|
|
【原文标题】Historical ties between China, Tibet;
【中文标题】中国与西藏的历史关系
【文章来源】http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Historical+ties+between+China+Tibet/1369841/story.html
【译者】fupingping
【译文】
BEIJING - At the heart of the conflict over Tibet's status within China is the historical relationship.
北京
—
西藏相对于中国的地位问题根源于他们之间的历史关系。
The Chinese government and Tibet's government-in-exile offer competing versions of whether the remote, mountainous territory was historically ruled as part of China, or whether it has legitimate claims to independence or autonomy.
中国政府和西藏流亡政府对以下问题持有不一致的说法，那就是西藏这个偏远山区是否在历史上就是属于中国的一部分，西藏宣布独立或自治是否合法。
Following are some details about the history of relations.
以下是关于中国和西藏之间的历史关系的详细内容。
THE IMPERIAL ERA
帝王时代
- Most historians agree Tibet's assimilation into China was established during the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368). In China's view, the relationship continued throughout the next two dynasties, the Ming and the Qing.
- 大多数历史学家都认为，西藏是在元代（1271-1368）开始逐步属于中国的。中国政府认为，这种关系一直持续到后来的两个朝代，即明朝和清朝。
But the nature of the relationship varied over the centuries depending on the relative strength or weakness of China's imperial government. The Qing dynasty (1644-1911) emperors were especially weak towards the end of their reign, when British and other foreign forces began making inroads.
然而，数百年来随着中国朝廷的兴衰，中国和西藏之间的关系也漂浮不定。清朝（1644-1911）末代皇帝特别无能，也是这时候英国和其他外国列强开始入侵中国。
THE REPUBLICAN ERA
共和时代
- The 13th Dalai Lama expelled Chinese troops stationed in Lhasa in the chaos after the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911. He declared independence in 1912, and Tibet largely ruled itself until 1950, when China struggled with foreign invasion and civil wars.
- 1911年清朝灭亡后西藏发生暴动，达赖十三世将驻扎在拉萨的中国军队驱逐出西藏。1912年，达赖十三世宣布西藏独立，到1950年，西藏已实现高度自治，那时中国还在奋力抵抗外敌侵略并应对国内战争。
But China's Republican government maintained its claim to Tibet.
但中国共和政府仍称西藏是中国领土的一部分。
In support of Tibet's claim to independence during this period, scholars note it had its own foreign affairs bureau, remained neutral during World War Two and issued passports.
-
为了证明西藏在这一时期是独立的，学者们佐证称那时西藏拥有自己的外事局，且以独立外事主体的身份在第二次世界大战中保持了中立并签发护照。
-
But neither China nor any major Western power recognized it as independent and China's government refused to accept the border between British India and Tibet drawn up at the 1913-14 Simla Conference.
- 但中国以及主要的西方国家都不承认西藏独立，而且中国政府拒绝接受英属印度殖民地和西藏在1913-1914的西拉姆会议上划定的中印边境线。
- The current Dalai Lama — the 14th — was discovered in 1937 as a two-year-old in a village in Amdo, now a part of China's western province of Qinghai.
- 1937年人们发现现任达赖十四世时，他住在安多地区的一个小镇上，年仅两岁，这一小镇现在已属于中国西部的青海省。
THE COMMUNIST ERA
共产主义时代
- China says it sent People's Liberation Army troops to Tibet in 1950 to liberate Tibetan "serfs" and after local leaders refused to negotiate the region's "peaceful liberation."
- 中国称，1950年中国派人民解放军入藏解放西藏“农奴”，随后西藏的领导者却拒绝商讨西藏地区的“和平解放”问题。
- Under the 17-point Agreement of 1951, China pledged to keep Tibet's traditional government and religion in place. But Communist land reform and collectivisation left the region in turmoil, and in 1959 the Dalai Lama led an uprising against Chinese rule, despite his initial support for the 1951 accord.*
- 1951年，中国政府和西藏签署了《十七条协议》，中国政府承诺保留西藏原有政府和宗教信仰。然而共产党的土地改革和集体主义使得西藏地区陷入骚乱，尽管达赖喇嘛最初支持1951年与中国政府签署的和平解放西藏十七条协议，但1959年他还是率领西藏人民起义反对中国政府的统治。
- In 1979, the Dalai Lama, who had by then established a government-in-exile in India, abandoned claims of independence in favour of a "Middle Way" approach advocating political autonomy for Tibet under Beijing's rule. Beijing dismisses the "Middle Way" as a sham and says the Dalai Lama has not truly abandoned independence.
- 1979年，达赖喇嘛已经在印度成立了西藏流亡政府，他摒弃了之间的藏独主张，转而提出“中间路线”，希望在北京政府的管辖下，西藏能获得政治上的自治。北京政府认为所谓的“中间路线”其实是个骗局，达赖喇嘛并没有真正放弃藏独。
- Chinese government officials and representatives of the Dalai Lama have held secretive talks on the Tibet question intermittently since 1979. The last round in November finished with both sides blaming each other for a lack of progress.
- 自1979年以来，中国政府官员和达赖喇嘛的代表们已经就西藏问题断断续续进行过很多次密谈。十一月份的最后一轮谈话以双方互相谴责而告终，双方都抱怨谈话没有取得任何进展。
In March 2008, frustrations over Chinese rule saw monk-led protests in Lhasa give way to violent anti-Chinese riots that killed 19 people and triggered unrest in other ethnically Tibetan areas of neighbouring provinces.-
-
2008年3月，中国政府失望地看到，藏独分子的反抗已经不是之前在拉萨由僧人领导的抗议了，而是转化成了反中国政府的暴乱，19名无辜的群众在暴乱中丧生，这次暴乱还引发了周边省份其它藏区的骚乱。
-
The Dalai Lama ruled out retiring at a six-day conclave in Dharamsala in northern India in November where exiled Tibetans reaffirmed his "Middle Way" approach.
- 十一月，达赖喇嘛在印度北部的达兰萨拉召开了为期六天的秘密会议，并宣布继续任职，流亡藏人重申达赖的“中间路线”。
-
-
-6 d
Sources: "The Tibet-China Conflict: History and Polemics" by Elliot Sperling; "Tibet — Its Ownership and Human Rights Situation, by China's State Council; "Modern China: A Companion to a Rising Power" by Graham Hutchings.
资料来源：
Elliot Sperling：
《汉藏冲突的历史及争辩》
；
中国国务院：《西藏的主权归属与人权状况》
；
Graham Hutchings: 《现代中国：了解一个崛起大国的指南》
© Copyright (c) Canwest News Service
版权归加西新闻社所有 |
评分
-
1
查看全部评分
-
|
狗仔卡
发表于 2009-3-30 17:21
提升卡
变色卡
抢沙发
千斤顶
显身卡
