napiers 发表于 2011-2-12 17:09

【11.1.27 Reason.com】在高铁问题上你不能将中国和美国放在一起比较

【原文标题】Obama, China, and the Sputnik Moment
【中文标题】奥巴马,中国,以及卫星时刻
【登载媒体】Reason.com
【来源地址】http://reason.com/archives/2011/01/27/obama-china-and-the-sputnik-mo
【译者】napiers
【翻译方式】 人工
【声明】 本翻译供Anti-CNN使用,未经AC或译者许可,不得转载。
【译文】

You can't compare China and the U.S. when it comes to high-speed rail
在高铁问题上你不能将中国和美国放在一起比较

In his State of the Union address, President Barack Obama urged Americans and Congress to embrace this generation’s Sputnik moment and spend more on technology and innovation to spur economic growth.
在(本年度的)国情咨文中,奥巴马总统敦促美国人民和国会正视这一代的卫星时刻,在技术和创新上投入更多从而刺激经济发展。

America is losing its edge to nations like China, Obama suggested, because we have failed to commit to a long-term vision to be competitive in this digital age. “China is building faster trains and newer airports,” the president said. “Meanwhile, when our own engineers graded our nation's infrastructure, they gave us a ‘D.’”
在面对像中国这样的国家时,美国正在失去自己的优势。奥巴马认为,这是因为在这样的数字时代,我们并没有制定一个长远的规划以保持竞争力。总统认为“中国正在建造更快的铁路和新的机场。而与此同时,当我们自己的工程师评价我们国家的基础设施建设时,他们给的分数是D” 。

“Within 25 years, our goal is to give 80% of Americans access to high-speed rail, which could allow you go places in half the time it takes to travel by car,” said President Obama. “For some trips, it will be faster than flying—without the pat-down.”
“我们的目标是,在未来的25年内,给80%的美国人提供高铁。比起驾驶汽车,这将使外出行程的时间缩短一半,”奥巴马总统表示“对某些旅程来说,这将比坐飞机还要快——省去了机场安检的时间。”

The president’s comments raise an important question: How relevant are China’s investments in infrastructure to the challenges of U.S. economic competitiveness? Unfortunately, if China’s commitment to high-speed rail is a benchmark for the kind of commitment President Obama believes the U.S. must make to remain competitive, we may be learning the wrong lessons.
总统的评论激起了一个重要的问题:中国在基础建设上的投资究竟与美国的经济竞争力面临的挑战有多大关联?不幸的是,如果中国在高铁上的投入被奥巴马总统认为是一种标杆,即美国必须亦步亦趋以保持竞争力,那么我们很有可能正在学习错误的示范。

First, China’s transportation spending is very specific to its circumstances and its investment in high-speed rail should not be seen as independent of its need to develop a comprehensive transportation network. China eclipsed Japan last year to become the world’s second largest economy, but this achievement is not as significant as it might appear. While the amusement park glitz of the Bund in Shanghai and the skylines of Beijing, Guangzhou, and other cities are suitably impressive, they represent a nation in transition from poverty to middle-income status.
首先,中国在交通运输系统上的投入是具有中国特色的,而且它在高铁的投资绝不能脱离它本身的需求---即发展综合性的交通运输网络---孤立地来看待。去年中国超越日本成为世界第二大经济体,但这个成就并非如同看起来那么重要。尽管在上海外滩游乐场的浮华,北京、广州和其它城市的天际线轮廓令人印象深刻,它们代表着一个国家从贫穷过渡到中等收入地位。

China’s per capita income (adjusted for purchasing power) still ranks 93rd worldwide according to the International Monetary Fund. China’s economic development is about the same level as the United States was back in the 1920s. And China’s Gross Domestic Product per person is only about 16 percent of that of the U.S.
根据IMF(国际货币基金组织)的数据,中国的人均收入(在购买力换算之后)在世界上仍然仅排在第93名。中国经济发展的水平仅相当于美国1920年代的水平。此外,中国的人均GDP仅仅是美国的16%。

While Beijing’s massive traffic nightmares occasionally get coverage in the Western press, urban Chinese workers typically commute and get around by walking, riding bicycles, or via very slow buses. The challenge for China is building a transportation system and network that provides mobility for workers and freight so that it can continue to support its economic growth within some of the world’s largest and most densely packed cities.
尽管北京严重的交通梦魇偶尔会在西方媒体见诸报端,城市里的中国上班族的典型的上下班方式是步行、骑自行车或者搭乘异常缓慢的公交车。中国面临的挑战是建设一个能够为人和物提供流动性的运输系统和网络,从而能够在一些世界上最大最密集的城市继续支撑自己的经济增长。

Despite our own urban traffic woes, the United States has a mature transportation system that provides the world’s best and most affordable mobility. China is really playing catch up, investing in all forms of transportation to match its unprecedented growth in the demand for mobility.
虽然美国的城市交通问题依然存在,但我们有一个成熟的交通系统,(为我们)提供了世界上最好最实惠的流动性。中国确实在迎头赶上,为了配合其前所未有的流动性需求增长,向各种各样的公共交通运输系统投资。

In the last 20 years, China has built a national expressway network larger than the one that connects the European Union and almost the equivalent of the U.S. Interstate Highway System to improve access between provinces and metropolitan areas.
在过去的20年里,中国已经建立了一个国家高速公路网络来改善各省和大都会地区的交通状况。它的规模大于连接欧盟的高速公路网络,基本相当于美国的州际高速公路系统。

Also, despite its investment in high-speed rail, air travel in China is expanding rapidly. In 2009, 166 airports were open to civilian transportation. This number is expected to increase to 260 by 2015. But, again, this is still substantially less than the 569 airports certified for scheduled service around America.
此外,尽管在高铁上进行投资,空运在中国也增长地非常迅速。在2009年,166个机场向民用运输开放。到2015年这一数字预计将达到260。但是,再一次的,这一数字仍然远低于美国,我们拥有经过认证的569个提供定期航班服务的机场。

In the U.S. rail advocates envision the trains replacing cars and planes. Meanwhile, China’s investment in rail is not seen purely as a substitute for other means of traveling between cities and provinces, although it is forcing the domestic travel industry to focus on improved service along shorter air routes to stay competitive.
美国的铁路支持者企图取代汽车和飞机。与此同时,中国在铁路上的投资并不是单纯的对各个城市和省份之间存在的其它运输方式的取代。尽管它迫使国内旅行业绞尽脑汁地提高短途航线的服务质量,从而保持竞争力。

China’s developing transportation network is diversifying, becoming more layered, and taking advantage of the sheer scale of a national economy expected to add 400 million more people to its cities by 2025. High-speed rail is best seen as just one component of the larger national transportation network being built, not the backbone of the entire system.
中国正在发展的交通运输网络是多元化和多层次的,而且考虑到了到2025年庞大的国内经济规模将使得超过4亿的人口进入城市。最好仅仅将高铁看作是从属于一个正在建设中的、更大规模的国内交通运输网络的一部分,而并非是整个系统的关键。

Indeed, only about 10 percent of the 91,000 kilometers of intercity rail track are dedicated to high-speed rail. If anything, China is “rightsizing” its transportation network to reflect its burgeoning economy and the extraordinary foot print of its cities, five of which are “megacities” with populations over 10 million (Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenzen, and Dongguan).
事实上,在长达91000公里的城际铁路轨道中,只有约10%是高铁专用的。如果有什么(特别)的话,那就是中国正在“合适的裁剪”自己的交通运输网络,以此折射出蓬勃发展的经济和非同寻常的城市群印记---在这些城市中,有五个属于“超级都市”,拥有超过千万的人口(上海、北京、广州、深圳以及东莞)。

This leads to the second reason why China is fundamentally different than America: economic geography.
这就给出了为什么中国与美国有着根本上的差异:经济地理。

A key factor in ensuring high-speed rail’s success is the closeness of employment and population centers. The largest Chinese cities aren’t nearly as spread out as U.S. cities in terms of distance and the high speed rail lines are connecting larger urban cities.
确保高铁成功的一个关键因素在于就业和人口中心的密切关系。中国最大的几个城市并非如同美国一样散布在距离很远的不同地点,而高铁正在将这些较大的城市连结在一起。

China has 120 cities with populations of one million or more, and its cities are expected to add the equivalent of another United States—300 million people—by 2025. The high-speed rail line will connect to most cities with populations greater than 500,000. Given existing levels of very low mobility and income, rail would be a natural beneficiary of rising travel demand as the travel market matures.
中国有120个城市拥有超过百万的人口,到2025年,这些城市的人口总数预计将达到3亿---等同于另一个美国。高铁线路将连结超过50万人口的大部分城市。鉴于现有的低流动性和低收入水平,在成长为成熟的旅行市场前,巨大的需求将自然而然地使得铁路获益匪浅。

For example, high-speed rail connects the city of Wuhan (population 5.3 million) with Guangzhou (population 13.2 million) along a 601 mile rail line, a shorter distance than New York to Chicago. The Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed trains, averaging 194 miles per hour, will get travelers from these two cities in three hours, less than one-third the time it took traveling by conventional train. As an overlay to the existing conventional rail system, 90 percent of the Chinese population will be accessible to rail.
举例来说,高铁连接武汉市(人口530万)与广州市(人口1320万),沿铁路线共601英里,稍短于从纽约到芝加哥的距离。武广高铁平均时速是194英里每小时,整个旅途的时间是三个小时,不到传统列车运行时间的三分之一。作为对现有传统列车的覆盖,将提供给90%的中国人口使用。

But this underestimates the real connectivity implied in this rail service. Even the shorter high-speed rail links are connecting major clusters of urban activity. A proposed train connecting Beijing in the northeast with Guangzhou in the southeast would travel nearly 1,200 miles. This single train line would connect a region of 14 million (Beijing) to a combined urbanized area of nearly 100 million (Guangdong province and Hong Kong). Put another way, this one high-speed rail line connects cities and provinces in China equal to almost half the entire U.S. population. The combined population of Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Hong Kong, and their neighboring provinces exceeds the national population of the United States.
但这低估了这项铁路服务所带来的真正的影响。甚至还有更短的高铁线路正在连结主要城市群。一项正在规划中的、长达1200英里的铁路,将东北部的北京和东南部的广州连结起来。这种单一的铁路线将拥有1400万人口的区域(北京)和拥有接近1亿人口的城市化地区(广东省和香港)连结起来。换句话说,这条铁路线所连结的中国省市的人口几乎是整个美国人口的一半。北京、天津、上海、香港和邻近省份的总人口超过了美国全国人口。

Finally, China is at a very different point in its economic development than the U.S. and other Western nations. The U.S. no longer has either a culture of rail travel or a network of rail lines that knit its regions together. More importantly, creating this network is highly unlikely to make much of a dent in transportation mode splits.
最后,中国的经济发展水平和美国以及其他西方国家处于截然不同的阶段。美国不再有一种铁路旅行文化或者一个铁路线网络将各个区域连结在一起。更为重要的是,发展这样的网络不太可能改变美国现有的交通运输方式。

The reason is fairly straightforward: higher incomes allow everyday American travelers to choose travel modes that maximize flexibility and speed. Rail is a fixed route transit system, less flexible and slow compared to the more ubiquitous air travel. As major airlines have exponentially increased connectivity with cities of all sizes and locations, competition has also reduced the relative cost of air travel to the point most households can get to their long-distance destinations faster and cheaper via air (or intercity bus).
原因相当简单:较高的收入使得日常的美国游客选择能够最大限度地提高灵活性和速度的出行模式。铁路是固定路线运输系统,与无处不在的航空旅行相比不够灵活且缓慢。连结了不同大小和地理位置的城市的主要航线已经成倍地增加,竞争也降低了航空旅行相关的成本,就这一点来说,大多数家庭可以通过航空(或长途汽车)更快更便宜地到达他们的长途目的地。

In 2008, U.S. airplanes logged 583 billion passenger miles. The entire Amtrak system accounted for just 6 billion passenger miles. Even if high-speed rail were to double the number of riders, its market share would be paltry compared to air travel. Thus, the prospects for high-speed rail to compete effectively for a meaningful level of travelers in the U.S., unlike China, is fundamentally limited, a conclusion implied in the massive ongoing subsidies required to simply keep the U.S. train systems operating once they are built.
2008年,美国的航空运输达到5830亿的旅客周转量。而整个美国铁路公司系统仅有60亿。即便高铁将之翻倍,其市场份额将空中旅行相比微不足道。因此,美国高铁的前景,即进行有效的竞争使之能够达到有意义的乘坐水平——与中国不同——从根本上说有限的。因而我们可以得出结论,一旦美国列车系统建造完毕,就必须为保持运行提供大量的补贴。

With nearly 10,000 miles of high-speed rail track ready to open by 2015, China boasts the world’s fastest passenger trains, reaching speeds of 220 miles per hour. Chinese companies are competing to provide similar services in the U.S. as some rail proponents look on with envy.
中国拥有世界上最快的旅客列车,达到每小时220英里的速度,近万英里的高铁轨道即将在2015年开放。中国公司正竞相在美国提供类似服务,导致一些铁路的支持者羡慕嫉妒恨。

Nevertheless, it’s important for policymakers to carefully consider these commitments in a Chinese context and ask how these circumstances may differ from the United States. Our geography, transportation infrastructure legacy, and economic history undermine the factors that are likely to make high-speed rail a success in America.
不过,重要的是决策者仔细考虑这些具有中国特色的规划,并问一问为什么这些环境可能不同于美国。我们的地理、交通基础设施的遗产、以及经济史削弱了可能使高铁在美国取得成功的因素。

Sam Staley is the Robert W. Galvin Fellow and director of urban growth and land use policy at Reason Foundation. He is co-author of the book Mobility First: A New Vision for Transportation in a Globally Competitive 21st Century (Rowman & Littlefield, 2008).
Sam Staley是Robert W. Galvin的研究员和Reason基金会城市发展和土地使用政策主任。他是Mobility First:A New Vision for Transportation in a Globally Competitive 21st Century (Rowman & Littlefield, 2008)这本书的合著者。

thehand 发表于 2011-2-12 17:55

我觉得文章没有考虑一个基本的事实,铁路是用电的,飞机是用油的。运送同样重量的人或货物到同样远的地方,铁路的能耗低于飞机。

ak123456789 发表于 2011-2-12 17:57

楼主辛苦了。

无可就要 发表于 2011-2-12 19:09

奥巴马已经完全进入了竞选状态,画了一张大饼给美国人民看,他想告诉美国人民他们应该把票投给谁。

rodrick 发表于 2011-2-12 21:22

好文章!中国欢迎美国不需要高铁,这样可以省下很多资源供中国人再造好几条。
钱是中国出的,为什么给美国造?难道指望投资者可以控制美国的运输网?

Jigong 发表于 2011-2-12 23:43

铁路的能耗低于飞机。.
thehand 发表于 2011-2-12 17:55 http://bbs.m4.cn/images/common/back.gif

Q20)Q20)

生于1973 发表于 2011-2-13 05:38

美国是地球的败家子。。。。

whatdoing 发表于 2011-2-13 17:39

我觉得文章没有考虑一个基本的事实,铁路是用电的,飞机是用油的。运送同样重量的人或货物到同样远的地方, ...
thehand 发表于 2011-2-12 17:55 http://bbs.m4.cn/images/common/back.gif


    这个原因能提出来么?
能源大亨们不是吃素的
这作者应该是枪手

qushichen 发表于 2011-2-13 20:03

都用高铁了 美国的石油商能源公司怎么混

蝌蚪汤 发表于 2011-2-13 22:54

小心美国人捧杀

BK6141 发表于 2011-2-14 11:23

我觉得文章没有考虑一个基本的事实,铁路是用电的,飞机是用油的。运送同样重量的人或货物到同样远的地方, ...
thehand 发表于 2011-2-12 17:55 http://bbs.m4.cn/images/common/back.gif


    换个角度:铁路可以实现重载或者大客运量,消耗单位能源,火车运力更大~

汉家公主 发表于 2011-2-15 11:32

这篇文的作者是罕见的靠谱啊。

绿水人家 发表于 2011-2-15 12:26

我觉得文章没有考虑一个基本的事实,铁路是用电的,飞机是用油的。运送同样重量的人或货物到同样远的地方, ...
thehand 发表于 2011-2-12 17:55 http://bbs.m4.cn/images/common/back.gif


确实,但是从多角度论证也很好,任何事情总要平衡来考虑的。我个人觉得作者说中国高铁是一个系统化多层次交通体系的一部分很正确,即使中国大部分人员运力依靠火车,但高铁高了,班次少了,而且班次安排还不科学(我最搞不懂本地到上海的车为何九点前都是到虹桥的,外地人去上海就为了坐飞机啊,等转到人民广场要几点了)。另外,高铁目前是共用轨道,但好像正在建造专用轨道,这些成本估计未来还是会体现在票价上(货运应该无法运用这些专轨,对物流的帮助不大吧)。

想到个好玩的,原来我们这儿有一班车来往北京,都是晚上出发早上到,到了目的地该干吗干吗,现在换高铁了,变成大半夜到,卧铺也变坐席了,你说坐上七小时也不好受啊,我宁愿躺上十二个小时,再说半夜三更去干吗,还得贴上几小时的住宿费,所以去北京又要坐飞机了(原来真得满舒服的)。现在重回短途汽车,长途飞机的时代,好怀念动车啊!

BK6141 发表于 2011-2-15 13:59

米国人在担心自己的儿子会不会在阿富汗、伊拉克尸骨不全的时候,中国人坐着世界上最快的火车旅行~~~~~不知道谁更民主~~~~

humin 发表于 2011-2-15 16:29

罕见的靠谱啊。

oushen 发表于 2011-2-15 23:22

这人忘了能源……

BKC381 发表于 2011-2-16 01:30

首先,中国在交通运输系统上的投入是具有中国特色的
-------------------------------
看来,这个特色问题很重要啊
中国的经验,不能照搬嘛,要注意美国的国情。
无论干什么,都要结合本国国情,坚持本国特色,这是TG一再强调的。
奥同学一定要牢记啊
有空的话,可申请到中央党校进修一下,找习校长办理即可

mmc210 发表于 2011-2-16 04:11

我觉得文章没有考虑一个基本的事实,铁路是用电的,飞机是用油的。运送同样重量的人或货物到同样远的地方, ...
thehand 发表于 2011-2-12 17:55 http://bbs.m4.cn/images/common/back.gif


    您也没考虑到一个基本事实,全世界大部分的石油资源,石油实际定价权,和世界海洋运输咽喉掌握在美国人的手里;

在法律上规定节能减排方面,美国和中国都那么固执,是因为他们身处两个极端:

1、美国掌握着大量的化石能源资源,这些不仅具有巨大的经济利益,更加拥有巨大的政治利益,美国是靠这个卡别人脖子的,所以他在新能源开发和应用上并不着急,能用石油就用石油,他自己家那么多石油不开采,专用别人的,反正价钱他订。

2、中国是另外一个极端,他的化石能源主要是煤炭,石油大部分进口,除了烧煤发电外,煤炭的其他应用在中国并不到战略位置。石油一直是中国的软肋,一旦和美国闹掰了,他们肯定会掐我们的脖子,而石油是要命的东东;从中亚、伊朗、巴铁、俄罗斯通石油都是为了防老美,现在大搞节能减排,发展新能源,通高铁,我觉得都有这方面的原因——为了以后不受制于人。

所以油对中国来说是大问题,对老美只是小case,他们现在只是要增加就业,摆脱危机而已,就像30年代时候,罗斯福出的馊主意——找一帮人去挖坑,给工资;在找一帮人把坑填上,给工资。至于以后有什么用,到时候再说,反正老美有的是资源。

zwp800108 发表于 2011-2-16 11:27

高铁要卖,不卖怎么赚钱?
卖了高铁,不就能在国内造更多的高铁了吗?

lyycc 发表于 2011-2-18 10:19

美国注重公路建设是因为可以促进汽车工业的发展,尤其是那些大型石油财团更是支持公路建设而抵制铁路建设~
这也是美国铁路建设落后于中国的主要原因~
没有那些石油财团的支持,美国人一辈子也别想造出由高铁组成的泛美铁路网
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查看完整版本: 【11.1.27 Reason.com】在高铁问题上你不能将中国和美国放在一起比较