【商业周刊111027】中国的新保护主义

我思我走

【中文标题】中国新保护主义

【原文标题】China's New Protectionism
【登载媒体】商业周刊

【来源地址】http://www.businessweek.com/maga ... onism-10272011.html

【译者】 我思我走

【翻译方式】人工

【声    明】欢迎转载，请务必注明译者和出处 bbs.m4.cn。
  As competition grows, Chinese authorities clamp down on foreign businesses such as Wal-Mart and Carrefour
随着竞争加剧，中国政府压制例如沃尔玛和家乐福等外国企业
It’s been a rough year for foreign businesses in China. In April, Anglo-Dutch consumer goods giant Unilever was fined $308,000 for publicly announcing it was considering price hikes, allegedly sparking hoarding. In July fast-food giant KFC (YUM) was pilloried in the state media for its use of powdered soybean milk, instead of the fresh variety, in outlets in Shanghai and Guangzhou. Italian luxury brand Gucci was accused of abusing employees in a Shenzhen boutique in October. All the companies apologized for the incidents, and Gucci replaced two store managers.
对在华于外商企业来说，这是艰苦的一年。四月，英荷日化巨头联合利华被罚款30.8万美元，原因是“散布涨价信息，扰乱市场价格秩序”，导致囤积居奇。7月，快餐连锁巨头肯德基，被国家媒体大肆报道，在上海和广州等地以豆浆粉冲泡的豆浆代替鲜榨豆浆。1月意大利奢侈品品牌古奇被控诉辱骂深圳精品店的员工。所有的公司都为这些事故道歉，古奇换了两家商店的经理。
The real drubbing, however, has been reserved for Wal-Mart Stores (WMT) and France’s Carrefour. In January the retailers were fined for misleading pricing in 19 stores and duly apologized. Both paid fines for selling expired products in the city of Changsha earlier this month. Then regulators in Chongqing accused Wal-Mart of selling regular pork mislabeled as organic. The world’s biggest retailer was forced to temporarily shutter 13 stores, paid a $573,000 fine, and saw 37 employees detained. Two of its top China executives resigned. Again, there was a public apology.
真正的打击是为沃尔玛和法国家乐福所准备的。一月份，这两家零售商因为19家连锁店扰乱价格秩序而罚款，并且做出道歉。这个月初，两家又因在长沙售卖过期食品而罚款。之后重庆的管理者以用普通猪肉代替有机猪肉的原因控诉沃尔玛。世界上最大的零售商被迫暂时关闭13家超市，并缴纳57.3万美元的罚款，接受37名雇员被捕的事实。两名中国区最高负责人辞职。同样的，公众道歉是少不了的。
To a growing number of business observers, the recurring humbling of Western businesses is symptomatic of a new protectionism, often emanating from local officials, aimed squarely at foreign investors across China. They say it is spurred in part by a slowing economy and cutthroat competition, which is hurting Chinese brands and prompting officials to lash out at foreign rivals in industries where mainland players have lagged. “Supermarkets are one area where the foreigners have been blowing the Chinese out of the water,” says Paul French, co-founder and director at consultancy Access Asia. “The attitude is: Why go to the effort of getting your own guys to raise their game when you can tear down a foreign guy instead?”
越来越多的商业观察者认为，不断发生的西方企业卑躬屈膝的事件是新保护主义的典型症候，通畅来源于地方政府，意在坚定地针对中国的外商投资者。他们认为新保守主义是受经济增长变缓和残酷竞争的刺激。中国的品牌不具备竞争优势刺激官员痛批一些领域的外商对手，而这些领域恰恰是大陆企业落后的地方。“超市就是外国企业将中国企业逼出市场的领域”，咨询机构“穿越亚洲”的主管和合伙人保罗•弗兰奇如是说。“态度是这样的：如果可以把外国竞争者打倒，干嘛还需要费劲让自己的伙计提高竞争能力？”
Tang Chuan, director of law enforcement in the Chongqing Bureau of Inspection and Enforcement, disagrees. “We are not targeting Wal-Mart,” says Tang, noting that since 2006 the U.S. retailing giant has been cited for 21 cases of selling expired or substandard food, as well as false advertising in Chongqing. “We wish to warn other retailers and purify the industry. Anyone who breaks the law, no matter foreign or domestic, big or small, will be punished.” Both Wal-Mart and Carrefour declined to be interviewed. Other foreign retailers in China, including France’s Auchan Group, Britain’s Tesco, and Germany’s Metro Group, have not been punished in cases made public.
重庆市工商局执法局一处处长唐川并不同意上述观点。“我们并不是盯着沃尔玛，”他说。并指出自2006年以来，在重庆已经有21例美国零售巨头售卖过期或者不合格食品，以及广告欺诈。“我们想要警告其他零售商，并且净化市场。任何人只要违背了法律，不管是外国还是本国的，大公司还是小公司，都将受到惩罚。” 沃尔玛和家乐福都拒绝了采访。其他在中国的零售商，包括法国的欧尚集团、英国乐购、德国的麦德龙集团，并没有遭到公开处罚。
The new protectionism stems from a broader change in Chinese attitudes: Where once localities vied for the prestige and money a big foreign investor brought, today multinationals are taken for granted. In a 2011 survey by the American Chamber of Commerce in the People’s Republic of China, almost a quarter of American companies cited “increased Chinese protectionism” as their greatest risk. “It is going to get harder to get permits, and these foreign companies won’t be as welcomed coming into important neighborhoods,” says Shaun Rein, managing director of China Market Research Group. “That’s because their capital isn’t as needed as it once was.”
新保护主义来源于中国态度的巨大转变：过去地方政府拼命招商引资，博得外国投资者关注，今日跨国公司把这当作理所当然。2011年，在美国中国商会的一份调查中，几乎四分之一的美国公司把“中国日益增长的新保守主义”当作最大的威胁。“获得许可变得越来越艰难，而且外国公司并不被欢迎投资重要领域”，中国市场研究公司总经理沙恩•瑞恩说。“因为外资不像过去那么被需要了”。
Before China entered the World Trade Organization in 2001, foreign retailers as well as banks and insurance companies were banned from doing business in most cities in China. Today, such obvious restrictions are no longer an option. That’s brought about a more subtle protectionism, where state-controlled Chinese media can be counted on to make a national incident out of what otherwise might be a small infraction. While accusing retailers of violating quality rules is one common tactic, another is to fine them for “price fraud,” or not clearly marking the price of products.
在中国2001年加入世贸组织之前，外国零售商和外资银行、保险公司一样、被禁止在中国大多数城市经营业务。今日，这样明显的限制已经不再作为选项了。这就产生了一个更加微妙的保护主义，中国的官媒被指示将一个小小的违法事件鼓噪成全国焦点。除了控诉零售商商品质量不合格外，另外一条手段就是用“价格欺诈”来罚款，抑或是没有正确标明价格。
That’s what Wal-Mart and Carrefour were charged with by China’s National Development and Reform Commission earlier this year. “Fraudulent conducts, such as fabricating original prices and misleading customers with confused marked prices, have seriously infringed customers’ interests,” the website for state-owned China Radio International reported. Another Access Asia co-founder and director, Matthew Crabbe, says domestic companies do similar things but authorities often look away: “They have been coming down really hard on the foreign retailers. The idea that there was ever an even playing field is increasingly not true.”
这就是今年沃尔玛和家乐福被中国发改委指控的原因。“欺诈行为，如伪造原始价格标签，但是在购买时却让消费者付高价的行为，已经严重侵犯了消费者权益”，中国国家控制的中国国际广播的网站如此报道。穿越亚洲的另外一位合伙人和经理马修•克拉伯说：“国内公司做差不多的事情时管理者却视而不见：他们在努力减少外资零售业的影响，有想法认为竞争变得越来越公平并不是真的。”
One reason retailing has become ground zero for the new protectionism is that China’s $70 billion-a-year market for large grocery stores is still up for grabs. The industry, expected to double in size by 2015, is far more fragmented and regional than that in Europe or the U.S. There are more than 30 operators of hypermarkets (large food and beverage outlets that dwarf traditional Chinese stores), but few have a national presence. Wal-Mart, with 353 stores, has an 11.2 percent share, second only to the 12 percent held by France’s Auchan. The biggest local player, China Resources Enterprise, has a 9.8 percent share.
零售业成为新保护主义的主战场的原因之一是中国仍有70亿美元的市场空间等着大型零售商去占领。业内期望市场规模在2015年扩大两倍，而这一产业相比欧洲和美国，更加的碎片化和地方化。现在有超过三十家大型的超市经营者（大量的食品和饮料折扣出售使得中国传统零售商店发展受阻），但是几乎没有国有企业的存在。沃尔玛，拥有353家超市，占据市场份额11.2%，仅次于市场份额占有率第一12%的法国欧尚。最大的本地经销商，中国资源实业公司，占据了9.8%。
Wal-Mart didn’t help itself by selling mislabeled pork. Crises over melamine-tainted milk, exploding watermelons, and hormone-injected meats have pushed food quality concerns into the national spotlight—and into the crosshairs of politicians eager to show they’re serious about safety. “By cracking down on a high-profile foreign retailer, their message is being sent throughout the country to consumers and supply chains,” says China Market Research’s Rein. “They realize they can get the same traction by detaining a few dozen Wal-Mart people as with a national crackdown.”
沃尔玛并没有将自己从猪肉风波中拯救出来，三聚氰胺牛奶、注射西瓜、含有激素的肉类危机把对食品质量的关注推到了全国的聚光灯下，也成为政治家展示自己对食品安全严肃态度的瞄准镜。“通过打击高利润的外国零售商，他们在向全国的消费者和供应商传递信息”，中国市场研究公司的瑞恩说，他们意识到可以通过逮捕一批沃尔玛工作人员等官方打击的方式来做出同样的社会引导。
迈克尔·魏
罗布次是布隆伯格《商业周刊》亚洲新闻编辑及中国新闻局局长

南瓜大仙

消灭零回复，从我做起

zhlhwsos8

外商不得不面对的是中国更多的竞争者以及更严格的规范了，原来的空子不那么好钻了，利益不那么容易获取了．但如果这也要说成是保护主义，那西方世界更是保护主义了．

陪你到天亮

苍蝇不叮无缝的蛋

davidhuyi

这是对以美国为主的国家这些年来的贸易保护主义行为的一种合理反击

没有煤气罐

很尴尬吗？处什么问题了，原来技术工人不是在每个国家都可以找到的

冰镇自来水

又是双重标准，，那副只许州官放火不许百姓点灯的心态，，，