【新政治家 20151019】与中国交谈的五个注意事项

满仓

【中文标题】与中国交谈的五个注意事项
【原文标题】Five tips on talking to China
【登载媒体】新政治家
【原文作者】Liam Byrne
【原文链接】http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/business/2015/10/five-tips-talking-china




杰瑞米•科尔宾与习主席讨论人权问题的雄伟计划是正确、恰当的，毕竟，好朋友应该相互坦承。但如果他的目标是讨论问题的进展，而不是指责，那么他在精心筹划他的话题之前，应该了解以下五个问题。

1，懂得一点历史，必须要谦虚。

中国领导人并不渴望聆听英国政客有关人权问题的说教，原因很简单，它们并没有忘记鸦片战争。中华帝国被残酷镇压，天赋神权的使者向它的公民出售毒药。实际上，习主席掌权之后的第一件事就是在一个著名的展览“复兴之路”上高调表态。在天安门官场的共产党博物馆中，几层楼的展品所讲述的故事，就是我们如何摧毁了中国的古代文化，顺手烧毁了北京的圆明园，削弱中国的军事力量，让日本人有机会占领满洲里，开启了20世纪历史上最残忍、最血腥的篇章。科尔宾先生可以效仿托尼•布莱尔的做法，以道歉开头。傲慢和对历史的无知恐怕会让谈话兜圈子。

2，别忘记进步的方面

中国经济迅猛的增长让人瞠目结舌。这个国家工业化的速度是英国的十倍，规模是英国的一百倍。4亿人口脱离贫困，他们的经济权利发生了翻天覆地的变化。坐拥巨额财富的中国政府正在建立世界上最大的福利国家。毛的“铁饭碗”福利制度已经被打破，中国面临着“未富先老”的挑战，像上海这样的城市中有数万名80岁以上的老人需要照料。新的医疗和社会福利权利已经让数亿人口受益，包括无数从农村到城市务工的流动人口。中国领导人通常会把“人权”视为政治、经济、社会权利的组合。当然，我们依然可以游说他们在政治权利方面要进步更快，但我们不能忽略其它领域的进步。

3，记住中国也有改革家

与所有的国家领导人一样，习主席也是个杂耍高手，他必须要平衡支持和反对改革的各种声音。很多人都在催促他要走得更快、更远，党内一些有影响力的人物声称，如果没有政治和司法改革，中国必将崩溃。在一系列书籍中，包括《中国不高兴》、《风暴堡垒》，思想家揭露了很多丑闻，包括婴儿毒奶粉、非法占有土地、污染问题，地方官员已经感受到了选举的压力和民众的怒气。习主席采取了猛烈的打击腐败行动，根除无论大小官员——“老虎苍蝇一起打”——的腐败问题。更大规模的党内民主风气必然即将到来。当然，这不会比我们预期得更快，但我们应当承认车轮依然在转动。

4，重点关注“法治”改革，这是推动进步最快的方法。

中国的司法体制改革也在加紧步伐。这不是一个简单的任务，这个国家在70年代文化大革命结束之后，几乎从一片废墟中建立起一个司法体制。这项工作意味者450项立法、培训数百万名律师、建立从乡村到北京的五个级别的法院。今天在共产党内部，对于他们所谓的“把权利限制在笼子里”的话题有着热烈、积极的讨论，比如首先限制共产党的权力，然后全力仰仗国内法律。但依然存在着呼吁加快司法改革的声音。随着中国的公司有了越来越多的发明创造，而不仅仅是拷贝别人的知识产权，他们需要一部法律来保护自身的权利。这是英国与中国之间最重要、最不为人知的合作领域之一，包括培训法官、改革监狱管理、继续推进废除死刑的进程。去年，中英司法圆桌会议开始逐渐纳入了一些法官。今年，中英基本法中心在北京开业，这是需要我们共同合作的领域。

5，最后，或许也是最重要的，试着花费哪怕一点点的时间描绘未来双赢的前景。

现在是亚洲世纪。用温家宝总理曾经说过的话来表述，权力必然会从西方老家向东方转移，这是“大趋势”。如果我们想要一个真正的、权力平衡的世界，那么中国的成功对我们意义重大。我们双方的合作可以首先从分享我们的福利制度开始，比如医疗和养老金政策、如何吸引中国投资——这是我们的经济迫切所需，也是最重要的一点——以及在科学和技术领域的合作。中国即将成为世界上最大的科技使用者，“红色科技革命”必将带动私人经济的增长。我们的国家里，有那么多的中国科学家和学生，如果在对抗疾病和贫穷领域上双方达成合作，将是全世界的福音。

我们应当为自己的国家感到自豪，我们通过不懈的奋斗营造了强大的民权社会。我们不想废除《人权法案》，也不想退出我们曾经协助发起的欧盟大会。讨论还要继续，但是我们不能自以为是，真正的进展是最重要的。



原文：

Five tips on talking to China

David Cameron has given up on talking to China about anything except trade. Here's how Jeremy Corbyn can plot a better course.

Liam Byrne
19 October 2015

http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/business/2015/10/five-tips-talking-china

Jeremy Corbyn's ambition to talk human rights with President Xi is perfectly right and proper - good friends are, after all, always candid with each other.  But if his goal is progress, not finger-pointing, then there's five big lessons he should bear in mind as he delicately frames his talking points.

1. Remember a little history - and a lot of humility.

Chinese leaders aren't mad keen on taking lectures from British politicians about human rights for the very simple reason that unlike us, they haven't forgotten the Opium Wars; the brutal subjugation of the Chinese Empire in pursuit of our God-given to sell their citizens poison. Indeed, when President Xi took the reins of power he made a high profile first stop at a now famous exhibition - the Road to Reconstruction - at the Communist Party's museum in Tiananmen Square. There, over several floors is the story of how we helped destroy China's ancien regime, torching Beijing’s Summer Palace just for good measure, shattering China's strength and opening the way for the Japanese occupation of Manchuria, one of the most brutal and bloodthirsty episodes in 20th century history.  Mr Corbyn could do worse than open his remarks with a repeat of Tony Blair's apology.  A little humility and history can go an awful long way.

2. Don't forget the progress.

The extraordinary economic growth of China is, famously, stunning. The country has industrialised at ten times the speed on Britain - and on one hundred times the scale. 400 million people have seen their economic rights transformed as they've been lifted out of poverty. And with its new found wealth, China's leaders are building the world's biggest welfare state. Mao's 'iron rice bowl' of welfare rights melted down long ago and now China is a country that is growing older faster than it is growing rich, with tens of thousands of over 80s now needing care in cities like Shanghai. New health and welfare rights have been rolled out to hundreds of millions of people including the hundreds of millions of migrants from the country-side now living in the cities. Chinese leaders have always seen 'human rights' as a mixture and balance of political, economic and social rights. Of course, we should always lobby for faster progress with political rights - but that doesn't mean we should ignore the progress elsewhere.

3. Remember China has reformers too.

Like all national leaders, President Xi is a juggler. A balancer of opinions and forces for and against reform. Many are pushing him to go further, faster. Influential voices within the CCP argue that without political and legal reform, China will simply fail. In a slew of books, like China Is Not Happy, and Storming The Fortress, thinkers have pointed to scandals like the poisoned baby-milk saga, illegal land seizures and pollution outrages as evidence that corrupt local officials need to feel the discipline of elections and the wrath of courts. President Xi has begun with a ferocious attempt to root out corruption hitting figures big and small - 'from the tiger to the fly'. Greater intra-party democracy is likely to follow. Of course it's not as fast as we would like. But we should recognise the wheels are at least in motion.

4. Focus on reform of “rule of law”: it's the fastest way to progress.

The reform of China's judicial system is gathering pace. It's not a small task. This is a country that since the Cultural Revolution of 1970s has had to rebuild a legal system almost from scratch. That work entailed 450 pieces of legislation, training a million lawyers and building five layers of courts from the village to Beijing. Within the CCP today, there are welcome and lively debates about how as the Chinese say, they 'put power in the cage' and subject the Communist Party Untitled eventfor the first time to the full weight of domestic law. But pressure for change is building. As China's firms become creators and not copiers of intellectual property for instance, they want a legal system that protects their rights. This is one of the most unsung, but most important fields of UK-China relations; training judges, reforming prison oversight and of course, continuing to campaign for the abolition of the death penalty.  Last year, the UK-China judicial round table began the patient work of bringing judges together - and this year, the UK-China Common Law centre opened for business in Beijing. It's field where we need to step up cooperation.

5. Finally - and perhaps most important - try and spend at least a little time on the huge 'win wins' ahead.

This is the Asian century. Power is ineluctably shifting from its old home in the west, in what Premier Wen once called 'the larger trend'. If we want a genuine, plural, power-balanced world then we have a big stake in China's success. Our partnership could will help that shift happen – for instance, sharing our knowledge of welfare systems like healthcare and pensions; becoming a home for Chinese investment - which our economy desperately needs, and perhaps most important of all, collaborating in the field of science and technology. China is about to become the world's biggest science spender, and a “Red Tech Revolution” is transforming private sector growth. For a country like ours that is home to so many of China's scientists and students, there are today unprecedented opportunities for us drive forward the frontiers of science together in the battle against disease and poverty.

As a country we should be very proud of the force we put into our arguments for better and stronger rights. Unlike, Cameron we don't want to dismantle the Human Rights Act or the European Convention we did so much to author. We should always push the argument. But we must never grandstand. The necessity of progress is far too serious for that.