【CNN 20160713】从撒切尔到梅：过去37年里女性有哪些变化？

满仓

【中文标题】从撒切尔到梅：过去37年里女性有哪些变化？
【原文标题】From Thatcher to May: What's changed for women in the last 37 years?
【登载媒体】CNN
【原文作者】Richard Allen Greene、AJ Willingham
【原文链接】http://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/13/europe/thatcher-may-women-then-now-trnd/index.html


玛格丽特•撒切尔在1979年成为英国的首任女性首相，特蕾莎•梅现在就任第二位女性首相。在这37年时间里，有些事情依然没有变化（比如伊丽莎白女王依然在白金汉宫当家），但下面我们可以看看从1979年到现在，全世界的女性发生了哪些变化。


只有少部分国家有女性领导人




当撒切尔在1979年担任首相职务的时候，她是世界上仅有的两名通过选举担任国家领导人的女性之一。在她之前世界上也出现过其他女性领导人，例如印度的英迪拉•甘地和以色列的果尔达•梅厄，之后也陆陆续续出现过十几位。但到目前为止，只有极少数国家由女性领导人当政。


……但是女性立法者的数量在增加



1979年议会中女性的人数少得可怜，甚至诸国会议同盟都没有当时的统计数字。但是自从1997年开始统计以来，女性立法者的人数从大约十分之一上升到五分之一。


……而且女性在任何地方都有投票权




这听起来有些不可思议，但是在1979年，的确还有几个国家不允许女性投票。其中包括欧洲最后一个赋予女性投票权的国家列支敦士登（1984年女性才享有投票权）。沙特阿拉伯在2015年允许女性投票，是世界上最后一个允许女性投票的国家。


女性更好地掌控她们自己的生活



全球平均每个女性生育子女的数量连续几十年来呈下降趋势。专家用这个数字作为女性在多大程度上可以掌控自己生活的指标。一个女人生育的子女数量越少，她或许对生活的掌控力越强。联合国说低生育率可以帮助女性脱离贫困。


……接受教育的女性越来越多



还有更多的好消息。1979年，全世界大约有8000万学龄女孩没有去上学。今天，尽管全球人口增加了将近60％，但这个数字已经下降了一半多。


她们的平均寿命依然比男性长



男女的平均寿命都在增长，但无论在当时还是现在，女性的平均寿命比男性长5年。


……但是她们的收入并不高



而且差距还不小。根据世界经济论坛组织提供的数据，从全球角度来看，女性的收入只占男性收入的52％。这家组织只可以提供近十年的数据，但是经济政策研究所比较了美国1979年和现在的收入差距。当时，美国女性的收入大约相当于男性的三分之二，现在女性收入略高于男性收入的80％。


歌曲排行榜上她们当仁不让



今年英国最畅销的单曲是女歌手Sia的《廉价的爽劲》。1979年，Gloria Gaynor的歌曲就像是对女性未来的预言——《我要活下去》。


原文：

(CNN)Margaret Thatcher became the United Kingdom's first female prime minister in 1979; Theresa May now becomes its second. Some things are still the same 37 years later. (Queen Elizabeth still rules the roost in Buckingham Palace, for example.) But here's what has changed for women worldwide between 1979 and now:

ONLY A FEW COUNTRIES HAVE FEMALE LEADERS

Thatcher was one of only two elected women running a country when she became prime minister in 1979. There had been others before her elsewhere in the world -- Indira Gandhi of India and Golda Meir in Israel, for example -- and there have been dozens since. But even now, a very small number of countries have women in charge.

... BUT THE NUMBER OF FEMALE LAWMAKERS IS RISING

There were so few women in parliaments in 1979 that the Inter-Parliamentary Union doesn't even have statistics going back that far. But since they started tracking the information in 1997, the number of female lawmakers has risen from about one in 10 worldwide to just over one in five.

... AND WOMEN CAN VOTE EVERYWHERE

This may sound crazy today, but in 1979 several countries didn't allow women to vote. That includes Lichtenstein, the last country in Europe to grant women suffrage (they came around in 1984). Saudi Arabia was last country in the world to grant women the right to vote, in 2015.

WOMEN ARE MORE IN CONTROL OF THEIR LIVES

The average number of births per women worldwide has fallen steadily for decades. Experts use that statistic as a rough guide for how much control women have over their own lives. The fewer children a woman has, the greater control she is probably exercising. The U.N. says lower birth rates help women get out of poverty.

... AND MORE ARE GETTING AN EDUCATION

More good news here. In 1979, there were nearly 80 million school-age girls around the world who were not going to school. The number now is less than half that, even as the total global population has increased by 60%.

THEY STILL LIVE LONGER THAN MEN

Life expectancy for both men and women is rising, with women living about five years longer than men both then and now.

... BUT THEY'RE STILL NOT GETTING PAID AS MUCH

Not by a long way. Globally, women are only paid 52% of what men are paid, according to the World Economic Forum. The organization has only been tracking the gender gap for 10 years, but the Economic Policy Institute compared pay in the United States in 1979 and now. Back then, American women earned about two-thirds of when men did. Now, it's a little over 80%.

THEY STILL RULE (THE CHARTS) THOUGH

The best-selling single by a woman in the U.K. this year is Sia's "Cheap Thrills." Back in 1979, it was a prediction for women that Gloria Gaynor got right: "I Will Survive."