【纽约时报 111022】邓小平--引领中国走向现代化

yusuf1124

【原文标题】The Man Who Took Modernity To China

【中文标题】邓小平--引领中国走向现代化

【登载媒体】纽约时报

【来源地址】http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/22/books/the-impact-of-deng-xiaoping-beyond-tiananmen-square.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2&ref=china

【译  者】 yusuf1124

【翻译方式】 人工

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【译文】

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Ezra F. Vogel, a professor emeritus at Harvard, in his home near the university's campus.

（此照片摄于）哈佛大学名誉教授埃兹拉·沃格尔位于大学校园附近的家中

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Deng Xiaoping, left, in 1979 with President Jimmy Carter at the White House.

（此照片摄于）1979年 邓小平（左）和当时美国总统吉米卡特于白宫

当美国人在1979年开始反思日本的崛起时，哈佛社会学家埃兹拉·沃格尔写了一部名为《日本名列第一：对美国的教训》的畅销书。

沃格尔先生如今是81岁高龄并以名誉教授的身份从哈佛大学退休。对于崛起的另一个亚洲超级大国，他又著作了同样引人注目的研究。

在《邓小平与中国的改革》一书中，他记录了20世纪80到90年代这位中国领导人的生活点滴以及邓小平致力于改革开放世界上人口最多国家的决心。

离哈佛校园几百米远的家中，沃格尔最近在接受一次采访时候说道：“我的旧书--《日本名列第一》--在促进美国人更多地去了解日本时起到了一定的帮助。至于这本新书，我相信我能写出一些东西，让美国人更多地了解中国。”

这本书已于上个月由哈佛大学出版社出版。人们誉之为有重大意义的邓小平传记，迄今为止对中国传奇而又崎岖经济改革道路的最全面研究。

然而，一些评论指出沃格尔教授对邓小平的强硬角色描述甚少。包括1989年，邓小平曾下令军队用镇压抗议者。

但也有其他学者称沃格尔教授的新书也细致地描绘了邓小平和他引领的改革。

任教于华盛顿大学的著名中国学者David Shambaugh说道：“这是一项伟大的成就。这本书促进了我们进一步了解邓小平。尽管有些信息不一定是全新的，但这是我们第一次可以从同一本书中去了解全部。况且这本书是以谨慎研究的学者态度编著的。”

当然，邓小平是20世纪全球最具影响力的领导者之一。他因引领百万中国人走向脱贫致富的道路，同时重新塑造了全球贸易模式而饱受赞誉。除了Richard Evans 1993著作的《邓小平和中国走向现代化之路》，很少有关于邓小平的自传。

历史学家更多的把注意力放在毛泽东身上。1949年，伟大的革命家，哲学家毛泽东带领共产党成立了新中国。但是学者总结出，在毛泽东去世后，邓小平（1904-97 身材矮小，长期经历苦难的毛泽东下属）因真正意义上重塑了中国值得称颂。

再没有学者比沃格尔教授更适合写邓小平的自传不过了。沃格尔教授已于2000退休。十几年来，沃格尔一直致力研究中国，日本和其他东亚国家。当中国开始设立经济特区时，沃格尔先生于1987，1988年来到中国南方的广东省对改革进行研究。他再1969著作的《共产主义下的广东》也涉及到了这些改革。这本书研究了当时共产党执政下的广东省会。

沃格尔教授用了10年才著完这本自传。他曾花了一年时间聘请私人教师学习汉语技巧。（沃格尔教授大多数时候是以汉语进行采访的，不需要口译员。）他跟邓小平身边的很多人进行对话。包括邓小平的两个女儿，亲戚和陈云，胡耀邦，赵紫阳这些曾同邓小平工作过的共产党领导。

他甚至曾和前中国领导人江泽民进行过会谈。而后者很少接受采访。

沃格尔教授到访过邓小平位于四川省的出生地，还有当年文化大革命期间被放逐到的江西省偏远地方。他查阅过所有邓小平的官方笔记。另外，他还被授权查阅最近由美国俄罗斯档案公布的文件。

最终，沃格尔教授完成了一份全面的，长达876页的报告。这份报告包括了邓小平权利沉浮，和1978年东山再起，成为最高领导人。关于邓小平如何从毛泽东钦定的接班人华国锋手中得权，此书提供新的细节。

沃格尔教授把邓小平的前65年压缩了了30页纸上，概述了邓小平如何从四川一位地主的儿子转变为曾在法国，俄罗斯居住过的共产党领导人，再之后成为军事指挥官，毛泽东的副总理。

邓小平放宽了对普通百姓生活的约束，打开国门让国人出国深造。他吸引外国投资者到中国，引进国外技术来推动中国停滞不前的经济。这也为中国接下来30年的经济繁荣夯实了基础。

尽管一些共产党领导们强烈反对，他们中一些人担心改革太过头。另一些人把改革视为资产阶级自由化。最终改革还是进行了。对于这一点，沃格尔进行了详尽的解释。

沃格尔教授也描述了邓小平生涯的黑暗时刻。包括1950年反右运动中所扮演的角色。这运动对那些科学家和知识分子进行了残酷对待，也为后来导致大面积灾荒的大跃进埋下了祸根。

沃格尔先生明确指出在1989年6月，邓小平亲自下令以军事行到来平息广场附近的行走。这一行动最后导致了数百人牺牲，同时也在全球范围内激发了人们的愤怒。

加州大学名誉教授，政治学家Richard Baum说道，这本书提供了有关70年代邓小平领导和中国内部权力斗争的大量新信息。但他同时也指出，当读到犹如”对邓小平性格赞颂“的章节时，上述行为也就轻微淡化了。

有些批评家更为严厉，称其中一些片段读上去就好像是共产党总部编写的。

沃格尔教授在一次采访为他的作品进行了辩护。”这不公平。因为在文中一些地方，我持很大的批判态度。很多美国人对邓小平的印象局限于TAM事件。他们认为这很极其恐怖的。我认同他们这个观点。但是以客观态度去看待事情是每一名学者的责任。”

沃格尔教授说他想用这本书来记录下邓小平的生活，以致力于社会政治稳定和经济进步的幸存者形象展示给读者。

他问道：“在20世纪谁对更多的人有着更多的影响力？他引领3万万人民摆脱贫困。这是中国领导150年来一直想做而却为做到的事。邓小平做到了。”

【原文】

In 1979, just when Americans were beginning to reflect on the ascent of Japan, the Harvard sociologist Ezra F. Vogel wrote his best-selling book, “Japan as Number One: Lessons for America.”

Now 81 and retired from Harvard as a professor emeritus, Mr. Vogel has written an equally compelling study of the rise of another Asian superpower.

In “Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China,” he chronicles the life of China’s paramount leader during the 1980s and ’90s and his determined push to open up and modernize the world’s most populated country.

“My book ‘Japan as Number One’ played a role in educating Americans about Japan,” Mr. Vogel said during a recent interview at his home here, a few hundred yards from the Harvard campus. “With this book, I thought I could write something new that would educate Americans about China.”

The book, published last month by Harvard University Press, has already been called a monumental biography of Deng and the most comprehensive survey to date of China’s spectacular but rocky road to economic reform.

Some reviews, however, have accused Mr. Vogel of devoting too little space to Deng’s iron-fisted rule, including his 1989 decision to allow the military to use deadly force against demonstrators in Tiananmen Square.

But other scholars say that Mr. Vogel’s new volume offers a deeply textured portrait of Deng and the reforms he championed.

“It’s a major accomplishment,” said David Shambaugh, a leading China scholar who teaches at George Washington University. “This book pushes our knowledge of Deng further. And while much of this information is not necessarily new, this is the first time we’ve seen it all in one place, analyzed with scholarly detachment.”

Deng, of course, was one of the giant political figures of the 20th century and has been credited with setting China on a path that helped lift hundreds of millions out of poverty while reshaping global trade patterns. But only a handful of biographies have been written about the man, among them Richard Evans’s 1993 “Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China.”

Historians have largely focused on Mao, the revolutionary commander-philosopher who led the Communist takeover in 1949. But scholars have begun to conclude that it was Deng (1904-97), Mao’s diminutive and long-suffering lieutenant, who deserves credit for truly reshaping China after Mao’s death.

Few scholars were better positioned to write a biography of Deng than Mr. Vogel, who retired from teaching in 2000. For decades Mr. Vogel had studied China, Japan and the other dragons of East Asia. He traveled to Guangdong Province in southern China in 1987 and 1988, when China began opening its special economic zones to foreigners, to study the reforms. He had also covered some of this material in his groundbreaking 1969 book, “Canton Under Communism,” a study of Guangdong’s capital in the time after the Communist takeover.

Mr. Vogel, who worked for a decade on this huge biography, spent a year brushing up on his Chinese-language skills with a tutor. (Most of his interviews were conducted in Chinese without an interpreter.) He talked to people close to Deng, including two of his daughters, as well as relatives and aides of Communist leaders like Chen Yun, Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang, who had worked with Deng.

He also talked to former Chinese President Jiang Zemin, who rarely grants interviews.

Mr. Vogel visited Deng’s birthplace in Sichuan Province, as well as remote Jiangxi Province, where Deng was exiled during the Cultural Revolution; consulted all of Deng’s official writings; and was given access to newly released documents from United States and Russian archives.

The result is an exhaustive, 876-page study of Deng’s life that includes his multiple falls from power and his final comeback, when he assumed the top position in 1978; the book offers new details into how Deng pushed aside Mao’s chosen successor, Hua Guofeng.

Mr. Vogel compresses the first 65 years of Deng’s life into 30 pages, offering a sweeping overview of his journey from being the son of a small landlord in Sichuan to his transformation into a Communist revolutionary living in France and Russia, and then on to his role as military commander and, later, Mao’s vice premier.

Deng loosened state controls over the lives of ordinary people, opened the door for Chinese to study overseas and, Mr. Vogel explains, he retreated from Maoist doctrine and Communism without ever really saying so. He lured foreign investors to China and tapped outside expertise to jump-start a largely moribund economy, setting the stage for China’s three-decade-long economic boom.

Much of this happened, Mr. Vogel explains in minute detail, despite stiff opposition from Communist Party elders, some of whom feared the reforms were too aggressive, and others who viewed them as bourgeois liberalization.

Mr. Vogel also writes about Deng’s darker periods, like his role in the “antirightist campaign” during the 1950s, which harshly targeted scientists and intellectuals and set the stage for the Great Leap Forward, which led to mass starvation.

And he makes clear that in June 1989 it was Deng who ordered the military action to end demonstrations in and around Tiananmen Square, a course that led to the deaths of hundreds of people and incited international outrage.

The political scientist Richard Baum, a professor emeritus at University of California, Los Angeles, said the book offered an enormous amount of new material about Deng’s leadership and internal power struggles in China during the ’70s. But he also said that those achievements were mildly diminished by sections that read like “an uncritical paean to Deng’s character.”

Other critics have been harsher, saying some passages read as if they came from Communist Party headquarters.

During an interview Mr. Vogel defended his work. “This is unfair, because in some places I’m very critical,” he said, noting: “A lot of Americans’ view of Deng is so colored by Tiananmen Square. They think it was horrible. I have the same view. But it’s the responsibility of a scholar to have an objective view.”

With this book, Mr. Vogel said he tried to put Deng’s life in context, to show him as a survivor, obsessed with social and political stability and economic progress.

“Who in the 20th century had more influence on more people?” he asked. “He took 300 million people out of poverty. They’d been trying to do it in China for 150 years, and they couldn’t. And he did it.”

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