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【中文标题】非洲移民放弃他们的中国梦
【原文标题】The African migrants giving up on the Chinese dream
【登载媒体】CNN
【原文作者】Jenni Marsh
【原文链接】http://edition.cnn.com/2016/06/26/asia/africans-leaving-guangzhou-china/index.html
如果不经人指点，所谓的“小非洲”——有些人管这个地方叫巧克力城——还真不容易找到。
就在广州繁华的小北路延伸出的一个没有标记的隧道尽头，有一片商业区。两年前，这里与中国其它的地方完全不同。安哥拉妇女顶着大号行李箱四处购物；穿着长袍的索马里男人兜售换汇生意；乌拉圭餐厅老板沿街宰杀羊羔；刚果商人从中国人的商店大量购买内衣；尼日利亚人在非洲酒吧中享受青岛啤酒和乔罗夫米饭。登峰——一个从前颇为宁静的城中村——被来自中国其它地区和来自非洲的移民彻底改变了样子。
根据亚当斯•波多莫教授在《非洲人在中国》一书中的记载，截止到2012年，大约有10万名来自非洲撒哈拉以南地区的移民涌入广州。如果这个记载属实，那么广州应该是亚洲最大的非洲华侨聚居地了，所有人都抱着在中国发财的美梦。
今天，这个美梦逐渐退却，甚至消失了。
在过去18个月里，尽管具体的数字难以统计，但当地人和相关研究人士都认为，数百名，甚至数千名非洲人已经离开了广州。过分依赖石油的西方国家正在经历美元荒，加上中国充满敌意的移民政策和无处不在的种族歧视，以及中国逐渐放缓、日趋成熟的经济模式，意味着广州已经失去了它的竞争优势。
一片乐土？
广州位于香港西南方向120公里，长年笼罩在令人窒息的灰色雾霾中。从90年代中期开始，非洲人大量涌入这个遍地工厂，生产从洗衣机到假冒李维斯牛仔裤的各种商品的城市。中国的经济逐渐开放。2000年，北京举办了第一届中非合作论坛，充分表达出对资源丰富的非洲国家的好感。
到2014年，中非之间的贸易额超过美国与非洲的贸易额1,200亿美元。超过100万中国人在非洲生活。当拉各斯和科纳克里出现了唐人街，非洲人也开始考虑前往中国。
来到中国的非洲人与前往西方的非洲人不同，香港大学非洲研究讲师罗伯托•卡斯蒂略在接受CNN采访时说：“[去往欧洲的]那些人通常陷入了穷途末路，在生活没有希望的情况下找个地方定居。而来到中国的非洲人更具有商业意识，很多人有足够的财力探索新的商业机会。”实际上，在接受“非洲人在中国”调查的非洲移民中，40％的人接受过高等教育，有些人甚至持有博士学位。
索马里商人阿里•穆哈默德•阿里在一所大学的保险学专业毕业，在广州做物流工作。他说：“我的5个兄弟姐妹都去了欧洲，在那里做的是出租车司机和保安的工作。”他认为，来东方有更多的机会，可以做更重要的事情。
马蒂纳•迪亚罗说，他在2002年每年可以寄出250个集装箱，里面的货物从床垫到爆米花机无所不包。靠在他的家乡几内亚出售这些商品，每个集装箱他可以挣1500美元，一年就是37.5万美元——对于一个人均总收入只有470美元的国家来说，这是一大笔财富。其他一些非洲企业家成立了运输公司，专门经营广州港口的出口业务。
小非洲登峰村的变化。
假货也是摇钱树。塞内加尔前空军机械师穆斯塔法•迪恩说，在2000年左右，非洲人“依然从美国进口原版的耐克和阿迪达斯产品。后来我们开始从中国购买假货，但是在塞内加尔我们还可以用[和美国商品]同样的价格卖出。没有人知道中国和假货这件事，我们的利润超过100％。”
广州成为了一片乐土，越来越多的非洲人到这里来。
小外交官
费列•姆万巴是广州的一个“小大使”。在中国的这座城市里，每个非洲国家的人群都有一名“大使”。他们由来自这个国家的侨民投票选出，负责与中国警方联络，裁决内部纠纷，组织社区活动等工作。这位大使还负责记录社区居民的数量。移民刚来到广州的时候，通常会到他们国家社区的负责人处报道，以便得到后续的支持。
费列•姆万巴是居住在广州的刚果社区负责人。
姆万巴说，2006年小非洲有1200名刚果人，现在他猜想这个数字不会超过500。几内亚和塞内加尔的“大使”也证实他们社区的人口也同比例地下降了。
伊马努尔•尤科万自称是中国的非洲首领，同时是广州最大的非洲国家社区尼日利亚的大使。他沮丧地坐在一个服装仓库的沙发上，周边的顾客寥寥无几。他说：“很多人在圣诞节离开之后再也没有回来。”
伊马努尔•尤科万。
在广州居住的非洲人具体规模难以统计，主要原因是商人工作的性质需要频繁往来。有些人一年多次进出中国，还有一些人超过签证期限滞留。卡斯蒂略认为，中国政府自己也说不清楚究竟有多少非洲人。但是在2014年底埃博拉高发期，政府说有1.6万名非洲人居住在广州。
与我两年前到这里看到的景色相比，小非洲的街道显然安静了许多。中国香港大学人类学教授戈登•马修斯专门研究广州的全球化进程，他说：“这个城市的非洲人数量明显减少了。”
中国失去了竞争优势
中国梦之所以让非洲人失望，其中一个原因是中国的经济日趋成熟。迪恩说，首先，中国在国际舞台上的形象越来越高大，非洲消费者知道她们买到的是假货，不是正品，因此不愿意支付高昂的价格。而且，中国政府在强势的国际压力面前，承诺保护国际商标的知识产权，对于商标侵权案件的打击力度日趋增强。迪恩拿出手机，读里面的短信息：“阿迪达斯、耐克、联合利华，从2016年开始，不要再仿造这些商标。”这是广州郊区一家工厂的老板在上周发过来的一条消息。迪恩说：“我们还注意到工厂产品的价格比以前高了很多，这是因为汇率和中国劳动力成本上升的原因。”
从2001年开始，中国制造业平均每小时的用工成本以每年12％的速度上升，人民币汇率的坚挺让利润率大幅下滑。中国正在失去它的竞争优势。迪恩搅拌着他的咖啡，说：“我听说越南的形势还不错，柬埔寨也可以。”
“文化、生活方式、卫生”
中国逐渐无利可图，很多非洲人明显感觉到在这里做生意不划算。2008年维基解密的一条消息说，中国当局长久以来“极为关注”非洲人在广州的“形象”。一位美国外交官在给华盛顿的一封信中，引用中国当局的一个调查结果：“很多中国居民不喜欢住在‘非洲街’，原因是文化、生活方式、卫生等方面的差异。”迪恩在接受CNN采访时说，当地人在住宅楼与他们搭乘同一台电梯时会捂住鼻子。一位中国女房东向中国新闻网站网易的记者抱怨，非洲租客的黑皮肤把她家“雪白的墙”弄脏了。这不禁让人想起最近一个充满种族歧视意味的电视广告，说非洲人的黑皮肤竟然可以洗白。
陈迪娜在广州郊外有一家制鞋厂，生产用人造钻石点缀的高跟鞋，她在小非洲的三元里——尼日利亚人盘踞区——盈富服装市场有一个摊位。当尼日利亚顾客走过她的摊位，她小声说：“我不喜欢非洲人，我只是和他们做生意。”马修斯说：“中国人希望非洲只在中国停留两三个星期，买了东西就回家去。中国的城市是中国人的。”
迪恩自己住在广州，他的妻子和三个孩子都在塞内加尔，他觉得很孤单。他说：“我觉得12年之后，你不会在中国交到真正的朋友，这是个大问题。”
对外国人的感觉
2013年中国在1986年之后首次更新了国家管理外国人的司法条理——出入境管理法。在广州居住了多年的非洲人在当地缴税、给中国工厂和仓库带来的巨大的生意，甚至还有人与中国人结婚，他们都希望这次改革可以有机会获得真正的公民资格。卡斯蒂略说：“太令人失望了，机会比1986年的法律更加模糊、更加渺茫。新法律传达出的态度就是：你是外国人，做事情没那么容易。”唯一明确的改变是对于超过签证时间非法居留的惩罚更加严格。卡斯蒂略说，模糊的法律条款意味着不同的省份对于签证政策的解读会有巨大的差异。拥有大量外国人的省份——比如广州——更倾向于发放短期签证。很多非洲人都在临近城市佛山申请签证，那里的政府掌握的尺度比较宽松。
迪亚罗持有永久居留签证，但奇怪的是，这个签证每年都需要重新申请。他说：“我们在这里工作，在这里纳税，有一年期的永久居留签证，但是没有居民身份证。而且，作为移民，我们和游客在一个窗口排队。”
美化小非洲
广州的小非洲地区横跨7公里，从三元里关苑西路尼日利亚人盘踞区，到城市北部的小北路，中间是登峰城中村——小非洲的心脏地带。2014年，政府开始了“美化”登峰村的行动，很多居民的生活受到了影响。长达一年的市容市貌升级行动拆除了推广国际贸易的标牌，禁止了已经成为当地经济命脉的露天摊位，重新铺设路面，拓宽街道，部署了大量警察。今年年初，《南方日报》报道：“登峰村在经过长达一年的美化行动之后，已经变成了一个吸引全世界游客的旅游景点。登峰村曾经是广州的‘脏乱差’地区。”
尽管“美化”伴随着改造升级和拆除，但是大量警察入驻这个小小的城中村在其它城市从未出现过。一个有8名警察的外国人服务中心拦住了小非洲的入口，300米长的市场里，有好几个治安岗亭，还有一个“多功能服务中心”开设在登峰村中心地带，里面也有警察驻扎。对于CNN记者采访有关“美化”行动的要求，广州市政府没有给予回复。
迪亚罗说警察从早到晚检查非洲人的护照，无论是在家里、酒店房间里还是街道上，马修斯也承认确有其事。姆万巴说：“看看其它国家，到处都有唐人街，甚至连非洲都有。但是在这里，他们却试图打散外国人的聚居地，不让外国人做那些中国人自己在外国做的事情。”
升级改造之后，大部分非洲人离开了小非洲，要么去城市其它地区生活，要么干脆离开这个国家。一度生机勃勃的街道显得无比荒凉。
后院起火
在尼日利亚、安哥拉、埃塞俄比亚和莫桑比克国家的银行中，有一样东西已经缺少了很久——美元。
随着国际油价下跌，其它商品的价格也一蹶不振。这些国家的政府限制使用美元，以保护不断缩水的外汇储备。非洲人不能使用自己国家的货币在广州做交易，所以结果必然是绝望的。
尼日利亚总统穆罕默杜•布哈里与中国达成了一项互惠外汇信贷协议。
迪亚罗说：“在安哥拉，如果你去市场上换美元，汇率比银行高出5倍还要多。但是如果你从中国汇钱到银行中，要等6个月才能把钱取出来。”尤科万的解释更加简单：“我们用美元在中国采购商品，但是现在没有美元了。这是个大问题。”
为了应对汇率的惨跌，尼日利亚总统穆罕默杜•布哈里今年在北京与习近平达成了一项互惠外汇信贷协议，尼日利亚人可以把人民币直接汇到尼日利亚的银行中。尤科万等人急切盼望着协议尽快生效。姆万巴说：“我在安哥拉有一家商店，和我弟弟一起出售从广州采购的汽车配件。但是现在安哥拉人都开不起汽车了。”
姆万巴说，更糟糕的是，精明的中国商人正在绕过中间商，自己到非洲去销售他们广州工厂里生产的商品，有时候价格比他们便宜一半。“
该离开了吗？
姆万巴的办公室在一座破旧塔楼的17层。黄昏的阳光照射在他身后落满灰尘的一个相框上，里面是身着西装的“大使”以广州城市为背景的照片。在中国生活了13年之后，他准备回家了。这并不是撤退，而是要把他的专业知识用在更需要的地方。
他说：“每个人都想回到自己的非洲国家做些事情，我们已经学到了小工厂和贸易的专业知识。我们应该回到家乡去应用这些知识。”
原文：
Guangzhou, ChinaThe heart of Little Africa -- or Chocolate City, as it has been dubbed by some -- is not easy to locate without a tip-off.
At the foot of an unremarkable tunnel, peeling off the busy Little North Road, in Guangzhou, stands a place that just two years ago was totally unlike the rest of China.
Angolan women carried bin bags of shopping on their heads, Somali men in long robes peddled currency exchange, Uygur restaurateurs slaughtered lamb on the street, Congolese merchants ordered wholesale underwear from Chinese-run shops, Nigerian men hit the Africa Bar for a Tsingtao and plate of jollof rice.
Dengfeng -- a previously quiet urban village, or chengzhongcun, in central Guangzhou -- had been electrified by migration, both from internal Chinese migrants and those from Africa.
By 2012, as many as 100,000 Sub-Saharan Africans had flocked to Guangzhou, according to Professor Adams Bodomo's book "Africans in China" -- if true, it would have been the largest African expat community in Asia -- all chasing the same dream of getting rich in China.
Today, that dream is fading -- if not finished.
Over the past 18 months, although concrete numbers are hard to come by, hundreds -- perhaps even thousands -- of Africans are believed by locals and researchers to have exited Guangzhou.
A dollar drought in oil-dependent West African nations, coupled with China's hostile immigration policies, widespread racism, and at-once slowing and maturing economy, means Guangzhou is losing its competitive edge.
A promised land?
Guangzhou sits 120 kilometers (75 miles) north-west of Hong Kong, often laboring under a haze of stifling gray smog.
Africans began pouring into this landscape of factories, producing everything from washing machines to fake Levi's jeans, in the mid-1990s.
China's economy had recently opened up and, in 2000, Beijing hosted the first Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, spearheading a campaign to court good relations with resource-rich African nations.
By 2014, trade flows between Africa and China had exceeded U.S. trade with the continent by more than $120 billion, and more than 1 million Chinese had uprooted to the African continent.
As Chinatowns emerged in Lagos and Conakry, more Africans started thinking about China.
The type of Africans who migrated to China, however, were different to those moving West, Roberto Castillo, a lecturer in African Studies at Hong Kong University, tells CNN.
"Those people [going to Europe] are usually disenfranchised, with no opportunities, looking to settle," he says. "Africans in China are much more entrepreneurial. Many of them have the financial capability to move around and explore new places."
Indeed, 40% of African migrants surveyed for "Africans in China" had received at least tertiary education. Some held a PhD.
As Somali trader Ali Mohamed Ali, a university graduate in insurance working in logistics in Guangzhou, says: "My five brothers and sisters all went to Europe: they ended up as cab drivers or security guards."
Heading East, he says, there was opportunity for something greater.
Madina Diallo says that in 2002 he would export 250 containers a year, containing everything from mattresses to pop corn machines. By selling these goods in his native, Guinea, he could make up to $1,500 on each container, or $375,000 a year -- a genuine fortune in a nation where the gross national income per capita is $470.
Other entrepreneurial Africans set up cargo shipping firms operating out of the the Port of Guangzhou.
Fake goods were also a cash cow.
Moustapha Dieng, a former airplane engineer in the Senegalese air force, says that in the early 2000s, Africans were "still importing original Nike and Adidas from the United States".
The transformation of Denfeng in Little Africa
"When we started buying fake goods from China, we could sell them in Senegal for the same price [as the real American goods]. Nobody knew about China and its fakes. Our profit was more than 100%."
Guangzhou became a promised land, and more Africans arrived.
The Little Diplomats
Felly Mwamba is one of Guangzhou's "little diplomats".
Each African country has an "ambassador" in the Chinese city -- voted for by expatriates from that nation -- who liaises with the Chinese police, arbitrates internal disputes, and organizes community events.
Felly Mwamba, head of the Congolese community in Guangzhou
The ambassador also keeps track of the population of his community; migrants usually informally register with their community leader upon arrival in Guangzhou, for support.
Mwamba says that in 2006 there were 1,200 Congolese in Little Africa. Today he believes that figure has plummeted to 500.
"Ambassadors" for Guinea and Senegal report similar drops.
Emmanuel Ojukwu, the self-proclaimed Head of Africans in China, and the ambassador of the Nigerian community -- one of the largest African groups in Guangzhou -- is despondently spread out on a sofa inside a clothing warehouse, where the halls are eerily devoid of customers.
"So many people went home at Christmas and did not return," he says.
Emmanuel Ojukwu, head of Africans in China
The true scale of the African population in Guangzhou is hard to ascertain due to the itinerant nature of many traders -- some enter and exit the city multiple times per year -- and the thousands who overstay their visas.
Castillo believes the Chinese government itself has no accurate idea of the African population's size, although at the height of the Ebola crisis in late 2014, it said just 16,000 Africans called the city home.
The streets of Little Africa certainly seem quieter than when I first visited 2 years ago.
"There is, indeed, an apparent lessening number of Africans in the city," says Gordon Mathews, a professor of anthropology at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, who has studied globalization in Guangzhou.
China losing competitive edge
One reason the Chinese dream is today failing Africans is the maturing Chinese economy.
Firstly, as China's profile rose globally, African consumers realized they were buying bootleg not bona fide goods, and naturally wanted to pay less, says Dieng.
Little Africa before beautification – The Overseas Trading Mall sign dominated the skyline of Dengfeng village, in 2014.
Dengfeng was a melting pot for African migrants, as well as internal migrants from across China, doing business in Guangzhou.
Restaurants and bars sprung up in the Little Africa area, catering to the tastes of the migrant community.
A group of female traders peruse the Little Africa area, looking for wholesale goods to ship back to and sell in their native country.
Youssou Ousagna, from Senegal, poses on a bridge that leads to Dengfeng village. A Chinese photographer set up a business here taking portraits of African migrants.
Ladies shop by the bin bag, balancing their purchases on their heads.
After slaughtering this lamb on street, the Uygur restaurateurs from north-west China hang the meat ready to cook for customers.
Street markets selling low-end goods were commonplace.
A couple from Xinjiang in north-west China sell fresh fruit in Little Africa. The Dengfeng urban village was home to migrants from across China, as well as Africa.
The Yingfu Trade Plaza is home to scores of garment Chinese-run shops, servicing African demand for wholesale goods.
Women in the Guanyuan Xi Lu area of Little Africa. This area is the Nigerian annex.
This Turkish restaurant serves halal food catering to African Muslim merchants, as well as Uygurs from Chinas north-west frontier provinces.
The police in Dengfeng perhaps weren't so attentive in 2014.
The entrance to Dengfeng, in Little Africa, in 2014.
Furthermore, under mounting international pressure, the Chinese authorities have vowed to protect the intellectual property rights of global brands, imposing tougher penalties on trademark infringement.
Dieng pulls up an SMS on his phone: "Adidas. Nike. Unilever. From 2016, no longer copy these logos."
It was sent by the owner of a factory on the outskirts of Guangzhou last week.
"We've also noticed the factory price is higher than before," adds Dieng. "This is because of exchange rates, and the rise of workers' wages in China."
Hourly manufacturing wages in China have risen by 12% a year on average since 2001, while the strengthening yuan has seen profit margins slashed.
China's competitive edge is fading. "I've heard good things about Vietnam," says Dieng, stirring his coffee, "or maybe Bangladesh."
'Culture, lifestyle, hygiene'
As China becomes less profitable, many Africans feel the downsides of living there more acutely.
A 2008 Wikileaks cable reported that the local Chinese authorities had long been "extremely concerned" about the "visible" African population in Guangzhou.
"Many Chinese residents do not want to live in 'Africa Town' due to 'differences' ranging from culture to lifestyle to hygiene," an American diplomat wrote to Washington, citing research commissioned by the local authorities.
Dieng tells CNN that locals hold their noses when riding the shared lift in their residential high rise, while a Chinese landlady complained to NetEase, a Chinese news portal, that her African tenant's black skin color came off on the "snow white walls" -- echoing a recent racist TV advert that suggested African blackness can be washed off.
Tina Chan owns a shoe factory outside Guangzhou producing diamante-loaded high-heels, which she sells from her stall at the Yingfu clothing warehouse, in Sanyuanli -- the Nigerian area of Little Africa.
In a low whisper, as potential Nigerian customers walk past, she confesses: "But I don't like African people. I just do the business with them."
Matthews says: "The Chinese would prefer Africans to come in for two to three weeks, buy goods and go home. China is for Chinese."
For Dieng, living in Guangzhou, while his wife and three children reside in Senegal, is lonely.
"I think if after 12 years, you cannot make any real Chinese friends in China, it is a big problem."
Feelings about foreigners
In 2013, China updated its legislation governing foreigners -- the Exit-Entry Administration Law -- for the first time since 1986.
Africans who had lived in Guangzhou for years, paid taxes there, fed Chinese-run factories and warehouses with business, and perhaps even married a Chinese national, hoped the reforms would offer them a path to genuine residency.
"It was very disappointing," says Castillo. "Very vague, and very similar to the 1986 law. The message was: you're foreigners, it's not going to be easy." The only clear changes were harsher penalties for those who overstay visas and work illegally.
The main courtyard that was 2 years ago filled with markets and traders is now bare.
As part of its campaign to beautiful urban villages in Guangzhou, the government resurfaced and widened the roads of Dengfeng.
A police station now stands at the entrance to the heart of Little Africa. When CNN visited, at least 8 police officers were manning the station.
A police stand in what was once the heart of Little Africa in Guangzhou.
Welcome to Guangzhou ... the police station in Dengfeng is heavily manned by officers.
Streets that were once bustling with trade, market stalls and African migrants are now eerily quiet.
This underpass was once home to stalls selling a variety of low-end goods.
The vagueness of the legislature, Castillo says, means visa policies are interpreted in wildly different ways between provinces -- jurisdictions with a higher foreign population, such as Guangzhou, tend to issue shorter visas. Many Africans report registering their visas in nearby Foshan, where the authorities they say are more lenient.
Diallo has a permanent residence visa which, somewhat paradoxically, must be reapplied for every year.
"We work, we pay tax, have a 1-year permanent residence visa, but we have no resident's card," he says.
"At immigration, I come through the same line as a tourist."
The beautification of Little Africa
Little Africa in Guangzhou straddles a 7km stretch from the Nigerian annex of Guangyuan Xi Road, in Sanyuan Li, in the north of the city to Xiaobei, home to Dengfeng urban village: the heartbeat of this community.
In 2014, the government embarked on the "beautification" of Dengfeng, disrupting life for many residents.
This year-long upgrade tore down signage celebrating foreign trade, banned street markets that had been the area's lifeblood, widened and resurfaced roads and introduced a heavy police presence.
Earlier this year the Southern Metropolis Daily reported, "Dengfeng village, after a year-long beautification, has turned into an attractive spot for worldwide travelers. Dengfeng used to be a 'dirty, messy and bad' area in Guangzhou."
Although the "beautification" fell in line with a wider policy of upgrading, or demolishing, urban villages in Guangzhou, the huge police presence thrust into this small strip is unprecedented in the rest of the city.
A Foreign Affairs Service Center, manned by eight police at a time, looms at one entrance, multiple police stands are dotted throughout the 300-meter thoroughfare, while a "Multifunction Service Center" has opened in the heart of Dengfeng, also manned by police.
The Guangdong authorities did not reply to CNN's requests for comment on the "beautification" process.
Diallo says police check Africans' passports from dawn 'til dusk, at their homes, hotel rooms and on the streets, a story corroborated by Matthews.
"Look around the world," says Mwamba,"you will see Chinatowns, even in Africa. But here they don't want foreigners to be together here, to do things the way the Chinese do them overseas."
Since the renovations, the majority of Africans have left this part of Little Africa, either moving to other areas of the city or out of China for good, leaving the once vibrant streets bare.
Trouble at home
In the banks of Nigeria, Angola, Ethiopia and Mozambique, one essential thing has been lacking for some months.
The dollar.
As global oil prices plummet, bringing down that of other commodities with it, governments in these nations are restricting access to the greenback to safeguard dwindling reserves.
For Africans, who can't trade in their local currencies in Guangzhou, the consequences are stark.
Nigerian president Muhammadu Buhari has secured a currency swap deal with China.
Diallo says: "In Angola, if you go to the market the exchange rate for the dollar is over 500% higher than at the bank. But if you transfer money from China to the bank, it can take six months to withdraw your dollars."
Ojukwu lays it out simply. "We use the dollar to buy things in China. But there are no dollars. It is a very big problem."
To offset the currency slump, Nigerian president Muhammadu Buhari negotiated a currency swap deal with Xi Jingping in Beijing this year, which will allow Nigerians to send the yuan back to Nigerian banks.
Ojukwu and others are eagerly awaiting the deal to take effect.
Mwamba says: "I have a shop in Angola, with my brother, selling car accessories that we buy in Guangzhou. No one in Angola now can afford to run their cars."
To make matters worse, Mwamba reports that astute Chinese vendors are cutting out the middle man by traveling to African nations themselves, to sell the goods produced at their Guangdong factories, sometimes for half the price.
Time to go?
In Mwamba's office, on the 17th floor of a rundown tower block, the twilight sun is exposing dust on a framed photograph behind his desk of the suited "ambassador" posing before the Guangzhou skyline.
After 13 years in China, he is ready to go home. This is not a retreat -- more a decision to use his know-how where it's needed most.
"Everyone wants to go back to their own African country and start something," he says. "We've learned here about small factories, trade.
"We should return home and apply that knowledge."
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狗仔卡
发表于 2016-7-22 09:10
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显身卡
发表于 2016-7-22 09:43
