【经济学人】：二次革命：埃及再次爆发暴力冲突

MacTavish_Tang

【原帖地址】：http://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2011/11/violence-egypt
【原文标题】：Violence in EgyptFlaring up again
【译者】MacTavish_Tang
【翻译方式】人工

【译文】：



开罗的塔利尔广场上散落着曾用来扔向警察的石块。刺鼻的催泪瓦斯在街道上弥漫着，那是警方为了阻止抗议群众靠近不远处的内政部。埃及人民再次走上街头呼吁执政当局下台。示威群众此次的目标是穆巴拉克倒台后，接替他的最高军事委员会（SCAF），该委员会由24名高级将领组成。埃及正面临着自今年二月以来最大的危机。

上周五（11月18日）在塔利尔广场举行的声势浩大的抗议活动由伊斯兰宗教组织领导，虽然是一次和平示威活动，但是本次抗议的目的却十分清晰，即军政府统治埃及的日子正在进入倒计时状态。抗议者们要求军政府给出一份明确的过渡状态时间表，并要求最晚于2012年5月前举行总统选举，而不是军方领导人此前主张的在2013的某个时间——这被视作是军方向民选政府交权的一个信号。许多人认为，曾长期担任穆巴拉克时期国防部长的76岁的陆军元帅侯赛因·坦塔维是时候离任了。

在周六，一些激进的抗议者试图占领塔利尔广场。警方将一月暴动中的部分退伍军人召集到塔利尔广场来清场。警方对抗议者发射了橡皮子弹和霰弹，一些抗议者的眼镜因此被打瞎，更有一些人不幸丧生。此后，接连不断的街头暴力冲突使得开罗市中心陷入堵塞。死亡人数也随之上升至35人，受伤人数则达到1000以上。曾经对军方高唱“军民鱼水情”赞歌的抗议者们，如今则高喊“肮脏的军、警！”。

此次动荡的原因是军方自二月革命以来在过渡时期的拙劣表现。军方高级将领们在上周出台了一份文件，意在通过影响未来召开的制宪大会来确保军方继续享有超乎寻常的特权，这被认为是导致目前危机的主要原因。该文件中包含一些条款，要求将军方预算拥有议会审议的豁免权。被认为在即将到来的选举中大有作为的伊斯兰主义者，对此尤其感到愤慨。

目前的抗议者主要由一月暴动中的自发革命组织组成，他们要求解散内阁、追查暴力事件以及要求军方明确向民选政府交权的最后期限。政治领袖对警方暴力的行为做出了谴责，但仍未对选举是否应该延期达成一致。穆斯林兄弟会、其他穆斯林组织以及一些世俗政党则希望大选如期举行，部分是因为他们有望在选举中取胜。但其他党派，包括自由党的领袖穆罕默德•巴拉迪，呼吁尽快成立全国联合政府来接替最高军事委员会。

虽然暴力活动已经扩展到首都以外的地区，政府仍然表示选举将如期举行。或许是出于浇灭新兴革命热情的目的，军方高级将领于周一宣布前执政党成员不能参加选举。然而，此举似乎并不能安抚愤怒的抗议者。正如一月时的那样，抗议者们宣称，不达目的誓不罢休。




【原文】：

CAIRO'S Tahrir Square is strewn with stones ripped from pavements that have been flung at the police. Acrid tear gas drifts from side streets where security forces prevented protesters from reaching the nearby ministry of interior. Egyptians have once again taken to the streets to call for the fall of the regime. This time the group of 24 senior generals that calls itself the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) that has run the country since the fall of Hosni Mubarak, Egypt's former president is the object of their anger. A week before elections are due, Egypt is facing its biggest crisis since the revolution in February.

A massive demonstration on Tahrir Square on Friday November 18th, led by Islamist groups, was peaceful but sent a clear message: the army's days running Egyptian politics are numbered. Protestors called for clarity about the transition timetable, demanding presidential elections—which would signal a handover of power from the generals to a new president—no later than May 2012, rather than sometime in 2013 as the military leaders had suggested. Many said Hussein Tantawi, the 76-year-old field marshal and Mr Mubarak's long-time defence minister who has led Egypt since February's revolution, had to go.

On Saturday a few dozen hard-core protestors tried to occupy Tahrir Square. The violence with which police disbanded them drew veterans of January's uprising back to the square. Police attacked them with rubber bullets and birdshot. Several protesters lost eyes. Others were killed. Since then, running street battles have blocked the centre of Cairo, and the death toll has risen to 35, with over a thousand wounded. Protestors who once welcomed the military with chants of "the people, the army, one hand!" shouted "the police, the army, dirty hand!"

The unrest is the result of the military's poor management of the transition so far. The generals' attempt last week, in a document intended to guide a future constituent assembly's work, to ensure that the military retained extraordinary privileges is largely responsible for the current crisis. The inclusion of articles that would have placed the military's budget above parliamentary scrutiny provoked outrage across the political spectrum. Islamists, who are expected to do well in the forthcoming elections, were particularly indignant.

The protesters—mostly from the same leaderless, revolutionary group that emerged in January—want the cabinet to be sacked, the violence investigated, and a firm deadline for the military's handover of power to be set. Political leaders have condemned the police violence, but disagree about whether the elections should be postponed. The Muslim Brotherhood and other Islamists, as well as some secular parties, want the poll to go ahead, in part because they expect to do well. But others, including liberal leader Mohamed ElBaradei, are calling for the immediate formation of a national unity government that would take over from the SCAF.

Despite the violence, which has now spread beyond the capital, the government says the elections will go ahead. Perhaps hoping to douse this new revolutionary fervour, on Monday the generals announced that members of the former ruling party will be banned from standing. This is unlikely to placate angry protestors. As in January, they have vowed to stay put until they get their way.