本帖最后由 woikuraki 于 2013-1-16 16:05 编辑
【中文标题】中国的记者在监视我们么？
【原文标题】are china's journalists spying on us？
【登载媒体】大西洋月刊
【原文作者】Brain Fung
【原文链接】http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/01/are-chinas-journalists-spying-on-us/267098/ |
从官方的角度来说，新闻报道和间谍活动之间的界限是很明确的。记者们的报道是从公众福祉的角度出发，为其提供信息；而间谍则是为外国政府效力。记者们揭开迷雾；间谍们保护秘密。记者们的手段都是公开的；间谍们的则是隐秘的。记者们至少在西方是由法律保护的；间谍一旦被抓获就会被祖国抛弃，他们随会还会从世界上消失。
不过有时候这个界限会变得模糊。那些寻求掩护的间谍们常常会选择记者这个身份。但在加州众议院共和党议员Dana看来，中国的记者们其实与间谍没有任何区别：
在中国每年派到美国的上百名记者中，有些可能是真的记者，但是更多的却是扮演着情报人员的角色；他们专门报道那些中国领导人感兴趣的美国热点事件，并发回中国只有一小撮人可以看到的秘密电文。
负责监督中美两国之间国家安全问题的国会机构美中经济安全评估委员会在2009年的报告中称，中国的官方媒体新华社同样也有着情报部门的作用，为中国领导人搜集关于国内和国际事件的机密报告。同时中国的国家安全局也大量利用了媒体报道的形式，向海外派出了很多以记者身份为掩盖的特工人员。
在我们为境外媒体渗透到美国而惊慌之前，还是要先回顾这种行为的先例。先从西方媒体说起。
这并不是第一次外国新闻机构被当做国家的情报部门。事实上，最早期的例子中的一个就是英国广播公司BBC。
在第二次世界大战爆发前的几年，英国的官员们决定，新闻和广播对于敌对国家的报道可以帮助他们预测敌人的行动。所以他们就组建起了英国广播监督局（ British Broadcast Monitoring Service BBCMS），其后来就成为了BBC的情报分支。英国广播监督局的主要职责就是在战争期间向伦敦发回报告。
在CIA的期刊《情报研究》中，历史学家Kalev写到，在战争结束时，BBC每天监控了125万字、以30种语言写成的情报资料。英国广播监督局现在仍然存在；实际上，如果你试图注册CIA的开放资源中心，你就会发现英国广播监督局现在仍然与美国情报界保持着信息互换的关系。
但议员Dana对于新华社的指控可能比BBCMS要更进一步，因为新华社的普通报道和情报工作之间似乎没有一个明确的界限。然而新闻机构可以公开一些对自己政府有利的新闻，他们还可以与自己政府的间谍机构合作。我们不应该再感到惊讶了。
原文：
Officially, the line between journalism and spying is pretty well defined. Journalists trade in information for the public good; spies do so for the benefit of a foreign government. Journalists expose secrets; spies protect them. Journalists' methods are overt; spies' covert. Journalists are shielded -- at least in the West -- by law; spies, if they're caught, get cast off, their very existence disavowed. Sometimes, that boundary gets blurry. Spies seeking cover have often assumed the identity of a journalist. But as far as Dana Rohrabacher, a House Republican from California, is concerned, there virtually is no difference when it comes to Chinese reporters: Of the hundreds of Chinese nationals sent to the United States every year, some may be real reporters, but many function as intelligence officers; they report on what's happening in the United States on issues of concern to Chinese leaders -- including the movements of Tibetan activists and Chinese dissidents -- and write secret cables accessible only to a select few.
The U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, the congressional body responsible for monitoring national security issues between the two countries, reportedin 2009 that "China's official Xinhua state news agency also serves some of the functions of an intelligence agency, gathering information and producing classified reports for the Chinese leadership on both domestic and international events." Furthermore "the Ministry of State Security [A Chinese ministry roughly equivalent to the CIA and FBI] also makes extensive use of the news media covers, sending agents abroad as correspondents for the state news agency Xinhua and as reporters for newspapers such as the People's Daily and China Youth Daily."
I wouldn't presume to cross Congress' research on Xinhua's activities. But before we panic about a foreign media service infiltrating and reporting about goings-on in the United States, it's worth pointing out the strong precedent for this kind of behavior -- and by Western governments, to boot. This isn't the first time a foreign news service has been used as part of a country's intelligence apparatus. One of the earliest examples, in fact, can be found in the BBC -- the same BBC that gave usFawlty Towers, The Office, and Planet Earth. In the years leading up to World War II, British officials determined that the newspaper and radio broadcasts of hostile states would help them anticipate their enemies' actions. So they assembled the British Broadcast Monitoring Service, or what would become the intelligence arm of the BBC. The BBCMS's main function was to deliver an intelligence product called the Digest of World Broadcasts, a report it filed to London throughout the war. In the CIA-produced journal Studies in Intelligence, historian Kalev Leetaru writes that by war's end, "the BBC service was monitoring 1.25 million words per day in 30 languages." The BBCMS is still around; in fact, if you try to register with the CIA's own Open Source Center, you'll notice that the Monitoring Service still maintains a reciprocal relationship with the U.S. intelligence community: 
What Rohrabacher alleges Xinhua of doing might be a step beyond what the BBCMS does, in that Xinhua appears not to have a wall between its general reporting arm and its clandestine one. Still, the mere fact that journalistic outfits a) deliberately make information public that foreign governments can use to their advantage and b) that sometimes those same outfits collaborate with their countries' spy agencies is not something that should surprise us.
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发表于 2013-1-16 16:01
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发表于 2013-1-16 16:15
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