本帖最后由 yuyeguihua 于 2011-5-13 03:35 编辑
【原文标题】Chinese-Style Post-Disaster Reconstruction Presented by Changes of Chengdu
【中文标题】从成都巨变看中国式的灾后重建
【登载媒体】星岛环球网（澳大利亚版）
【来源地址】http://oversea.stnn.cc/Au/201105/t20110509_1576101.html
【作 者】EDISON GAO
【译 者】星岛环球网
【译 文】
重建后的白鹿镇欣欣向荣
一个中国小镇的重生 在中国西南，成都市区以北70公里的地方，有个叫白鹿的小镇，这几天充满喜庆的氛围——5月12日，这座融汇中法风情的小镇，将正式开街。如果此前你没有到过这里，你无法想像，三年前的5月12日，这个小镇曾遭受8.0级特大地震的损毁，几乎成为一片废墟。我地震后不久到过那里，现场的惨状让我至今不愿回忆。仅仅三年，呈现在我面前的，是一个崭新的，充满法式风情和中国传统格调的精致小镇。这样的建设速度和高水平的成果，令人吃惊。同样让人吃惊的是，在成都，白鹿巨变不是特例，而是普遍现象。我忍不住想要去寻求成都奇迹背后的原因，探究中国式重建的经验。
重建后的白鹿镇欣欣向荣
规划先行 着力发展式重建
白鹿镇的核心区是2条800米长的街道，南面全是法国式建筑，有着古城堡的外形，高而尖的屋顶，圆拱形花窗；北面建筑则是中国西南民居风格。“这就是我们说的中法风情”，当地官员高天成介绍说。
把白鹿镇建成这个摸样，是中国各级政府重建理念的具体体现，充分利用小镇的历史资源和自然资源，既考虑了当前需求，更着眼于可持续发展。这座有着上千年历史的小镇气候宜人，生态良好。“除了优良的自然条件，小镇与法国文化还有着100多年的渊源”，高天成说。
100多年前，法国传教士来这里主持修建了三座天主教书院（培养神职人员的学校），其中一座直到地震前仍保存完好，成为小镇的标志性建筑，也是中国国家一级文物。许多准备结婚的新人，常常以它为背景拍摄婚纱照。
2008年5月12日，8.0级的大地震发生了，这座距离震中仅40公里的小镇几乎被摧毁，在紧张的救灾结束后，重建任务摆在眼前。中国各级政府经过科学论证，决定采用发展式重建的思路和办法，而不是简单的恢复式重建。高天成介绍说：“综合考虑自然条件和历史文化，我们决定把白鹿镇建设为一个高水平的中法风情旅游小镇”。
震后的白鹿镇一片废墟
在恢复重建过程中，成都市把规划放在首要位置，邀请包括外国机构在内的200多家高水平规划设计机构、4000多名设计人员，完成了灾后恢复重建总体实施规划和城镇体系、农村建设、城乡住房建设、基础设施建设、公共服务设施建设、生产力布局和产业调整、市场服务体系、防灾减灾、生态修复和土地利用9大类专项规划，并第一次将农村住房建设纳入科学规划管理，要求重建住房具备支撑产业的发展性、建筑风貌的多样性、与周边环境的相融性、配套设施的共享性。包括白鹿镇约1700户人家在内，成都灾区共13万多户农村居民的永久性住房都按照这样的原则来设计建造，不仅很好地继承了传统，也更好地适应了人们现代生活的需求。现在，白鹿镇的灾区群众都住上了别致的二层小楼，城镇及其周边的400多户人家，要么直接从事旅游业，要么把多余的住房作为乡村酒店用房，通过乡村旅游经营的方式增加一份收入。
像白鹿这样，“场镇有特色、街道有风格、单体有品位”的灾后重建小镇，在成都还有16个，都采用了“发展式重建”的思路，从风貌特色、产业结构、舒适宜居等方面，都不是简单复原，而是有了化茧成蝶的变化。
重建后的白鹿镇欣欣向荣
统筹城乡 城市标准建乡村
除法式风情街区之外，白鹿镇街区周边乡村的受灾群众被集中安置在半边街、金桥人家等社区。远远望去，中国传统式建筑、童话式特色建筑眼入眼帘，让人很难相信这是乡村。水泥路面整洁平坦，光纤通信通达每家，水电气配套齐全，污水集中处理，社区里还有文化活动室、体育健身中心等，与城市社区别无二致。
灾区乡村这种巨变，同样发生在成都全市759个重建点。
以城市标准建设乡村，是成都市恢复重建的重要经验之一，目的是促进城乡基本公共服务均等化，建立城乡一体的就业、教育、卫生服务和社会保障体系，让受灾群众能享受到和城市一样的公共配套和服务。
地震中，成都市共有3312公里公路、135座桥梁损毁。他们把基础设施重建作为灾后重建的重要内容，加快恢复灾区交通、水利、电力、通讯等基础设施。截至目前，成都市以交通、能源、水利等设施为主的59个基础设施恢复重建项目，完成投资51亿余元；280公里重要经济干线、1833公里农村公路全部建成通车，所有受损道路和损毁桥梁全面修复。
与此同时，成都市还把水电气路、光纤、宽带等公共配套设施全部铺进新建社区，并每年向灾区每个村安排不低于20万元的资金，为乡村从根本上改善公共服务提供支持。现在，每个灾区乡镇都有标准化的学校、公立医院、敬老院、污水处理厂、文化站等公共设施，使成都受灾地区农村群众生活生产条件大大超过震前水平。“废墟上重新站立起来白鹿镇，至少跨越了20年。”高天成十分感慨地说。
尊重民意 受灾群众面貌新
白鹿镇的空气中不时飘出面包和咖啡的味道。许多曾经从事采煤、传统农业的居民现在都变身老板，开起了酒店、咖啡店、面包作坊、婚纱影楼等。小镇居民的生产生活方式和精神面貌都发生了巨大变化。
地震之后，55岁的何生才在白鹿镇开起了第一家超市。现在，他和家人、朋友还共同投资10多美万元建起了一家旅游酒店。为了更好地服务外国游客，何生才还学会了简单的外语，他笑着说：“我们至少会10句。”
白鹿镇镇居民杨清平今年44岁，曾经从事过矿工、卖猪肉小贩、司机等多种职业，现在从事旅游业，开了个乡村旅店。交谈过程中，这位中年汉子一直笑声不断。他的名片背后是自己写的一首诗，其中两句是：“歌颂白鹿新面貌，人在画中好景象。”
像何生才、杨清平这样快乐幸福的精神面貌，在白鹿、在成都市的其他地震灾区，是一种普遍现象。
成都市的灾后重建工作，充分尊重受众群众的意愿。在住房重建过程中，成都市采取了统一规划统一建设、统一规划自主建设、原址重建、异地重建等多种方式，每种方式又提供了10种以上设计方案，供受灾群众自由选择。同时，在全市所有基层单位建立了村（居）民议事会等民民主决策和议事组织，灾后重建的政策、规划、补助资金发放等事项，都让受灾群众通过议事会的方式参与决策和监督，政府建设项目也让大家全过程监督。公开、透明，既激发了受灾群众重建的主体意识，又帮助受灾群众树立了重建信心。
从2010年起，成都还在包括白鹿镇在内的所有灾后重建集中居住区开展“新家园、新生活、新风尚”活动，在帮助受众群众建设物质家园的同时，帮助曾经世代居住在乡村的人们快速养成城市人一样的生活方式，建设美好的精神家园。
震后的白鹿镇一片废墟
Chinese-Style Post-Disaster Reconstruction Presented by Changes of Chengdu
In the south-west of China, 70 kilometers north from Chengdu urban area, there is a town named Bailu. During these days, it is full of festive atmosphere. This town, characterized with French-style, will be open on May 12. You will never know that this town suffered 8.0 earthquake three years ago and became a ruin if you were not there before.
I went there not long after the earthquake. The scene was so horrible that I don’t want to recall it until now. However, after only three years, a brand-new, traditional but also mixing French-style and exquisite town is presented to me. The speed of reconstruction and the high level of the result are really surprising. For more surprising, the great change of Bailu is not the only case but the universal one in Chengdu. I am really curious about the reasons of the Chengdu miracle and the experience of Chinese-style reconstruction.
Plan First, Developmental Style Reconstruction
There are two 800-mile-long streets in the core district of Bailu town. In the south of it, there are full of French-style buildings, with the shape of ancient castle, high, pointed roof and arched windows; in the north, the buildings are in Chinese traditional style. “This is what we talk as the Chinese-French style,” the local official Gao Tiancheng introduces, “Bailu town presents the reconstruction idea of China governments at all level. It makes full use of the town’s both historical and natural resources. It considers not only the current requisition but also the sustainable development.
Bailu town, with more than one thousand years history, enjoys agreeable climate and sound ecological environment. “Apart from the excellent natural conditions, the town possesses more than one hundred years of French culture origins,” Gao Tiancheng observes. One hundred years ago, a French missionary came here and presided over the construction of three Catholic Colleges. One of them was still preserved well before the earthquake and became the landmark of the town and national cultural relic. Many couples getting married always choose it as the background of their wedding photos.
The 8.0 earthquake occurred on May 12, 2008. This town, only 40 kilometers away from the epicenter, was ruined with lots of people injured and great loss of property.
Reconstruction is the initial target after the tension relief. Governments at all levels decided to adopt the ideas and methods of the developmental reconstruction, rather than a simple recovery-type reconstruction.
“Considering the natural conditions and the historical culture, we decided to reconstruct Bailu town as a high level tour town with Chinese-French style,” says Gao Tiancheng. After the reconstruction, people in Bailu town are no longer only doing the mining, but mainly engage in tourism, wedding industry and diversified agriculture. They live a better life now.
Over two years’ reconstruction, the extent of Bailu’s modernism, the level of its infrastructure and the living standard are totally different from the past. Gao says, “The Bailu that stands up from the ruin is like jumping at least over twenty years.”
There are 16 post-disaster towns more with featured squares, stylish streets and tasty decoration like Bailu. They all adopted “developmental reconstruction” idea. It is not a copy of the past, but makes great progresses in the characteristics, the industry structure and the living standard.
Co-ordinate Urban and Rural, Use Urban Standard to Build Rural Areas
It takes one hundred million dollars to reconstruct Bailu but where is the money from?
“Our country gives us great support and the representation of it is the one to one assistant construction,” says Gao Tiancheng.
According to the national arrangement, the developed Fujian Province is the support for Pengzhou, Chengdu, which Bailu belongs to. The total amount of the support money reaches 500 hundred million dollars. Bailu broadcast station, schools, the administrative center and part of those permanent housing are all the result of the one to one assistant construction project. This kind of project is an innovation. It is reported that the Japanese government has sent specialists to China to learn about it.
The Chinese government makes subsidies to every family for the rebuilding of the permanent housing. Governments at all level collect all kinds of donation to make allowance for every affected household so that they can afford the fees for rebuilding the houses.
“Without the power of our country and the aid from the society, it would take us a long time to rebuild Bailu as the current one by ourselves,” Gao Tiancheng says.
Respect Public Opinion, Happy People
The smell of bread and coffee floats out from time to time in Bailu. Many of those residents that once engaged in mining and agriculture now turn into the bosses of bars, coffee shops, bakeries, wedding photography gallery and etc. The lifestyle of the town changes a lot.
The fifty-five resident, He Shengcai, opened the first supermarket in the town after the earthquake. Currently, he and his family invest more than one million Yuan to build a hotel. He Shengcai even learns some simple English for better service for foreigners. He smiles and says, “Everyone in our town can speak at least ten English sentences.”
Yang Qingping, forty-four years old, once worked as miner, pork hawker, driver and some other professionals. Now he is engaged in tourism and owns a country hotel. This middle-aged man laughs a lot during our talks. Behind his name card, there is a poem that commends the new presentation of Bailu.
Most people that live in Bailu and other post-disaster districts are now living a happy life like He Shengcai and Yang Qingping. During the past two years, while Chinese governments at all level doing the material reconstruction, they also pay much attention to the spiritual aspect. They rebuild the residents’ confidence and cultivate the sense of civilization, self-reliance and thanksgiving through counseling, seminars and cultural and sports activities.
The reconstruction of Chengdu after the earthquake promotes not only the material living standard but also people’s cultural literacy.w
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发表于 2011-5-13 05:44
发表于 2011-5-13 13:35
