never be able to outsmart nature. 不断增长数量的食虫（指食根的昆虫或侵入植物根部的线虫）目前已经能够狼吞虎咽享用转基因Bt玉米，而这种转基因Bt玉米特定被孟山都设计转基因来杀灭的正式这种害虫。一项新的研究表明，尽管孟山都这个生物技术巨头最近在国会中或许取胜，它永远无法胜过自然界。 Western corn rootworms have been able to harmlessly consume the genetically modified maize, a research paper published in the latest issue of the journal GM Crops & Food reveals [1]. A 2010 sample of the rootworm population had an elevenfold survival rate on the genetically modified corn compared to a control population. That’s eight times more than the year before, when the resistant population was first identified. 美国最近一期《转基因作物与食品》（GM Crops & Food）发表的一篇研究论文揭示，西部玉米食虫已经能够毫无受害地吃掉转基因Bt玉米[1]。食虫群2010年的取样，与食虫对照组相比，产生了抗性食虫对转基因Bt玉米的生存率达到11倍。比2009年首次发现食虫产生了抗性时增加了8倍。 [1] Western corn rootworm and Bt maize: Challenges of pest resistance in the field[1] 西部玉米食虫与转基因Bt玉米：对农田害虫抗性的挑战http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/gmcrops/article/20744/?show_full_text=true&GM Crops & Food, Volume 3, Issue 3，July/August/September 2012
转基因作物与食品，第3卷第3期，2012年7月/8月 Authors/作者：Aaron J. Gassmann, Jennifer L. Petzold-Maxwell, Ryan S. Keweshan and Mike W. Dunbar
Affiliations: Department of Entomology; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA 作者单位：美国爱荷华州立大学昆虫学系 Abstract: 摘要： Crops genetically engineered to produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) manage many key insect pests while reducing the use of conventional insecticides. One of the primary pests targeted by Bt maize in the United States is the western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. 通过基因工程使农作物产生苏云金杆菌（Bt）的杀虫毒素，用于治理多种关键性的害虫，同时减少传统杀虫剂的使用。美国转基因Bt玉米的主要害虫目标之一是西部玉米食虫Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte。 Beginning in 2009, populations of western corn rootworm were identified in Iowa, USA that imposed severe root injury to Cry3Bb1 maize. Subsequent laboratory bioassays revealed that these populations were resistant to Cry3Bb1 maize, with survival on Cry3Bb1 maize that was three times higher than populations not associated with such injury. 2009年开始，在美国爱荷华州识别的西部玉米食虫群对转基因Cry3Bb1玉米造成了严重的根部损伤。继后的实验室生物鉴定揭示食虫群产生了对Cry3Bb1玉米的抗性，它们对Cry3Bb1玉米的生存率为与不关联这种损伤的食虫的三倍。 Here we report the results of research that began in 2010 when western corn rootworm were sampled from 14 fields in Iowa, half of which had root injury to Cry3Bb1 maize of greater than 1 node. 在此我们报告2010年开始的该项研究，当时从爱荷华州14块农田取得了西部玉米食虫的样品，其中一半对转基因Bt玉米造成了超过一节的根部损伤。 Of these samples, sufficient eggs were collected to conduct bioassays on seven populations. Laboratory bioassays revealed that these 2010 populations had survival on Cry3Bb1 maize that was 11 times higher and significantly greater than that of control populations, which were brought into the laboratory prior to the commercialization of Bt maize for control of corn rootworm. 这些样品中，收集了足够的虫卵以便对七个食虫群进行生物鉴定。实验室生物鉴定揭示，在转基因Cry3Bb1玉米上存活的2010年食虫群，与对照群相比具有11倍高的生存率，这些对照群在引入转基因Bt玉米治理食虫前引入实验室。 Additionally, the developmental delays observed for control populations on Cry3Bb1 maize were greatly diminished for 2010 populations. All 2010 populations evaluated in bioassays came from fields with a history of continuous maize production and between 3 and 7 y of Cry3Bb1 maize cultivation. 此外，对照群中观察到食虫对转基因Cry3Bb1玉米的发育延迟，对2010年的食虫群明显丧失。生物鉴定中评价的所有2010年食虫群均来自持续3年至7年种植转基因Cry3Bb1玉米的农田。 Resistance to Cry34/35Ab1 maize was not detected and there was no correlation between survival on Cry3Bb1 maize and Cry34/35Ab1 maize, suggesting a lack of cross resistance between these Bt toxins. Effectively dealing with the challenge of field-evolved resistance to Bt maize by western corn rootworm will require better adherence to the principles of integrated pest management. 没有检测到对转基因Cry34/35Ab1玉米，而且与对于转基因Cry3Bb1玉米与转基因Cry34/35Ab1的生存率没有关联性，提议全服对这些Bt毒素的交叉抗性。有效应对西部玉米食虫对于转基因Bt玉米的农田进化抗性，要求更好的遵守病虫害综合治理的原则。 |
Experts are also noting that this year’s resistant rootworm populations are maturing earlier than expected. In fact, the time the bug’s larvae hatched was the earliest in decades. 专家们还注意到食虫群今年成熟的比往年早一些。事实上，今年食虫的产卵期为几十年以来最早的一次。 “The Western corn rootworm 'season' is underway at a pace earlier than I have experienced since I began studying this versatile insect as a graduate student in the late 1970s,” entomologist Mike Gray wrote in The Bulletin, a periodical issued by the University of Chicago’s Department of Crop Studies. “西部玉米食虫‘季节’比上世纪70年代末我开始研究这种动功能昆虫时提前了相当阶段” ，昆虫学家迈克·格雷在芝加哥大学农作物研究系期刊《学报》写道。 Studies in other states have also revealed that the rootworm population is becoming increasingly resistant to genetically modified corn. Last year, Iowa State University researcher Aaron Gassmann noted that a number of farmers reported discovering, much to their dismay, that a large number of rootworms survived after the consumption of their GM crops. Gassmann branded these pests “superbugs.” 其他州的研究也揭示食虫群对转基因Bt玉米正在增长抗性。去年，爱荷华州立大学的研究者阿龙·嘎斯曼关注到一定数量的农民报告他们惊愕发现相当大数量食虫吃掉了他们的转基因Bt作物后依然存活。嘎斯曼因此将这些昆虫称之为“超级害虫”。 Farmers and food companies have increasingly been dependent on GM crops, and many have abandoned crop rotation, a practice that has been used to stave off pest infestations for centuries. Some have even gone as far as to ignore federal regulation, which require the GM corn plantations be accompanied by a small “refuge” of non-GM maize. 农民与食品公司越来越依赖于转基因作物，而且摒弃了他们的前辈数百年来一直用来避免害虫泛滥的农作物轮作作业。许多农民甚至忽略了联邦政府的规定，要求转基因玉米种植必须伴随有种植非转基因玉米小块的“避难所”。 The recent findings have potentially devastating ramifications for both farmers and consumers. Genetic maize plantation would easily come under attack from the swelling number of “superbugs,” resulting in dwindling harvest numbers for farmers. Ultimately, consumers will pay the price not only for corn, an essential product whose derivatives are used in a plethora of products ranging from yogurts to baby powder, but for other crops sold in the market. Rising corn prices would mean that more farmers would plant corn, despite the risks, and the yield for other crops would drop. That would drive prices for virtually all food items up, hitting hard on a population already smitten by ongoing economic difficulties. 最近的这些发现对种植转基因Bt作物的农民以及消费者而言都具有潜在灾难性的恶果。转基因Bt玉米容易遭到不断增长数量“超级害虫”的侵袭，对农民导致越来越少的收获量。最终，消费者不仅要支付玉米的价格，它们的加工产物用于酸奶到婴儿粉在内的一系列产品，而且支付购买其他农作物的费用。更高的玉米价格意味着更多农民将种植玉米，尽管面临的风险，其他作物的产量也将下降。这将推动几乎所有食品价格上涨，对已经遭遇持续经济困难的民众形成更大的打击。 Monsanto launched its anti-rootworm GM corm in 2003. The Cry3Bb1 protein, derived from the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt.) bacterium, was inserted into the corn’s genetic code. The embedded protein was supposed to be fatal to all rootworms. 孟山都2003年推出其抗食虫的转基因玉米。提取自苏云金杆菌（Bt）的Cry3Bb1蛋白，被转基因插入到玉米的遗传密码中。嵌入的Bt毒素本来预计对所有的食虫应当具有致命性。 The recent findings came days after Monsanto, along with other biotech companies, got a major boost from a congressional panel, which okayed the manufacture of GM crops despite pending legal challenges. Many of the lawsuits that Monsanto faces include assessments that its crops are unsafe for human consumption and affect the health of unborn children. 不久前，孟山都等其他生物技术公司获得了国会一个专门小组的重大支持，他们赞同转基因作物在遭到法律诉讼过程中可以继续种植。该项研究的发现在该项决定后没有几天得到宣布。孟山都面临的许多法律诉讼涉及转基因作物对人类食用不安全以及影响未出生胎儿健康的评估。 Monsanto has also been an active plaintiff itself. Its primary targets include entities that seek to label GM foods, and small farmers, whom the biotech behemoth accuses of using genetically modified crops patented by Monsanto. 孟山都经常扮演活跃原告。他们的主要打击目标包括那些寻求对转基因食品标识的企业，以及小农户，这个生物技术巨兽控告他们使用了孟山都专利的转基因作物。 相关研究资料： 陈一文：中国真正共产党人三代真诚的朋友 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d01017r5c.html 陈一文北大讲演：老一辈新闻工作者对当代新闻工作者启示 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102dzgx.html 北京部分家长:救救受非法有害转基因大豆油摧残的孩子们!——北京部分家长和志愿者致北京市食品安全办公室的信 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102e0xe.html 南方周末:孩子吃什么谁说了算?转基因豆油成学校食堂主力 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102e0w3.html 路透社：阿根廷农民向美国法院起诉孟山都草甘膦毒害农民 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102e0vh.html 法新社：阿根廷转基因大豆生产者因危害健康罪受到审判 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102e0va.html 农业部无法推脱转基因生物技术检测机构造假玩忽职守责任 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102e0uv.html 墨西哥玉米转基因污染事件，农业部官员公然撒谎谁来管？ http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102e0u8.html 蓄意掩盖转基因Bt玉米致牛死亡事实进行欺骗现正达遭起诉 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102e0kv.html 中国网怒斥：农业部拿什么让民众相信转基因的安全？ http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102e0eh.html 孟山都提交日本转基因大豆评估文件厚达一米提交中国多少？ http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102e0ri.html 孟山都转基因大豆“审批缺陷”要害：“假样品”做“假试验” http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102e0a5.html 陈一文：点评《孟山都转基因大豆被疑存在“审批缺陷”》 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102e05b.html 草甘膦除草剂与生育缺陷是否向公众掩盖真相？- 目录 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102e03z.html 倒了，倒了，孟山都的抗旱cspB转基因玉米也倒了！ http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102e0gn.html 倒了、倒了，黄大昉向人大常委会吹嘘的转基因棉也倒了！ http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102dtu7.html 倒了，倒了，张启发转基因Bt稻米也倒了，必须重新审核 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102dtdd.html 陈一文：破了破了，转基因“金稻米”骗局也被戳破！ http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d01017pt7.html 转基因Bt玉米和转基因Bt棉花产生的Bt毒素可能导致过敏症状 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d01017r20.html 加拿大在孕妇血液与胎儿中发现转基因玉米Bt毒素 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0100sdzv.html 王月丹：确实有必要重估转基因大米的安全性 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0100t143.html 美国、新西兰学家重大发现颠覆转基因理论伪科学理论基础 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0100s3d1.html 法国科学家最新研究证实：转基因Bt毒素杀死人类肾脏细胞 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102dyiz.html 德法科学家：转基因Bt毒素、微量草甘膦危害人类细胞发育 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102dy0h.html 陈一文：张启发依老鼠伪试验获转基因稻米安全许可证应撤销 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0100refn.html 陈一文译：老鼠试验并非大哺乳动物转基因研究最好研究模型 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0100rcrp.html 陈一文译：人类转基因激素造成转基因牛卵巢过大牛仔死亡 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0100ra7v.html 张世煌（非转基因传统优良玉米培育专家）：育种家要尽早清理转基因育种材料http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d01017q02.html 降蕴彰：农业部“国家玉米产业技术研发中心”来信紧急清理转基因http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d01017pz7.html 美国玉米害虫专家：禁绝孟山都产生杀虫毒素转基因Bt作物 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102dyjq.html 美国22位昆虫学家致函环保部揭露转基因Bt玉米恶果 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102dyjm.html 丹麦养猪场档案:转基因大豆损害健康非转基因大豆有益健康 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102dzfm.html 养猪场转基因大豆饲料换非转饲料猪健康显著改进猪场利润 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102dzfj.html 草甘膦与孟山都转基因大豆对健康危害远超过孕妇用反应停 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102dzf3.html 必须追究农业部非法审批孟山都转基因大豆进口的法律责任 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102dy99.html 益海嘉里必须交待消费者对金龙鱼转基因大豆油的52问题 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102dxre.html | 
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