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发表于 2008-11-12 20:01
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第1课 小结
以下内容节选自：http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%B7%E5%99%A8&variant=zh-cn
瓷器是一种由瓷石、高岭土等组成，外表施有釉或彩绘的物器。瓷器的成形要通过在窑内经过高温（约1280℃-1400℃）烧制，瓷器表面的釉色会因为温度的不同从而发生各种化学变化。
烧结的瓷器胎一般仅含3%不到的铁元素，且不透水，因其较为低廉的成本和耐磨不透水的特性广为世界各地的民众所使用。原料纯净度高的瓷器在相互碰撞时会发出类似金属相撞的清脆声音。
高级瓷器拥有远高于一般瓷器的制作工艺难度，因此在古代皇室中也不乏精美瓷器的收藏。作为古代中国的特产奢侈品之一，瓷器通过各种贸易渠道传到各个国家，
精美的古代瓷器作为具有收藏价值的古董被大量收藏家所收藏。中国古代瓷器有曾拍出天价的精品，但部分国宝级瓷器并不在中国国内。欧美人士在结婚时，便特别喜欢送赠高级瓷器茶具。
制作瓷器的完整流程，一般要经过如下几道工序：练泥 -- 制坯 -- 上釉(釉下彩/ 釉上彩)
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在中国的历史上，明代以前中国的瓷器以素瓷（没有装饰花纹，以色彩纯净度的高低为优劣标准的瓷器）为主。
明代以后以彩绘瓷为主要流行的瓷器。
最早素瓷依照颜色分类，有青瓷、黑瓷、白瓷三种常见颜色的瓷器
彩绘瓷和其他彩色瓷器中较为著名的有：唐三彩（唐三彩不是瓷，是低温铅陶）、信乐烧、青花瓷等
依照瓷器出产地点也有不同的分类。 如中国浙江越窑（秘色瓷）、江西昌南、河北定瓷
以及日本在10世纪后转肩发展的特色瓷器：近江、甲贺的信乐烧(shigarakiyaki)、长崎有田烧(aritayaki)、冈山县备前烧(bizenyaki)等。
另外欧洲自18世纪起亦开始制造瓷器，今天英国、法国、俄罗斯、德国等地，特别是英国已建立起多个高级瓷器品牌。
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考古验证瓷器最早的产地是在中国，但究竟出于哪个年代尚没有准确的定论。
目前人们将发掘自河南郑州商代（约前15世纪—前9世纪）的高岭土彩釉器皿作为世界上已知最早的瓷器。
中国在其东汉时期发展出较为成熟的青瓷制法。
中国在历史上很长的一段时间中，是世界上最大的瓷器生产国及出口国。
宋以前高档瓷器主要用于皇室的生活，在中国陕西省法门寺出土的越窑青瓷名品——秘色瓷是很长一段时间以来中国瓷器制艺的颠峰。
北宋后中国瓷器制作工艺不断上升，通过海上丝绸之路将大量瓷器出口至东南亚、南亚乃至欧洲、北非。
成为中国出口的主要代表工艺品之一。
与之相对的日本，也在平安时代开始出现陶瓷艺术制造，结合日本发扬的茶道文化，不断地出现瓷器的著名产地，
先后有六古窑、远州七窑等瓷器名产地。
而在安土桃山时代一段繁荣的茶道文化中，很多茶人如利休七哲中的牧村兵部、瀬田扫部、古田织部、芝山监物同时也就是著名茶道瓷器的制作者。
现在英语国家通常将陶瓷器统称为“porcelain”，而“china”主要指精瓷，如“fine china”、“bone china”。
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以下内容节选自：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain
Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating raw materials, generally including clay in the form of kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 °C (2,192 °F) and 1,400 °C (2,552 °F).
The toughness, strength, and translucence of porcelain arise mainly from the formation of glass and the mineral mullite within the fired body at these high temperatures.
Porcelain is occasionally referred to as "china" in some English speaking countries because until the 17th century, China was the sole producer of porcelain.
Porcelain derives its present name from old Italian porcellana (cowrie shell) because of its resemblance to the translucent surface of the shell.[1]
Properties associated with porcelain include low permeability and elasticity; considerable strength, hardness, glassiness, brittleness, whiteness, translucence, and resonance; and a high resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock.
For the purposes of trade, the Combined Nomenclature of the European Communities defines porcelain as being "completely vitrified, hard, impermeable (even before glazing), white or artificially coloured, translucent (except when of considerable thickness) and resonant."
However, the term porcelain lacks a universal definition and has "been applied in a very unsystematic fashion to substances of diverse kinds which have only certain surface-qualities in common" (Burton 1906).
Porcelain is used to make table, kitchen, sanitary, and decorative wares; objects of fine art; and tiles. Its high resistance to the passage of electricity makes porcelain an excellent insulator. Dental porcelain is used to make false teeth, caps and crowns.
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The most common uses of porcelain are the creation of artistic objects and the production of more utilitarian wares.
It is difficult to distinguish between stoneware and porcelain because this depends upon how the terms are defined.
A useful working definition of porcelain might include a broad range of ceramic wares, including some that could be classified as stoneware.
The following section provides background information on the methods used to form, decorate, finish, glaze, and fire ceramic wares.
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Western porcelain is generally divided into the three main categories: hard-paste, soft-paste, and bone, depending on the composition of the paste, the material used to form the body of a porcelain object.
Hard paste
Some of the earliest European porcelains were produced at the Meissen factory in the early 18th century; they were formed from a paste composed of kaolinite, quartz, and alabaster and fired at temperatures in excess of 1,350 °C (2,462 °F), producing a porcelain of great hardness and strength.
Later, the composition of the Meissen hard paste was changed and the alabaster was replaced by feldspar, allowing the pieces to be fired at lower temperatures.
Kaolinite, feldspar and quartz (or other forms of silica) continue to provide the basic ingredients for most continental European hard-paste porcelains.
Soft paste
Its history dates from the early attempts by European potters to replicate Chinese porcelain by using mixtures of china clay and ground-up glass or frit; soapstone and lime were known to have also been included in some compositions.
As these early formulations suffered from high pyroplastic deformation, or slumping in the kiln at raised temperature, they were uneconomic to produce.
Formulations were later developed based on kaolin, quartz, feldspars, nepheline syenite and other feldspathic rocks. These were technically superior and continue in production.
Bone china
Although originally developed in England to compete with imported porcelain, Bone china is now made worldwide.
It has been suggested[by whom?]that a misunderstanding of an account of porcelain manufacture in China given by a Jesuit missionary was responsible for the first attempts to use bone-ash as an ingredient of Western porcelain (in China, china clay was sometimes described as forming the bones of the paste, while the flesh was provided by refined porcelain stone)[citation needed].
For whatever reason, when it was first tried it was found that adding bone-ash to the paste produced a white, strong, translucent porcelain.
Traditionally English bone china was made from two parts of bone-ash, one part of china clay kaolin and one part china stone (a feldspathic rock), although this has largely been replaced by feldspars from non-UK sources
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Porcelain is generally believed to have originated in China.
Although proto-porcelain wares exist dating from the Shang Dynasty, by the Eastern Han Dynasty (100-200 CE) high firing glazed ceramic wares had developed into porcelain, and porcelain manufactured during the Tang Dynasty period (618–906) was exported to the Islamic world where it was highly prized.[2]
Early porcelain of this type includes the tri-color glazed porcelain, or sancai wares.
Historian S.A.M. Adshead writes that true porcelain items in the restrictive sense that we know them today could be found in dynasties after the Tang,[3] during the Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, and Qing Dynasty.
By the Sui and Tang dynasties, porcelain had become widely produced. Eventually, porcelain and the expertise required to create it began to spread into other areas; by the seventeenth century, it was being exported to Europe.
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[ 本帖最后由 I'm_zhcn 于 2008-11-12 20:11 编辑 ] |
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