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本帖最后由 連長 于 2012-11-29 13:59 编辑
【中文标题】关于中国，我们弄错了什么
【原文标题】What we get wrong about China
【登载媒体】CNN
【原文链接】http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/11/28/what-we-get-wrong-about-china/?hpt=hp_c4
【作者】Bhaskar Chakravorti
【译者】如果音乐盒消失了那么连长同学也活不成了于是就枯萎了的连长同学
译者的注释:这篇文章是由一个名字很长的学校的副院长写的,偏商业类.以往有许多人在论坛里贴过"美国人对中国的错误印象"之类的帖子,但大多偏文化层面和政治多一些.今天看这篇文章写得算中肯,所以希望更多人能够看到,在商业观点上,美国人对中国以往的误解和新认识.作者主要解释澄清对中国的误解,但也结合对比中美的各自优缺点.
编辑的注释：Bhaskar Chakravorti是塔夫茨大学弗莱彻法学和外交学校全球商学院的国际商业和经济高级副院长和执行董事.本文仅代表作者观点.
【译文】
我们现在都知道谁将会领导两个对全球经济来说最重要的国家--之后4年的美国，和未来10年的中国。
待到奥巴马总统离任之时，中国的GDP将会超过美国，这一数据来自经济合作与发展组织（OECD）。但是现在GDP已经不再是中国领导人们最关心的话题了，中国已经调整了自己的目光，打算在其他领域追上美国--创新。
在最近一次世界经济天津夏季达沃斯会谈上，当中国领导人提到要缩小在创新领域上的差距时，我被领导人的那种迫不及待所敲醒。我很清楚现在是美国应当花点心思的时候了，因为在中国，精神调动起来之后一般就会马上付诸行动。
不幸的是，就“创新力”而言，美国已在错误的问题上激动不已：我们抱怨说中国夺走了我们的工作机会（皮尤（Pew）研究中心的一份调查还提到有42%的美国人认为中国已经成为了世界上最大的经济体）。但是这些对于这个国家未来的担忧将会聚集在美国的创新竞争力上，有些事物有可能引领这个国家的发展回到正轨。
问题是，这儿存在一种普遍的（或者说是错位的）观念，认为中国将会一直是一个只会模仿，不会创新的失败者。批评家固执地说中国的社会是过度的自上而下，而美国人的创新将会不断地从硅谷浮起。
但实际上，认为中国不能缩小创新的差距，未免太天真了，其次，奥巴马幕僚将会考虑美国确实应该从大洋对面学到一些东西。这可以从消除一些广泛流传的错误开始：
1.中国没有创新，只有盗版和模仿。
大多数创新是从模仿开始的；美国的崛起就是通过模仿东半球的发明。同时，许多中国的“山寨货”，比如阿里巴巴，腾讯或者新闻微博，已经远远超越了美国的同类服务。各自解决问题使其符合中国商业和客户的习惯，为新发明创造平台，鼓励他们推进国际市场。
2.中国创新的政策是自上而下由国家领导的，但太过头了---真正的创新都是来自民间的。
中国政府承诺要在2020年之前带领中国登上创新国家排行榜。硅谷的企业家们可能会对这种自上而下的方针不寒而栗。仔细想想，比如，如果美国政府不给发明互联网的国防部高级研究规划署（DAPRA）提供资金，美国的企业家们将会怎样。所以说，国家必须在基础创新，比如互联网和移动科技领域中扮演一个角色。一旦缺乏国家做后盾，就会产生一个自下而上的生态系统，这将会促使创新枯竭。但令人沮丧的是，美国在这些基础创新领域中的政府投资（government investment）已经越来越少了。
3.中国的知识产权保护政策太宽松，以至于阻碍创新。
中国宽松的知识产权保护毫无争辩的使其可以轻易培养一股有助于创新的思潮。当然，一碗水要端平，既要开放知识，也要保护知识产权，如果知识产权保护缺失，创新就会停顿，因为投资者需要投资回报。不幸的是，在美国，知识产权保护政策就如同像促进创新一样，也在阻碍着创新。
4.在全球化经济中，持续创新需要国际市场的投资；中国的品牌和软实力在海外经营不善，加之产品有些过时了。
不管有多少未解决的分歧，比如领土纠纷和贸易差额，中国的影响力依然在世界高速增长地区，包括非洲、拉丁美洲和东亚地区，比美国的进步要快。当中国为其发明寻求投入和顾客时，他们就转到这些地区的市场，他们可能会有跟美国著名品牌一样多的机会---甚至可能比美国的机会还要好。的确，当要和非洲和拉丁美洲搞好关系时，中国总是先美国一步。
5.中国的教育模式注重死记硬背的机械学习；创新只能在受支持的环境保护领域活跃起来，批判性思维和广泛教育是人文学科所独有的。
中国策略的危险之处在于，如果你不启发学生接触其他知识和批判性思考，他们可能会缺乏才能，难以创新的解决问题，也不敢冒险。然而，美国教育体系也有自身的不足。美国商务部最近的一份报告里强调了科学，科技，能源和数学教育的差距。显然，移民填补了这个教育差距--硅谷有一半的公司是由移民成立的。
当然，中国模式在创新上还有大量工作要做，但是中国同样从美国学习了很多方法，沿着我们早期的足迹走了一遍。当中国提升曲线，并添加适合自己的经验方法时，中国可能会创造一个全新的值得包括美国在内的其他国家学习的混合模式。
记住，全球定位系统GPS是美国国防部的发明。但是中国人当初曾经给过我们指南针。
评论：
marc
多么有洞察力的文章啊，而不是一味的批评。
j.vou hettlingen
中国人和美国人都有他们自己的方法--都为他们自己的文化和经济成就深深自豪。
许多人认为他们的文明和历史比其他国家的都要伟大。这样的见解同样偏重强调世界中心。现在是是时候互相学习了。
【原文】
What we get wrong about China
By Bhaskar Chakravorti, Special to CNN
Editor’s note: Bhaskar Chakravorti is senior associate dean of International Business and Finance and founding executive director of the Institute for Business in the Global Context at The Fletcher School at Tufts University.The views expressed are the author's own.
We now know who will be leading the two most important nations for the global economy – for the next four years in the United States’ case, and for a decade in China’s.
By the time President Obama is ready to leave office, China will have passed the U.S. in GDP terms, at least according to a report by the OECD. But with GDP no longer Chinese leaders’ top concern, the country has its sights set on catching up with the U.S. in another area – innovation.
On a recent to visit to speak at the World Economic Forum's Summer Davos in Tianjin, I was struck by the sense of urgency among Chinese leaders to close the gap when it comes to innovation. It was clear to me that it is time for the U.S. to pay close attention, because urgency in China is generally followed by execution.
Unfortunately, America has worked itself up over the wrong issues as far as “competitiveness” is concerned: we bemoan the fact that China has taken our jobs (and 42 percent of Americans believe that China is already the world’s largest economy, a Pew survey suggested). But those worried about the country’s future would be better served focusing on U.S. competitiveness in innovation, something that has the potential to put this country’s growth back on track.
The problem is that there is a general (and misplaced) belief that China will always be a loser, that it can only imitate, not innovate. Critics argue that its society is too top-down and that American innovation will always be buoyed by Silicon Valley.
More from CNN: U.S. needs an infrastructure bank
But the reality is that it is naïve to believe China cannot narrow the gap in innovation, and the second Obama administration would do well to consider that America could actually learn a thing or two from across the Pacific. And it could start by grappling with some widely held myths:
1. There is no innovation in China, only piracy and imitation.
Most innovation begins with imitation; America got its start by imitating inventions from the Old World. Meanwhile, many Chinese "imitations," such as Alibaba, Tencent or Sina Weibo, have moved far beyond being mere copies of their U.S. counterparts. Each is solving problems uniquely relevant to Chinese businesses and consumers, something that could create platforms for innovations that are propelled into global markets.
2. The Chinese approach to innovation is too top-down and state-led – real innovation only comes from the bottom-up.
The Chinese state is committed to bringing China to the ranks of the innovative nations by 2020. Silicon Valley entrepreneurs might shudder at this top-down approach. Yet consider, for example, where the American entrepreneur would be if the U.S. government had not funded the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency that gave birth to the Internet. The state must play a role in investing in foundational innovations, such as the Internet and mobile technologies. Once these foundations are laid, then a competitive bottom-up ecosystem will encourage creative destruction. But sadly, U.S. government investment in such foundational innovations has been on a steady decline.
3. Intellectual property rights protection in China is too weak to encourage innovation.
China's weaker intellectual property protection could, arguably, make it easier to foster a climate conducive to open innovation. Of course, a balance needs to be struck between open access to intellectual property and protecting it – with no protection, innovation will stall, because investors need returns on their investment. Unfortunately, in the U.S., intellectual property protections block innovation just as much as they promote it.
4. In a globalized economy, sustaining innovation requires investment in international markets; China's brand and soft power abroad is weak and dated.
Despite several unresolved issues such as territorial disputes and balance of trade, China's influence in the world's fast-growing regions, including Africa, Latin America and East Asia, is growing more rapidly than that of the United States. When Chinese innovations look for inputs or consumers and they turn to these markets, they are likely to have as many opportunities as well-known U.S. brands – perhaps even a better chance. Indeed, when it comes to ties with Africa and Latin America, China is often one step ahead of the U.S.
5. China's education model emphasizes rote learning; innovation can only flourish in environments that encourage exploration, critical thinking and a broad education in the liberal arts tradition.
The danger with the Chinese approach is that if you don’t expose students to other disciplines and encourage critical thinking, they may lack the breadth to blossom into creative problem-solvers and risk takers. However, the U.S. system has some severe deficits of its own. A recent U.S. Department of Commerce report, for example, highlights a growing gap in science, technology, engineering and mathematics education.
Notably, immigrants are the ones filling the education gap – half the start-ups in Silicon Valley were founded by immigrants.Sure, the Chinese model of innovation needs plenty of work, but in many ways China is also learning from the U.S. and following in our early footsteps. As China moves up the curve and adds the uniqueness of its own experience and approach, it may create a new hybrid model that has lessons for other nations, including the United States.
Remember, it’s true that the global positioning system is a product of the U.S. Department of Defense. But the Chinese were the ones who gave us the compass in the first place.
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狗仔卡
发表于 2012-11-29 13:38
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