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本帖最后由 magicboy 于 2009-3-11 06:25 编辑
【译者声明】今天先别的媒体上看到路透社发表的有关西藏历史史实的文章，在西方媒体上真是难得一见这样讨论西藏问题相对公正的文章。这篇文章是让西方读者了解西藏好材料，比中国自己在那里宣传想必更有效。以后与外国人讨论西藏问题时，也多了一个参考资料。
【原文来源】http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSSP465558
FACTBOX-Historical ties between China and Tibet
背景资料——中国和西藏之间的历史纽带
Sun Mar 8, 2009 11:42pm EDT
美国东部标准时间2009年3月8日星期日晚11点42分
BEIJING, March 9 (Reuters) - At the heart of the conflict over Tibet's status within China is the historical relationship. The Chinese government and Tibet's government-in-exile offer competing versions of whether the remote, mountainous territory was historically ruled as part of China, or whether it has legitimate claims to independence or autonomy. Following are some details about the history of relations.
北京，3月9日（路透社）——在中国西藏地位问题的关键所在是其历史关系。中国政府和西藏流亡政府提出了针锋相对的版本，争论的问题是那个遥远的群山连绵的地区，是否在历史上是中国管辖的一部分，或是否它合法地宣称过独立或自治。以下是一些关于这段历史关系的细节。
THE IMPERIAL ERA
帝王时代
- Most historians agree Tibet's assimilation into China was established during the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368). In China's view, the relationship continued throughout the next two dynasties, the Ming and the Qing.
——大多数历史学家同意西藏融入中国是始于元朝时期（公元1271－1368）。中国的观点认为，这种关系在接下来的两个朝代，明朝和清朝，得以延续下来。
But the nature of the relationship varied over the centuries depending on the relative strength or weakness of China's imperial government. The Qing dynasty (1644-1911) emperors were especially weak towards the end of their reign, when British and other foreign forces began making inroads.
不过这种关系的本身在过去的几个世纪里，随着中国皇权政府的相对强盛或衰弱而有所变化。在清朝（1644－1911）末年，皇权变得特别衰弱，那时候英国和其他外国势力开始进攻。
THE REPUBLICAN ERA
共和时期
- The 13th Dalai Lama expelled Chinese troops stationed in Lhasa in the chaos after the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911. He declared independence in 1912, and Tibet largely ruled itself until 1950, when China struggled with foreign invasion and civil wars. But China's Republican government maintained its claim to Tibet.
——在清朝于1911年灭亡后的混乱中，第13世达 赖 喇嘛赶走了驻扎在拉萨的中国军队。他于1912年宣布独立，自到1950年西藏在很大程度上是自我统治的，那段时间中国挣扎于外国入侵和内战。不过中国国民政府声称保持着它对西藏的主权。
- In support of Tibet's claim to independence during this period, scholars note it had its own foreign affairs bureau, remained neutral during World War Two and issued passports.
——为了支持西藏那段时期的独立主张，学者们提出，西藏当时有自己的外交事务局，在第二次世界大战期间保持中立，并发行自己的护照。
- But neither China nor any major Western power recognised it as independent and China's government refused to accept the border between British India and Tibet drawn up at the 1913-14 Simla Conference.
——不过中国和任何西方主要强国没有承认过西藏是独立的，并且中国政府拒绝承认1913年到1914年间召开的西姆拉会议上划定的英属印度和西藏之间的边界。
- The current Dalai Lama -- the 14th -- was discovered in 1937 as a two-year-old in a village in Amdo, now a part of China's western province of Qinghai.
——现在的第14世达 赖 喇嘛是1937年被发现的，当时他2岁来自安多，现在中国西部省份青海的一个地方。
THE COMMUNIST ERA
共产主义时期
- China says it sent People's Liberation Army troops to Tibet in 1950 to liberate Tibetan "serfs" and after local leaders refused to negotiate the region's "peaceful liberation".
——中国说它派人民解放军于1950年进驻西藏，是为了解放西藏的“农奴”，随后当地头领拒绝协商该地区的“和平解放”。
- Under the 17-point Agreement of 1951, China pledged to keep Tibet's traditional government and religion in place. But Communist land reform and collectivisation left the region in turmoil, and in 1959 the Dalai Lama led an uprising against Chinese rule, despite his initial support for the 1951 accord.
——基于1951年的17条协议，中国保证在该地维持西藏的传统政府和宗教。但是共产主义土地改革和集体化运动导致该地区处于混乱，在1959年达 赖 喇嘛领导了反抗中国统治的起义，尽管他一开始支持1951年的协议的。
- In 1979, the Dalai Lama, who had by then established a government-in-exile in India, abandoned claims of independence in favour of a "Middle Way" approach advocating political autonomy for Tibet under Beijing's rule. Beijing dismisses the "Middle Way" as a sham and says the Dalai Lama has not truly abandoned independence.
——到1979年达 赖 喇嘛在印度建立了流亡政府，放弃了独立的主张，支持“中间道路”，宣传在北京政府管辖下的政治自治。北京政府对“中间路线”不予考虑，认为那是假的，并说达 赖 喇嘛并没有真正放弃独立。
- Chinese government officials and representatives of the Dalai Lama have held secretive talks on the Tibet question intermittently since 1979. The last round in November finished with both sides blaming each other for a lack of progress.
——自1979年起，中国政府的官员和达 赖 喇嘛的代表，间断地召开了关于西藏问题的秘密会谈。上一轮会谈是在（2008年）11月，双方都指责对方缺少进展。
- In March 2008, frustrations over Chinese rule saw monk-led protests in Lhasa give way to violent anti-Chinese riots that killed 19 people and triggered unrest in other ethnically Tibetan areas of neighbouring provinces.
——在2008年3月，因对中国统治感到沮丧，在拉萨由僧侣主导的抗议演变成反抗中国的暴力骚乱，那场骚乱导致19人死亡，引发了周边省份藏族聚集区的骚乱。
- The Dalai Lama ruled out retiring at a six-day conclave in Dharamsala in northern India in November where exiled Tibetans reaffirmed his "Middle Way" approach.
——（去年）11月份在印度北部达兰萨拉召开的六天秘密会议，达 赖 喇嘛排除了隐退的可能，流亡藏人重申他的“中间道路”主张。
Sources:
"The Tibet-China Conflict: History and Polemics" by Elliot Sperling;
"Tibet -- Its Ownership and Human Rights Situation" by China's State Council;
"Modern China: A Companion to a Rising Power" by Graham Hutchings.
资料来源：
“中国西藏冲突：历史与争论”作者：Eliot Sperling
“西藏的主权归属与人权状况”作者：中国国务院
“现代中国：了解一个崛起大国的指南”作者：Graham Hutchings
(Compiled by Ian Ransom; Editing by Nick Macfie and Dean Yates)
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