【华尔街日报2011.11.18】为回避中国，美国转向其未签署的海洋条约

AK22

【中文标题】为回避中国，美国转向其未签署的海洋条约

【原文标题】To Parry China, U.S. Looks to Sea Treaty It Hasn't Signed

【登载媒体】华尔街日报

【来源地址】http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204517204577044473905113442.html?mod=googlenews_wsj

【译    者】AK22

【翻译方式】人工

【声    明】欢迎转载，请务必注明译者和出处 bbs.m4.cn。

【译    文】

华盛顿 —— 奥巴马政府在调解中国南海周围地区紧张局势的作用正在日益增长，已经激起了国际海洋事条约中新的关注点。这份条约的支持者说，他们会帮助美国达成目标，尤其是在克制中国的需要上。

WASHINGTON—The Obama administration's growing role in mediating regional tensions around the South China Sea has stirred new interest in an international maritime treaty that supporters say would advance U.S. goals, especially its demands for restraint by China.

美国总统奥巴马在本周举行印尼举行的东亚安全峰会会谈的主要目的是，在中国和其邻国之间的领土争端，变成冲突的爆发点之前，现将这个问题缓和。中国已表示它不希望在峰会上讨论领土纠纷事宜。
A main goal for President Barack Obama in talks at this week's East Asia security summit in Indonesia is easing territorial disputes between China and its neighbors before the conflicting claims become a flashpoint for conflict. China has said it doesn't want the disputes discussed at the summit.
                              

有争议的小岛：竞争的领土要求，导致了亚洲海岸的海洋争端。

Disputed Isles：Competing territorial claims have led to maritime disputes off the coast of Asia.

奥巴马先生强调促进法治，特别是中国关注的地方，这一强调鼓励了那些支持海洋法公约的人。而海洋法公约是，1982年在联合国主持下的全球法律框架，在大国中，只有美国从未批准生效（布什政府曾对这个公约法很感兴趣，极力想参加，但遭到反对参议院未通过）。
Mr. Obama's emphasis on promoting the rule of law, especially where China is concerned, is encouraging those who support the Law of the Sea treaty, a 1982 global legal framework under United Nations auspices that the U.S., alone among major nations, has never ratified.

这份具有争议的公约的推动者们表示，公约的批准将有助于捍卫美国第二次世界大战后建立的国际秩序。这对美国试图哄骗中国来遵守全球游戏规则尤为重要，例如在自由贸易，知识产权和国际关系问题上。
Boosters of the controversial treaty say ratification would help the U.S. defend the international order it created after World War II. That is especially important as Washington tries to coax Beijing into abiding by global rules governing issues such as free trade, intellectual property and international relations.

海军战争学院的国际法专家，詹姆斯.克拉斯卡说：“在这一天结束后，我们能否更好地去促进一个以规则为基础的国际秩序？我认为我们作为一个维持现状的国家，做到了这一点”。
"At the end of the day are we better off promoting a rules-based international order? I think we are, as a status quo country," said James Kraska, an international-law expert at the Naval War College.

更直接一点，支持者说，参议院的批准，将有助于美国回避中国要中国南海大部分的请求，南海是一个资源丰富，且每年向全球贸易输送大约为5万亿美元的管道。
More directly, supporters say Senate ratification would help U.S. efforts to parry Chinese attempts to claim much of the South China Sea, a resource-rich conduit for roughly $5 trillion in yearly global trade.

美国首席海军指挥官，乔纳森格林纳特，在今夏的评论中说，“美国加入[海洋法]公约后，其在中国南海愈演愈烈的权利问题上，将扮演更有利的地位，”。
"In the ongoing tension over rights in the South China Sea, the United States will be in a stronger position of influence by joining the [Law of the Sea] convention," said Jonathan Greenert, the U.S. chief of naval operations, in comments this summer.

该公约在前几任总统执政时的两个政党、国务秘书、军方官员、商界团体和环保人士内部都拥有一个广泛的支持基础。但是，一些坚定的保守派反对该公约，指出这也是里根总统所反对的，认为割让权利给国际团体会削弱美国的主权。
The treaty has a broad base of support among former presidents of both parties, secretaries of state, military officials, business groups, and environmentalists. But some staunch conservatives oppose it, pointing to the opposition of President Ronald Reagan and arguing it would erode U.S. sovereignty by ceding power to international bodies.

他们认为，只是签署该公约，并不意味着那些国家将遵守国际法 —— 中国已经成为签署国了，而法律专家说，中国试图所要大部分中国南海的举动违背了公约条款和法律精神。公约规定一个国家的专属经济区是指其海岸以外200英里范围内的区域。
And just signing the treaty, they say, doesn't mean countries will comply with international law—China already is a signatory, while legal experts say Chinese attempts to claim the bulk of the South China Sea goes against both the letter and the spirit of the law, which lays out that a country's exclusive economic zone extends 200 miles from its shores.

​​一位保守的华盛顿智囊，美国传统基金会国际法律专家，斯蒂芬.格罗夫斯说：“中国人不遵守他们签下的规则，他们甚至不遵守公约里关于法律的白纸黑字。那我们是否是该条约的缔约国，又有什么区别呢？”
"The Chinese aren't obeying the rules they signed up for. They don't even obey the black letter of the law of the treaty," said Stephen Groves, an international-law expert at the Heritage Foundation, a conservative Washington think tank. "What difference would it make if we were a party to the treaty?"

在参议院里，公约的支持者们在9月，组成了参议院海洋委员会，在所有目的中，该委员会是用来促进公约的批准。然而，他们考虑批准不大可能很快实现，而且奥巴马政府的官员即使支持批准，也不会去推动它。
Senate treaty supporters formed a Senate Oceans Caucus in September to promote ratification, among other goals. However, they consider ratification unlikely anytime soon and Obama administration officials, while supporting approval, do not appear to be pushing it.

国防局局长，里昂.帕内塔已表示，他相信美国批准加入公约后，将“加强我们的安全姿态”，有了法律保障像南海和霍尔木兹海峡这样水域的自由航行，这些水域拥有约20％的世界石油海运出货量。
Defense Secretary Leon Panetta has said he believes U.S. ratification would "enhance our security posture" by giving the U.S. legal backing to defend freedom of navigation in places like the South China Sea and the Straits of Hormuz, which handles about 20% of the world's oil shipments.

在过去的四年中，五角大楼已警告说，中国是诉诸“法律战”，以扩大其在亚洲的地位，用学术搜集和法律研究，来推进其诠释国际法，以这样的方式侵害着邻居。
For the last four years, the Pentagon has warned that China is resorting to the use of "legal warfare" to expand its position in Asia, compiling scholarly and legal research to advance its interpretations of international law, to the detriment of neighbors.

国务卿希拉里.克林顿，本周在菲律宾的一次现身中说，美国希望看到“海洋法作为处理领土争端的首要框架。”中国一再主张，它希望与其邻国一个一个地解决各自之间的矛盾，而不是多边地解决争端。
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said in an appearance in the Philippines this week that the U.S. wants to see "the Law of the Sea used as the overriding framework for handling territorial disputes." China has repeatedly asserted that it prefers addressing any dispute with its neighbors one by one, rather than multilaterally.

但该条约的支持者认为，华盛顿的立场有矛盾，因为它鼓励其他国家遵循国际法，而美国本身从来没有批准它的有效。
But proponents of the treaty argue there is a contradiction in Washington's position, as it encourages others to follow international laws—specifically maritime laws—while the U.S. itself has never ratified it.

07年，参议院外交关系委员会最后表决该公约，投票结果为17-4通过。整个参议院还在考虑该条约。
The Senate Foreign Relations Committee last voted on the treaty in 2007, approving it by a 17-4 vote. The full Senate has yet to consider the treaty.

奥巴马的国家安全副顾问，本.罗德表示，政府官员说，没批准不是问题，因为美国遵循海事法律的规定。“美国正站在为规范的立场，支持例如自由航行，这也是其他国家所支持的。
Administration officials say the lack of ratification isn't a problem, because the U.S. follows the maritime provisions of the law. "The U.S. is standing up for norms like freedom of navigation that other nations support," said Ben Rhodes, a deputy national security adviser to Mr. Obama.

即使该条约的支持者也承认，这不会一夜之间解决海事纠纷。美国海军大量涌入有争议的水域的军舰数，一年次数有十多次，以此捍卫自由航行。而且即使美国批准该条约，也会继续如此。
Even supporters of the treaty acknowledge that it wouldn't solve maritime disputes overnight. The U.S. Navy defends freedom of navigation dozens of times a year by steaming warships into contested waters, and would still do so even if the U.S. ratified the treaty.

美国海军军事学院的中国问题专家，詹姆斯.霍姆斯说，在一段时期内，北京越来越多地利用法律战，“出庭数”。
But at a time when Beijing is increasingly using legal warfare, "appearances count," said James Holmes, a China expert at the Naval War College.

“我们被视为海洋法的门外人造成了巨大的分歧”，因为这让中国官员放任自流，无视美国要求的游戏规则。

"Our being seen as outsiders to the Law of the Sea makes an enormous difference," because it gives Chinese officials free rein to ignore U.S. demands to play by the rules, he said.

ca921

米人一路好走。。。。

滔滔1949

美国人的逻辑就是，规矩都是给别人制定的

lilyma06

大饼越来越小了

一笑一尘缘

霉国人最大的爱好就是给别人制定规则，而自己却无拘无束。