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本帖最后由 rhapsody 于 2011-8-11 23:33 编辑
【中文标题】英国暴乱：是什么把人们变成了抢掠者？
【原文标题】UK riots: What turns people into looters?
【登载媒体】BBC
【来源地址】http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-14463452
【译者】rhapsody
【声明】本文供AC/M4使用，未经译者或AC同意，谢绝转载；谢谢合作。
【译文】
Many in the UK are reeling after days of images of brazen thefts and wanton damage during the riots, but just where is the tipping point when people think they can start looting?
连日来光天化日的盗抢和骚乱期间肆意破坏的画面让英国的许多人感到震惊，但人们是在哪个节骨眼上觉得自己可以开始抢掠了呢？
There have been some extraordinary scenes in London and other cities this week, from burning buildings and running street battles, to people unashamedly walking into a shop and leaving with a flat-screen television under their arms.
这星期伦敦和其他城市上演了一些不寻常的场面：从燃烧建筑和街头巷战，到人们无耻地走进商店，然后胳膊下夹着一台平板电视安然离开。
Many of the looters have not bothered to cover their faces as they raided electrical stores, sports shops and off-licences.
许多抢掠者在洗劫电子商店、运动店和酒饮店时都懒得遮住自己的脸。
Some have even posed for a picture afterwards, proudly showing off their haul and posting the images on social-networking sites.
一些人过后甚至在镜头前摆足了姿势，骄傲地展示自己的战利品，并把照片发到了社交网站上。
Prof John Pitts, a criminologist who advises several London local authorities on young people and gangs, says some of those taking the lead in the looting will be known to the authorities, while others are swept along.
为伦敦本地几个处理青年人和犯罪团伙问题的部门担任顾问的犯罪学家皮特兹教授认为一些带头抢掠的人会被当局找到，而其他人则会被漏过。
He says looting makes "powerless people suddenly feel powerful" and that is "very intoxicating".
他说抢掠让“无力的人骤感有力”，那种感觉让人“非常陶醉”。
"The world has been turned upside down. The youngsters are used to adults in authority telling them they cannot do this or this will happen. Then they do it and nothing happens."
“整个世界天翻地覆了。年轻人习惯了听当权的大人告诫他们不能干这些事，否则就会怎样怎样。现在他们干了，而什么事也没有。”
He says a large number of youngsters are involved in these riots because it is the school holidays and the nights are longer.
他说很多年轻人参与了这些骚乱是因为时下正值学校放假，夜晚也很漫长。
Numbers are all important in a riot and the tipping point comes when the rioters feel in control, he adds.
数量在骚乱中是至关重要的因素，当骚乱者感到控制了局面，就到了引爆点，他补充道。
"You cannot riot on your own. A one-man riot is a tantrum. At some point the bigger crowds confronting the police realise that they are in control."
“你无法独自暴动。一个人搞暴动是蛮干。到某些时候与警察对峙的人群多了，他们就感到自己控制了局面。”
Psychopathic tendencies
精神病倾向
Psychologists argue that a person loses their moral identity in a large group, and empathy and guilt - the qualities that stop us behaving like criminals - are corroded.
心理学家认为人在大型群体中会失去自己的道德准绳、移情作用和负罪感——这些阻止我们像罪犯那样行事的品质被这种情况下被侵蚀了。
"Morality is inversely proportional to the number of observers. When you have a large group that's relatively anonymous, you can essentially do anything you like," according to Dr James Thompson, honorary senior lecturer in psychology at University College London.
“道德与观察者数量成反比。当你处在一个相对而言互不认识的大型群体里时，你几乎能做自己想干的任何事”，伦敦大学学院心理学荣誉高级讲师汤普森博士说道。
"Part of that is down to safety in numbers. There may only be 20 or 30 people who are leading the trouble but the presence of several hundred onlookers makes it far less likely they'll get caught."
“部分原因在于人多安全性就大。可能只有20或30人在带头搞事，但有几百个旁观者在场就使得他们被抓的可能性小多了。”
He rejects the notion that some of the looters are passively going with the flow once the violence has taken place, insisting there is always a choice to be made.
他不认同一些抢掠者是暴动发生后被动地随大流这种说法，坚称总有选择的余地。
Watching people getting away with it can act as a motivation for others to start looting, says psychologist Dr Lance Workman.
而心理学家沃克曼认为，看到有人犯事而不受惩罚，就可能引发其他人也动了抢掠的念头。
"Humans are the best on the planet at imitating. And we tend to imitate what is successful. If you see that people are walking out of a shop with a widescreen TV and trainers, a certain kind of person thinks why shouldn't I do that?"
“人类是这个星球上最善于模仿的物种。而且我们倾向模仿成功的东西。如果你看到有人从商店里拿着一台宽屏电视机和一些运动服出来，肯定有人会想，为什么我不能也这么做？”
Workman argues that some of those taking part may adopt an ad hoc moral code in their minds - "these rich people have things I don't have so it's only right that I take it".
沃克曼认为一些参与抢掠的人可能奉行的是一种即兴的道德观——“这些富人有我没有的东西，因此我拿了东西就是对的。”
But there's evidence to suggest that gang leaders tend to have psychopathic tendencies, he says.
不过有证据表明暴徒领头人可能有精神病倾向，他说道。
This idea of a mob mentality can be found in football hooliganism. Former Manchester United hooligan Tony O'Reilly, says there is a similarity between this week's looting and the football violence he took part in for three decades.
暴徒心理的说法可以在足球流氓行为中找到踪迹。前曼联足球流氓奥莱利说这周的抢掠与他曾参与了三十年的足球暴力存在相似的地方。
It boils down to the buzz, he says. "It's an excitement. You can't take away that thrill - the roar of the crowd. That sense of a group of men, something's happening."
这说到底是躁动。他说道。“这是一种兴奋感。你无法抵挡那种刺激——人群的呼喊。在那种人群的意识下，就有事会发生。”
For most, the motivation is the thrill, with the "free stuff" just a bonus. But not for the ringleaders who manipulate the mob to target high-value shops.
对多数人而言，刺激的地方在于动机，而“免费的东西”只是额外的奖品。不过那些策划针对高价物品商店的元凶除外。
He recalls a rampage through Swiss Cottage in the 1980s when Manchester United fans ended up looting a jewellery store. "The mob itself wasn't looking for jewellers but a few of the bright criminals used the mob and bystanders and the mob joined in because of the buzz."
他回忆了上世纪80年代在瑞士村（译注：伦敦一个地区）发生的一起暴乱，一群曼联球迷最终洗劫了一家珠宝店。“人们本身不是将珠宝店视为目标，但个别狡猾的罪犯利用了人群和旁观者，人们参与其中是出于躁动。”
'Just thuggery'
“仅以暴行”
For law-abiding citizens setting fire to a bus or stealing from a shop is simply unthinkable. But academics say socio-economic factors cannot be left out of the equation.
对于守法的公民而言，纵火烧公车或者从商店偷东西简直是无法想象的。但学者认为不能忽略社会经济因素。
Dr Paul Bagguley, a sociologist at the University of Leeds, says young men are usually engaged in confrontation with the police, while looters tend to include young children and women.
利兹大学的社会学家巴古力博士说道，年轻人经常与警察发生冲突，而抢掠者也常包括小孩和妇女。
"It's very likely that a lot of people stealing the stuff would not have done it before. There's a sense in these situations that the normal rules don't apply."
“很多偷东西的人非常可能从未这么干过。这些情形下存在着一种心态：正常的规则不起作用了。”
He says while looting occurs in most riots, it has dominated this week and they could be called the "consumer society riots".
他说尽管大多数暴乱都有发生抢掠，但抢掠在本周占据了中心地位，这些行为可称为“消费社会的暴动”。
"If you compare it to the riots in the 1980s, there's a lot more stuff you can loot easily, such as portable electronic gadgets, mobile phones and flatscreen TVs.
“如果你把这和上世纪80年代的暴动比较，现在容易偷走的东西要多得多，比如移动电子设备，手机和平板电视。”
"For a lot of looters, it's just opportunity but it also expresses a sense of how else am I going to get a hold of these things?"
“对于很多抢掠者来说，这只是机遇，但这也同样表露出一种心态：我要得到这些东西还能有其他什么方式？”
Prof Pitts says riots are complex events and cannot be explained away as "just thuggery".
皮特兹教授认为暴乱是复杂事件，不能“仅以暴行”来解释。
They have to be seen against the backdrop of "growing discontents" about youth unemployment, education opportunities and income disparities.
这些事件需要结合人们对青年失业、教育机会（不足）以及收入（）不均等问题“日益不满”的背景来看。
He says most of the rioters are from poor estates who have no "stake in conformity", who have nothing to lose.
他说大多数暴乱分子来自贫民区，他们没有“遵纪守法的本钱”，没有什么可失去。
"They have no career to think about. They are not 'us'. They live out there on the margins, enraged, disappointed, capable of doing some awful things."
“他们没有可想的职业。他们不是‘我们’。他们生活在社会边缘，愤懑、失望，而又有能力做可怕的事。”
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发表于 2011-8-11 03:56
