【基督科学箴言报111213】WTO是怎样把中国变成世界工厂的

小明啊

【中文标题】世贸组织是怎样把中国变成世界工厂的
【登载媒体】基督科学箴言报

【来源地址】

http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2011/1214/How-WTO-membership-made-China-the-workshop-of-the-world

【译者】birdeye

【翻译方式】人工

【声    明】欢迎转载，请务必注明译者和出处 bbs.m4.cn。

China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) a decade ago primed it for high-speed growth. Other countries have seen benefits as well – but say China has also become adept at getting around the rules.
http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2011/1214/How-WTO-membership-made-China-the-workshop-of-the-world

世贸组织是怎样把中国变成世界工厂的

十年前中国加入世贸组织，促进了它的高速发展。其它国家同样也看到了利益，但是他们说中国也开始善于玩弄规则。

                                         

A visitor at the China Import and Export Fair in Guangzhou (once known as Canton) checked out hair dryers this fall. Declining demand for consumer goods in the US and Europe may hurt China’s export-driven economy.

                        
Ten years ago this week, when China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) and opened its economy to the world, many Chinese commentators warned that the country was "dancing with wolves," laying itself bare to attack by ravenous competitors in a foolhardy and possibly fatal misstep.
                                                                                                              
Today, the tables have turned. "Those who dance with wolves," opined an editorial in Monday's issue of the People's Daily, the ruling Communist Party's official organ, "can show a hero's mettle."
Indeed, China has become the workshop of the world, while whole industries have disappeared from America and Europe. Membership in the WTO, which sets global rules for trade and investment, has proved to be an unmitigated success for China, priming the economy for its fastest-ever 10 years of growth. Foreign businessmen, though, see a more nuanced picture.

RELATED: Test your knowledge of China – take our quiz.

今年五月，一位游客在中国广州进出口交易会（曾被称为广交会）上检查吹风机。欧美国家的消费需求降低或许会伤害中国的和出口导向性经济 十年前的这个星期，当中国加入世贸组织将经济面向世界时，许多评论家警告“我们的国家是在与狼共舞，面对竞争对手的攻击将自己置身于鲁莽的、可能致命的失误中 。 今天，情况发生了转变。狼共舞可以显示一个英雄的气概

事实上，中国成为世界工厂，而所有的行业都从美国和欧洲消失。对中国来说，加入设立贸易和经济全球规则的世贸组织，已被证明完全是一个成功，其近十年来经济增长最快。尤其是外国商人可以看到一个更加细致入微的画面。

"They've figured out how to get around the rules," says James McGregor, senior counselor with the APCO business consultancy in Beijing. "The state-capitalist system they have developed is incompatible with much of the WTO structure."

It is hard to imagine the world economy today without China in the WTO, if only because its membership reflects the fact that "China can't leave the world, and the world needs China," as deputy Commerce Minister Yu Jinhua said last month.

The WTO has "deeply integrated China into global production networks," says Scott Kennedy, who heads Indiana University's Research Center for Chinese Politics and Business. "We'd have seen a very different pattern of globalization if China had not been in [it].

北京APCO咨询公司高级顾问詹姆斯麦格雷戈说：“他们已经想到了如何应对那些规则，国际资本主义制度与多数的世贸组织结构是相矛盾的。”

商务部副部长于金华上个月说，很难想象今天的世界经济若世贸组织没有中国，因为成员国再一次证明了这个事实“中国离不开世界，世界需要中国”。

世贸组织已经将中国深深融入到全球生产网络中，负责印第安大学中国政治和经济研究中心的斯科特肯尼迪如是说道，如果没有中国的俄加入，我们经看到一个非常不同的全球化的模式。

"
The benefits that Beijing has reaped, even at the cost of significant concessions to its trading partners during the 14 years of negotiations that led to its WTO accession, are obvious. Its trade has leapt fivefold over the past 10 years, and China is now the biggest exporter in the world and the second-largest importer, after the United States.

。

Most of China's success due to WTO"Seventy percent of China's economic achievements this decade can be attributed to our membership in the WTO," says Zhang Hanlin, head of the WTO Studies Institute at the University of International Business and Economics in Beijing.

甚至是在与贸易伙伴长达14年的以加入世贸组织的重大让步上，北京所得到的利益是显而易见的。在过去十年，它的贸易急剧上涨，现在中国是世界最大的进口国，仅次于美国的第二大出口国中国的大部分成功取决于世贸组织 张翰林，北京对外经贸学世贸组织研究所的负责人，说：“这十年来中国百分之七十的经济成就归因于我们加入世贸组织。”

That trade boom has helped other nations, too. Chinese imports "have become a major driving force for global economic growth," argues a government white paper issued earlier this month, and created 14 million jobs abroad, Mr. Yu estimates.

Foreign companies that have invested in China have saved on costs, which has kept inflation low in consumer countries such as the US, and China has loaned more than $1 trillion of its trade surplus to Washington, allowing consumers to continue to spend.

Though millions of jobs have been lost in the West, "overall, the positive side is far better than the downside" for China's trading partners, argues Professor Kennedy.

经济繁荣也帮助了其他的国家。本月早些时候发布的政府白皮书证明，中国进口已经成为促进全球经济增长的主要驱动力。于先生估计，已为国外创造1400万个就业岗位。在中国投资的外国公司可以节省成本，中国在消费国家一直保持低通货膨胀率，例如美国。并且，中国已借给华盛顿超过一亿美元的贸易顺差，让消费者继续花。

肯尼迪教授说，尽管，数以百万计的西方人民丢失了工作，但是总的来说，对于中国的贸易伙伴，好的方面远远多于坏的方面。

Not that China has completely kept all the promises it made when it joined the WTO. At the top of foreign companies' complaints is Chinese firms' brazen theft of their intellectual property, which the government has failed to stop.

Microsoft chief Steve Ballmer said recently that though almost as many computers are sold in China as in the US, software piracy is so rife that Microsoft's revenues in China are just 5 percent of its US revenues.

Though the government promised last month to set up a top-level enforcement structure to protect intellectual property rights, "violations of WTO norms are still pervasive," according to a paper published earlier this year by the Peterson Institute for International Economics in Washington.

这并不是说中国已经完全做到了加入世贸组织时的承诺。外国公司抱怨最多的是中国企业偷窃他们的知识产权，这一点中国政府未能阻止。

微软公司执行官斯蒂夫鲍尔默最近说，虽然在美国和中国卖掉的电脑是差不多的，可是软件盗版猖獗，微软在中国的收入只有美国的百分之五
尽管上个月政府承诺建立一个最高级的执法结构保护知识产权，但根据华盛顿彼得森国际经济研究所今年早些时候发布的一篇文章看，违反世贸标准的行为存在。

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                At the same time, large areas of the Chinese economy are still effectively off limits to foreign investors, such as government procurement, much of the financial sector, telecommunications, and other services – in some cases because the government has resisted passing the laws that would bring it fully into line with its WTO commitments, and in others because it does not properly enforce such laws.

More broadly, though, critics say that China has slowed the pace of its market reforms in the face of the global economic and financial crisis and built an economy very different from the free market envisioned when Beijing joined the WTO.

。

Native firms get many advantages Even before the government decided to use state-owned enterprises as the main vehicles through which it pumped $586 billion in stimulus funds into the economy in 2008, Beijing was boosting "national champion" firms in key high-tech sectors. It is pursuing "indigenous innovation" policies to favor domestic industries, and the government has myriad other ways of bulking up local firms until they are ready to take on the world.

以此同时，中国大部分地区的经济仍然对外国投资者有限制，例如政府采购、大部分的金融部门、电信及其他的服务。一方面是因为政府抵制完全符合加入世贸承诺的法律的通过，另一方面因为是不能正确执行这样的法律。

更广泛的说,批评者认为,中国已经放慢市场改革的步伐来面对全球经济和金融危机,并且当背景加入世贸组织时建立起一种非常不同于自由市场想象的经济当地企业得到更多的优势 在2008年政府决定使用国有企业作为主要的交通投入5860亿美元刺激经济之前，北京一直在重点高新技术领域增加“国家冠军”公司。它是追求“自主创新”的政策支持国内的产业,政府已经采取其他的方式拓展当地公司,直到他们准备重新回到这个领域。

Foreign competitors complain that Chinese companies are sometimes given one or more of a range of advantages: free land, low-interest loans, cheap electricity, sneak previews of government policy before it is announced, and bids rigged to suit them.

。

"Many of these advantages are not quantifiable, and that makes them hard to challenge in the WTO," though they constitute illegal subsidies, says Mr. McGregor.

"There is certainly a familiar whiff of old-fashioned planned economics," agrees Robert Kapp. As the head of the US-China Business Council a decade ago, Mr. Kapp played a major role in persuading the US Congress to approve China's joining the WTO.

外国竞争者抱怨中国企业有时被给予一个或更多的一系列优势:免费的土地、低息贷款、廉价的电力,政府政策宣布之前预看、操纵适合他们投标格雷格先生说：“尽管这些优势不能量化，但他们形成非法补贴，使得中国企业在世贸中很难被挑战。”

RobertKapp同意,中国有一个熟悉的老式的计划经济。十年前作为美中贸易委员会的领袖，Kapp先生在说服美国国会批准中国加入世贸组织发挥了重要的作用。

"But WTO rules do envision economies operating under a wide variety of regimes," he adds. "There is room for latitude," and the world is better off with China inside the WTO, he says, because the organization "is an antidote to lethal bilateral trade conflicts" and one that can resolve disputes calmly.

Indeed, China has complied with seven of the eight WTO rulings that have found Beijing at fault in trade disputes. But as it increasingly "plays along the edges of the rules," says Kennedy, it is likely to face increasing challenges from its trade partners frustrated with China's "interventionist policy that gives competitive advantage to its industry."

。

Holding out another carrot for China It is that policy that has led the US and the European Union to deny China "market economy status" – a stance that makes it easier for Washington and Brussels to slap higher duties on goods they believe China is dumping on foreign markets at unfairly low prices.

“但是世贸组织的规则监测经济在各种各样的制度下运行,”他补充说。中国加入世界贸易组织以后世界变得更好,因为世贸组织组织是一种致命的双边贸易冲突的解药,人们可以平静地解决纠纷。
事实上,在发现北京贸易争端错误的八条世贸组织规则中，中国符合七条。肯尼迪说，但由于它越来越“沿着规则的边缘次”,中国给予其产业竞争优势的干预政策使有可能面临更多挑战的贸易伙伴感到灰心给中国另外一个胡萝卜 就是这个政策导致美国和欧盟否认中国的“市场经济地位”——这种立场,使华盛顿和布鲁塞尔更容易提高更高的商品关税,他们相信中国在外国市场以不合理的低价格倾销。

Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao recently hinted that if Europe were to grant China market economy status, Beijing might be readier to help the Continent out of its economic woes. That suggestion, though so far unrequited, was a sign that inside or outside the WTO, China today has the sort of global economic clout that traditional powers cannot ignore.
Under those circumstances, says Kapp, "it is better to have the Chinese government acknowledging WTO rules than to let them act unfettered."

Things To watch:1. In July 2010, China capped exports of rare earth elements at about a quarter of their previous levels. These min-erals are essential components of many high-tech products, and China controls nearly 95 percent of world production. Washington, Brussels, and Tokyo have said they will take Beijing to the World Trade Organization if the quotas are not relaxed.

中国总理温家宝最近暗示,如果欧洲给予中国市场经济地位,北京可能准备帮助它们走出经济窘境。这个建议,尽管到目前没有得到回应,是世贸组织内外的一个信号,中国今天有那种传统力量不能忽视的全球经济影响力。

在这些情况下,Kapp说,最好是让中国政府了解世贸的规则而不是让他们自由行动。
看点:1、2010年7月,中国出口的稀土元素大约占之前水平的四分之一。这些矿物质是许多高科技产品的重要组成部分,中国控制近95%的世界生产。华盛顿、布鲁塞尔和东京已经表示,如果他们的配额不足的话，他们将帮助北京加入世界贸易组织。

Beijing lost an earlier case that Washington brought to the WTO against Chinese export restrictions on bauxite (aluminum ore), magnesium, and other raw materials. China is appealing that ruling; the final decision will set a precedent for a rare earths case.

。
2. Before China joined the WTO, the US insisted on the right to impose "special safeguards" to limit any Chinese imports if they "threatened to cause market disruption to a US industry." Washington last did this to cut back on Chinese tire imports, and the WTO approved the move in September over fierce Chinese objections. The safeguards provision runs out in two years: Watch for Washington to use it again while it still can.

北京在早先在华盛顿提交世贸组织反对中国限制铝土矿(铝矿)、镁及其他一些原材料的出口的案件上失败。中国正在上诉判决,最后的决定将创下一个稀土案件的先例 2、在中国加入世贸组织之前,美国坚持“特别保障措施”的权利来限制中国的进口,如果他们对美国工业“造成市场扰乱。“华盛顿上次这麽做,是为了减少中国轮胎进口,世贸组织在批准中国9月份的激烈的反对运动。保障措施规定期限为两年:在措施还能用的时候看看华盛顿是怎么运用的。

该贴已经同步到 小明啊的微博

lyycc

说的好像中国成为世界工厂完全是WTO一手策划的似的~

应该是西方强加给世界的自由贸易主义将中国塑造成世界工厂的吧，WTO虽然和这有关，但不是根本原因~当年的日本、亚洲四小龙都是这样成为世界工厂的~