中国缘何不摒弃户籍制度

doraemonls

【中文标题】中国缘何不摒弃户籍制度
【原文标题】Why China won’t abandon the hukou system
【登载媒体】 Seeing Red in China（这个网站的名字...）
【来源地址】http://seeingredinchina.com/2011/09/08/why-china-wont-abandon-the-hukou-system/
【译者】doraemonls
【翻译方式】人工
【原文库链接】http://bbs.m4.cn/thread-3175287-1-1.html
【声明】本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载。
【译文】
Over the past few days I’ve pointed out some of the major issues revolving around the hukou system. So I thought it was important to establish why it is that the hukou system won’t be changing anytime soon, despite the ongoing discussions of how to change it.
最近一段时间内，我已经指出了与户籍制度相关的一些重大问题。因此，尽管关于如何改变户籍制度有许多争论，但我认为，建立户籍制度短期内不会改变的这一共识非常重要。

Surprisingly the hukou system is not something that was dreamed up by the communist party as a way to control the masses (which is how it sounds to most Americans I’ve talked with), it is actually a modified version of household registration that has been a part of China for thousands of years. The original system was also used to restrict the movement of people, and to remove “troublemakers”. The modern system in the 1950′s was used as a way to keep rural peasants out of the cities. This kept the population more spread out, which made it easier for the gov’t to maintain control.
令人惊讶的是，户籍制度不是共产党理想中用来控制民众的方法（对多数和我交谈过的美国人而言，户籍制度就具有这一用途）。户籍制度其实是中国千百年来户口登记的一个改进版本。最初的户籍制度也用于限制移动人口，并除掉那些惹是生非的人。在50年代，现在的户籍制度用于限制农村人口进入城市。这能使人口更容易向外扩张，利于政府控制当时的局势。

There are a number of arguments made for why the system remains, despite China’s move away from a command economy, these are the most frequently cited.
尽管中国已经远离了计划经济时代，但关于户籍制度为何持续下来，仍有许多争论。以下是一些经常提到的论点。

Slums
贫民窟

It’s hard to talk with any party member about the hukou system without hearing them mention the fact that China does not have slums like India or the Philippines. This is an undeniable benefit of the system, but it is not quite as wonderful as they make it seem. Rural Chinese farmers, who can’t move to the city, often live in mud brick houses, that frequently lack proper sanitation; migrant workers in the cities live in crowded dormitories with their fellow workers, cut off from their families; and construction worker dormitories are flimsy, temporary buildings thrown up next to the current project. So while there are not “slums” there are millions of Chinese living in substandard housing.
和任何中共党员谈论起户籍制度时，他们都会提及中国没有贫民窟，不像印度或者菲律宾。户籍制度产生的这一益处不可否认，但实际上这并不是那样光鲜。中国农村农民不能移居到城市，他们通常生活在缺乏适当的卫生设施的砖瓦房里，城市的外来务工人员通常住在拥挤的宿舍里，被迫切断了他们和家人的联系。

Slums however also often include large numbers of unemployed people of working age, and children who are not attending school. This does not happen at nearly the same scale in China. Unemployed factory workers often return to their hometown, because there is zero benefit of them staying in the city, while they could earn a meager wage in their hometown. Children are also often left in the countryside with elderly parents, which means they attend school, but this of course has a different set of problems.
然而贫民窟通常也包括了大量处于工作年龄的失业人口，以及不能上学的儿童。在中国，贫民窟不会发展到像其他国家那么大的规模。失业工人通常回到自己的家乡，因为呆在城市没有任何好处，在家乡，他们反倒可以挣到一些微薄的工资。孩子们常被父母留在家乡，和祖父母们一起生活，这意味着他们可以上学，当然这也产生了一系列问题。

Benefits Businesses
促进商业

Critics usually point to the fact that the hukou system brings massive advantages to the factory owners, while oppressing the migrant workers, which is true, but, they seem to forget that the national gov’t and many local gov’ts are the owners of thousands of factories throughout the country (remember, a major part of communism that the country kept was State Owned Enterprises). It is in their interest to keep workers wages low, while limiting their bargaining power, even though it is unfair.
批评者常常指出，户籍制度为工厂老板带来了巨大利益，却压迫了外来务工人员。这是事实，但他们好像忘记了，中央政府和地方政府才是整个国家成千上万工厂的主人（记住，中国保持工厂主义的形式之一就是国有企业）。对政府而言，保持工人薪资水平较低并且限制工人议价能力才是王道，尽管这一制度是不公平的。

This source of cheap labor has been a huge part of China’s economic success, and the hukou system helped to make sure hourly wages stayed low. If migrants had been allowed to flood the cities, slow economic periods would have led to unrest, and undermined the stability that has been another major factor in China’s rise.
这种廉价劳动力的来源一直是中国成功经济很大的一部分，户籍制度恰恰有助于确保时新处于一个较低的水平。如果移民大批量涌向城市，缓慢的经济发展将导致局势动荡，中国强盛发展的另一个因素--稳定性，也会被破坏。

In the eyes of a local gov’t official, migrant workers provide the cheap labor he needs to grow the GDP figures that will earn him a promotion. In my experience, businesses and gov’ts rarely work against their own vested interests for the benefit of the voiceless masses, regardless of the country.
在地方政府官员的眼中，外来务工人员提供了廉价劳动力，这有利于GDP增长，更利于个人晋升。依照我的经验，商业和政府通常都不会为了沉默的大多数人的利益而反对他们自己的既得利益，更不要说一个国家了。

Limits Local Gov’t Expenses
限制地方政府开销

The third reason I think that the hukou system isn’t going anywhere, is that if local gov’ts had to actually provide urban benefits to migrant workers, the whole system would collapse. Consider that migrant workers earn only~2-3,000 rmb ($4-500) each month, but would require education, health care, police, and many other services, while providing a tiny tax base. Because of China’s tax structure, these gov’ts would not be able to provide even the modest level of services that they do today. By dividing the population in this way, it is possible to provide a higher level of service to the areas with the highest population densities, and keep the relatively powerful segment of the population happy (read my series on stability).
户籍制度短期不会改变的第三个原因是，假如地方政府不得不提高外来务工人员在城市获得的利益，整个社会系统就会崩溃。外来务工人员月薪只有2-3,000人民币，只缴很少的税，但却需要教育、医疗保险、警察、等各种社会公共服务。由于中国的税收结构，地方政府能提供的公共服务连目前状况的最低水平都无法达到。

As Chairman Mao said during the great famine, “When there is not enough to eat people starve to death. It is better to let half of the people die so that the other half can eat their fill.” Rural residents are again the ones who are left to “starve” while urban residents eat their fill, unaware of the problems beyond their gates.
正如毛主席在大饥荒年代所说：“如果粮食不够吃，人民都会饿死。但让一半人饿死，另一半人饱食，总比让所有人饿死好的多。”农村居民就是这些要被饿死的人，当城市居民吃掉他们的口粮时，他们却在别人的问题中死亡。


继续新手贴，欢迎各位拍砖~最后一段主席的话没找到原文的说。。。

lilyma06

这来源也太小路了吧。。。

doraemonls

lilyma06 发表于 2011-11-18 16:31
这来源也太小路了吧。。。

谁让原文库里面都就没写呢。。。

U19

作者该横向比较欧洲列国和中国户籍管理的问题，才更有意义！

zjunchoon

看了文章，我怎么觉得除了没有凸显人所谓的人身完全自由外，挺好的啊。

鱼游浅底

捞分闪人