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本帖最后由 Mc大梨 于 2011-9-15 17:40 编辑
【原文标题】Amid China boom, job search for many grads goes bust
【中文标题】中国蓬勃发展，应届生寸步难行
【登载媒体】路透社
【来源地址】http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/09/14/us-china-graduates-idUKTRE78D0D720110914
【译 者】大梨
【翻译方式】 人工
【声 明】 本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载。
【译 文】
彦明隆是百万大学应届毕业生中的其中之一，这种受过高等教育的人在如今这个时代真是比比皆是，随手可抓，一抓一大把，并不像上个时代因为受过高等教育而令人印象刻。
23岁的彦明隆闲晃在史各庄的一个台球室内，准备渡过他的这个周末。当涉及到他未来的工作时，眼神中透露着迷茫。史各庄位于北京北5环到北6环之间，一个城乡结合郊区。这些像他一样满怀希望的应届毕业生大都选择了住在这房租相对便宜的郊区里，眺望未来远方迷茫的梦想。
这个夏天，全中国660万的应届毕业生也已经从啃书族摇身一变，成了大街小巷寻找工作的打工族（蚁族）。
但是随着如此庞大的群体一股脑的涌向社会，中国的社会经济和市场恐怕也承受不住这数量惊人的应届毕业生，长此以往，就有可能会出现社会的危机和动荡。
据经济学家机构显示，中国80%的人没有读完高中的学业，所以彦可以算的上是在中国具有高学历的人。
彦三年前毕业于河北省交通职业技术学院，一直在做一个汽车修理工。他和他6个同事住在一个月租2500元（390美元)的宿舍里，位于北京的西边。
“这种结果能人满意么？”我甚至可以想象的到，在5年之后，我的收入仅仅将是与那些从不学习只是高中毕业就直接投入工作的朋友们的收入相持平而已。彦说。
一个国营的中国社科院机构苦心研究，描绘出了2011年毕业生找工作的一幅宏伟蓝图，研究表明说：在2010年的应届毕业生中，仅仅只有6.7％的毕业生没有找到工作仍在继续寻找。
大多数的成年人都已经找到了工作或者去更好的进修了。所以2009年的失业率下降了3个百分点。
中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所的副教授王美艳说，“总体上来说，中国近年的毕业生就业市场是健康的。”
“应届毕业生的就业困难并没有社会上所想的那么严重。中国的毕业生在就业市场面临的任何困难并不意味着问题是中国特有的，”她说。
而相比之下，总部设在华盛顿特区的经济政策研究所，在2010年4月至2011年3月的研究报告中表明美国的应届毕业生的失业率为9.7％。
但来自北京独立研究所的研究员任兴辉，对政府批准的毕业生就业统计数字持有怀疑态度。
“一个学校的好与坏跟这个学校的就业率有这密不可分的关系。”他说
“在现在这个社会市场上，是否能够吸收今年的另外600万个大学毕业生，完全取决于他们毕业生自己如何定义这个工作机会。”他说
“如果就仅仅是工作，那是完全没有问题，服务员，卖货什么的都可以算是工作。那么这样的工作机会，社会市场绝对拥有和能够接受的。但如果想要那种独正规专业以及大型企业之类的工作，恐怕就是一个非常严峻的问题了。”任说
毫无满意感可言
就算是毕业生就业率高的和政府所给的数据一样，但这些所谓的工作机会也是与那些雄心勃勃的年轻人心中期望的工作相差太远。
这是最现在社会市场上最普遍的问题了。但现在中国令人担心的经济增长和让人迷茫的希望一样，与磨削现实之间的鸿沟更让人难以跨越和令人心伤了。
“在北京，想要找到一份工作并不困难，”来自于电影动画专业毕业的冯彪表示。冯彪住在拥挤的史各庄。在这个狭窄的屋子里，没有客厅，他坐床上继续说：“对绝大多数人来说，困难的是找到一份自己所真正心仪的工作。”
这间小屋很简陋，裸露的墙上挂这一张用来刮胡子的小镜子，镜子下面是一张破旧不堪的桌子，上面堆放着一些苹果和香蕉。
他从家到市中心的工作单位需要乘坐1个半小时的地铁，每个月挣3000块钱（470美元），职位是网络广告设计。
曾经，只有社会上的精英可以轻易的进入社会大展拳脚，而自从1997年文革后高考恢复，便平白增加了220万个高学历知识分子。
今天的许多大学毕业生家长，有很多经历过文革期间（1966-1976年），那时毛泽东发动了“天翻地覆”的运动，一个动荡的年代，包括教育，进入大学的学生人数大幅度削减。而在整个那个时代，国家也给予城市工人分配工作。
如今的教育扩招政策，给学子们提供了更好的学习信心和价值，但是也让毕业生们的起始薪水远远低于现在社会上的蓝领工人。
而且即使他们可以得到一个全职的薪水，却往往得不到社会保险和一些正常节假日的福利待遇。
对于政府来说，大规模的就业不足前景是一个政治上的担心，也是一个经济问题。
其实政府所担忧并不是没有道理，根据1989年天安门广场学生的抗议事件，和伴随着中国近代史上各种学生抗议的活动中获得的经验来看，学生抗议的可能性是很大的。到最后政府依靠暴力的军事武装才给镇压下来。
“中国的就业市场是绝对不正常的，白领们的需求有限，使得毕业生难以找到工作，这也和大学的扩招有一定的原因”任说。
根据中国社会科学院的研究表明。从全国范围来看，2010年每月大学毕业生的平均月薪和福利待遇只有不到2500元。
冯每个月拿出他工资的20%来交房租，屋子里的地面满是烟蒂。除去每个月的吃饭，交通，和特殊情况开支外，一分钱也攒不下来。
冯说：“我想可能是因为我刚刚毕业，将来应该慢慢变好的”
十分艰难的选择
并不是所有的大学毕业生都像冯一样的艰难，有些家里有关系的毕业生就会被介绍到大企业或者事业单位里去。
雷思宇毕业于大连的一所技术大学，在春天的时候获得了软件工程学位。
他是四川人，他说他毕业之后的第一份工作是去网络巨头百度求职未果令他非常的沮丧和强烈的挫败感。
但是他现在的工作月薪是7500，是站在了4分之1里毕业生的高端位置，这个薪水是大多数人梦想的黄金门票。但是他仍旧对自己的前程抱有并不乐观的态度。
“获得这个实习机会其实是比较容易的，但是如果想要转正的话，还是有些困难额。就像考博士一样的艰难。”他说。
即使是中国顶尖的学生也必须作出艰难的选择，鉴于中国广阔的社会动力，在他们看来，更为广阔的外企不再有像以前那样的吸引力。
中国社会科学院的研究报告表示：2010年，中国国企和事业单位占据了三分之一（32%）的毕业生。而在为期四年的学士学位课程毕业生之间，这个数字是41％。
金是毕业于清华大学国际关系系，她说她在工作从人们都只叫她的姓（例如小金），她拒绝过薪酬更高的一家做运输业的外企。
“当然了，薪水毫无疑问的没有外企多，而且也并不是我所心仪的工作，但是从长远的角度来看，在国企工作是一个很明智的选择。”金说。
关键最重要的是，在国企工作甚至可以解决在北京的户口问题。每个单位都有一定的限额来给员工办理户口问题，这种“登陆”式工作意味着在社会上某些群体的享有着的特权和优惠。
“如果要想住在北京，就必须要有户口。不然很难买到房子，甚至连买车都是天方夜谭。”她接着说“如果我真的打算留在北京，只要我继续干着这份工作，在未来的2年里我就用不着担心我所担心的障碍了。”
【译 文】
(Reuters) - Yan Minglong, one of millions of recent Chinese college graduates, is not impressed with the doors opened by higher education.
"Jobs? What jobs?" the 23-year-old said, whiling away his Saturday afternoon in a billiards hall in Shigezhuang, a gritty neighborhood on Beijing's northern outskirts where cheap rent is the main draw for some of China's white-collar hopefuls.
Students from the country's largest-ever college graduating class, 6.6 million, have gone from hitting the books to hitting the streets in search of work this summer.
But pouring that many graduates into an economy long known as the world's workshop has fueled worries about the market's capacity to absorb them and the potential for political unrest.
In a country where 80 percent of the population has not finished secondary school, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit, Yan is arguably among China's highly educated.
A graduate from a three-year automotive program at Hebei province's Jiaotong Vocational and Technical College, Yan has been working as a car repairman. He lives in a dormitory on the west side of Beijing with six others and pulls in about 2,500 yuan ($390) a month.
"How can I say I'm satisfied? Even after five years, I know my income will be basically the same as my friends who didn't study after high school," said Yan.
A 2011 study by the state-run Chinese Academy of Social Sciences paints a rosy picture of graduate employment, saying only 6.7 percent of 2010 graduates with four-year or vocational degrees were still looking for work six months after leaving campus.
The vast majority had found jobs or were pursuing further studies. Unemployment was down almost three percent from 2009.
Wang Meiyan, an associate professor at the Institute of Population and Labour Economics at CASS, said that, on the whole, China's job market for recent graduates was healthy.
"Their employment challenges aren't as serious as society thinks. Any difficulties that graduates are facing in China's job market doesn't mean that the problem is unique to China," she said.
By comparison, a study by the Washington, D.C.-based Economic Policy Institute put the unemployment rate for recent U.S. graduates between April 2010 and March 2011 at 9.7 percent.
But Ren Xinghui, a researcher at the Transition Institute, an independent Beijing think tank, was skeptical of the government-approved graduate employment statistics.
"Job rates are measured by schools' administration departments and are an important index of university performance that will determine their treatment, giving them an incentive to over-report employment rates of their graduates," he said.
Whether the market can absorb another six million-plus college graduates this year depended largely upon how job opportunity was defined, he said.
"If it just means having work, that is certainly available. But if we are talking about the opportunity in the sense of it matching training and room for professional development, then there is a problem," Ren said.
CAN'T GET NO SATISFACTION
Even if graduate employment rates are as high as the government says, the jobs on offer are often far from what ambitious twenty-somethings want.
That's a universal predicament. But in China, where heady growth has nourished equally heady hopes, the gap between aspirations and grinding reality hurts all the more.
"Finding a job is not a problem, at least not in a city like Beijing," said film animation major Feng Biao, sitting on the bed in his cramped Shigezhuang apartment. "The problem for most people is finding a job that suits you, that you actually like."
He has stacked apples and bananas on a table under a small hanging shaving mirror. Aside from that, the walls are bare.
It is a one-and-a-half hour one-way subway commute to his office in central Beijing, where he earns about 3,000 yuan ($470) a month designing pop-up Internet advertisements.
Once accessible only to the social elite, China's higher education system has absorbed millions of students since 1977 when universities enrolled only 220,000 students following the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution.
Many of the parents of today's graduates came of age during the Cultural Revolution (1966-76), when Mao Zedong launched a tumultuous campaign to attack bastions of privilege -- including education -- and the number of students allowed into university was drastically curtailed. Throughout that era, the state allocated jobs to urban workers.
Today's education expansion has spawned a new crisis of confidence in the value of higher learning, with starting salaries for graduates often not much higher than those of migrant workers in factories.
Even if they are in a position to receive a full-time wage, they often do not get health insurance or other social benefits.
For the government, the prospect of widespread under-employment is a political worry, as well as an economic one.
China's modern history is punctuated with student-led protests and the government has been alert to the possibility of student unrest ever since anti-government demonstrations crushed by the military in and around Beijing's Tiananmen Square in 1989.
"China's employment market is absolutely not healthy. There is a limited demand for white-collar workers that makes it difficult for graduates to find work. One reason for that is the large-scale expansion of universities," said Ren, the researcher.
Nationwide, university graduates of four-year and vocational programs had average monthly salaries of just under 2,500 yuan a month in 2010 including benefits, according to the CASS study.
Feng pays out 20 percent of his salary for his one-bedroom apartment, the floor dotted with cigarette butts. After food, transport, and the occasional treat, he says he saves nothing.
"I guess having just graduated I should have expected to be broke," Feng said.
TOUGH CHOICES
Not all graduates' circumstances are as strained as Feng's. Those with the connections to secure jobs at big firms or in government can do relatively well.
Lei Siyu, who graduated from the Dalian University of Technology in the spring with a degree in software engineering, beat the gauntlet.
The skinny Sichuan native said he was frustrated when his first round of graduate school applications were all rejected and he wasn't hired for a job at China's Internet giant, Baidu.
But he now has a job offer on the table from a company, which he says will pay about 7,500 yuan a month. It is a golden ticket by most measures -- one that would put him squarely within the top four percent of recent graduate wage earners. Still he is not sanguine about the process.
"Getting that internship is easy, but turning it into a job is hard. It felt like most of the people I was competing with had PhDs," he said.
Even China's top students have to make tough choices given broader social dynamics in China, broad enough that foreign firms aren't the magnets they used to be.
Government agencies and state-owned enterprises accounted for nearly a third (32 percent) of jobs for Chinese graduates in 2010. Among four-year degree graduates, that number is 41 percent, the CASS study said.
Jin, an international relations graduate from the elite Tsinghua University who asked that only her surname be used, turned down higher-salary prospects at a foreign company for a spot at a state-owned enterprise in the transportation sector.
"The salary definitely won't be as high as at a foreign company. It's not my ideal job, but from a long-term perspective taking this job was a good choice," Jin said.
The highlight of that offer: promise of a Beijing resident permit, called a "hukou" in Chinese. With hukou quotas set for government agencies and state-owned companies, landing that kind of job can mean opening the door to social privileges.
"If you're living in Beijing without a hukou, it is hard to buy a house and impossible to get a car," she said. "If I plan to stay in Beijing, the next two years at this job would remove a lot of obstacles for me."
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狗仔卡
发表于 2011-9-15 16:46
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楼主
发表于 2011-9-16 09:33
