本帖最后由 yangfuguang 于 2009-3-12 17:35 编辑
【原文链接】http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123655409722065741.html#articleTabs%3Darticle
【译文】
中国和藏人争夺转世灵童
北京决定承认谁是继承者是与达赖喇嘛冲突的一个根源
中国康普（音）——中国政府和他们官方无神论的共产党正在致力于通过掌握一个神秘的现象——转世——这是宗教和政治的核心，来加大控制西藏宗教和政治生活。
因为中国想要寻找阻止西藏动荡的方法，所以北京的这一行动是试图建立西藏宗教秩序与自己愿望更加一致的重要努力的一部分——而西藏动荡在1959年起义失败纪念日当天有愈演愈烈的迹象。
右图，达赖在向僧侣们演讲。中国保留准许被宣布候选者为继承人的权利。
中国政府关于转世努力的新动作是在中国西南一个山上的寺院举行了一年一度的典礼。一个省级高级官员，在一座三阶祈祷大厅前，宣布一个当地的僧侣是一位德高望重的西藏喇嘛的转世。
只有这样宗教内部就职典礼才开始。那名僧侣叫策楞鹏志，身着刺花礼服，在500名红衣僧侣的吟唱声中被宗教高级人员加冕为“活佛”。
共产党统战部的一位官员赵再安（音）说，当局决定哪种人可以作为继承者。他就在策楞鹏志加冕礼仪式上。他说，这对保证转世者政治上的稳定是很有必要的。
喇嘛们相信转世在西藏是极端重要的。他们是佛教实现发展的中心，占据很好的寺庙、为寺庙谋求财政支持。他们也相当有政
治影响力。
73岁的西藏精神和政治领袖达赖喇嘛作为宗教和世俗的最高领袖被认为是可以转世再生的。他说，除非中国同意关于西藏自治的协议被通过，否则他可能会转世到外国。西藏学者说，中国政府已经开始着手挑选自己下个达赖喇嘛的继承人，以利于分裂宗教。
北京公开指责达赖要对去年席卷西藏的暴乱负责，据官方数据，这场动乱害死了18位平民。西藏活动分子组织说，在接下来安全部队和抗议者的冲突中有更多的人死去。僧侣在去年组织和领导抗议活动中起了非常重要的作用。
在周二纪念日前，抗议活动又开始了。我们通过电话采访当地居民得到的消息，武警在西藏地区大批集结，那里已经向外国人关闭，装甲车在拉萨巡逻。
上图，一个年轻的西藏僧侣，在印度达兰萨拉，在周日纪念在中国被杀害的西藏人的仪式前吃面包。
中国对于转世的新政策在去年就开始了，已经成为中国当局和达赖以及其他流亡领导人争论的焦点。西藏流亡政府首席部长桑东仁波切，他被认为会转世，他说：“这是对西藏佛教传统的粗暴干涉”。
但北京加紧对佛教人士的控制似乎给了当局勇气，以允许像康普这样的地方的宗教的复兴——只要领导层听话就好。
统战部的藏人赵先生说，政府的允许程序包含对转世者及其家庭背景的审查。只有“爱国、忠诚的”才可以通过。他说，他不信佛教的。
个政策中也包含了寻找转世灵童不会受到外国组织或个人的干扰或控制。这番言论是针对西藏流亡组织的，他们认为自己才是这种选择的合法拥有着。
那些被认为转世的以继续教导大众的喇嘛在西藏被认为是活佛。在中国，他们指“活着的佛”，这被一些西藏人使用，但在一些人看来这是不合适的。
策楞鹏志，在去年被加冕为活佛，说，这种认可对他的生活没有太大影响。他依然每天祈祷，学习佛经。
但是他的就职改变了康普寿国（音）寺院的命运，它在靠近西藏自治区的云南境内，处在湄公河上游。在五十年前的一位活佛去世后，这个寺庙就再也没有第二个活佛了。
30岁的策楞鹏志说：“佛经在这里有兴盛起来”。如潮水般的捐赠使得大殿被修复一新。新佛像闪闪发光，红色的宝座和精心刺绣的旗帜在大殿飘扬，这里自文革后一直是空的。
隆都常丈（音）是个20岁大的僧侣，他说一个活佛对寺庙很有好处。这个拉力赛是这个可以追溯到帝制时期的长篇故事的新篇章——中国政府在寻求影响西藏最高领导人的选择。中国政府参与的程度，取决于两方关系的强度和他们关系的发展状况。
在中共在1949年取得权力后，承认转世实际上被冻结了几十年。很多寺院被解散，建筑被摧毁。但在1980年以后，在西藏，对宗教政策有一个试探性的改变，逐渐放开政策。
从1991年起，据国家宗教事务委员会的说法，北京已经允许了差不多1000名活佛的选举。学者说，西藏地区活佛总量大约为2000，而中共掌权之前有3000—4000名。
在1992年，在北京和达赖的关系简短恢复期，双方在一个转世者上达成共识：17世噶玛巴喇嘛，最凸出的转世喇嘛。在噶玛巴喇嘛就位之后，双方关系迅速恶化。使得对另一个转世喇嘛的选择问题上双方没有进一步的接触，那是班禅喇嘛，在达赖喇嘛的格鲁学校是第二位的喇嘛。
1995年，达赖喇嘛承认一个西藏小孩是1989年去世的班禅喇嘛的转世。不久之后，中国安全部队逮捕了这个小孩和他的家人。从那以后，他们就再也没有公开露面过。北京承认了一个新的班禅喇嘛，一个叫做坚赞诺布的西藏小孩。北京现在似乎在努力宣传这个以前不显眼的喇嘛，他现在已经十九了。当地居民说，寺庙和商店被要求设立他的塑像。
但是中国政府的使这些转世者合法化的努力最终没有成功。在1999年12月，噶玛巴喇嘛逃离中国，抱怨说中国当局干预他的
宗教教育。而北京支持的坚赞诺布留在了中国，没有得到什么追随者。
西藏高原边缘的青海的一个寺庙的高级僧侣说：“他不是真的班禅喇嘛，他是为政府工作的。”
【评论】
- Let people believe what they want to believe.
让人们相信他们想相信的。
·
What if the "religion" let people believe that they need to get independent from the government? Will US tolerate this kind of behavior? We might see some uprising in some state soon if economy worsens, what if these people want to start their own socialist government? We will see military in those place in no time to keep "peace".
Religion should bring harmony and order to the society, not chaos and uprising, and certainly not for the future. Who can judge if 2 group practice the same religion which one is better than another other than they can bring peace and harmony in the future.
倘若“宗教”让人们相信他们需要摆脱政府而独立？美国会允许这种情况吗？我们可能会在一些州看到起义，如果经济继续恶化的话。要是这些人也想有自己的共产主义政府怎么办？我们会看到这些地方会立即会有军队部署以维持“和平”。
宗教应该给社会带来和谐和秩序，不是混乱和起义，当然也不是为了以后。当两拨人适用不同的宗教时，人们可以通过那个可以在以后带来和谐来判断那个宗教是更好的。
The U.S. would do exactly what was done in Waco, TX.
美国会像在德克萨斯州的维科做的那样。
Religion historically has never brought harmony to society apparently.
2 days ago
Jiyong Chen,
I agree with your comment but what about when the "religion" is not the thing that is driving the move to be independent from the government but the fact that the government is prohibiting the true practice of that religion?
我同意你的观点，但是如果宗教不是促使摆脱政府的手段，而政府却禁止这种宗教的发展？
Not like in Europe, in China, religion as a political power has always been prohibited, and it has never been. That's why many Chinese people don't like Dalai. He's more like a politician than a religion leader, we consider him doesn't deserve his position, he's a morally corrupted man. Besides, for the freedom of religion in Tibet, I think if you've a friend who have been there before, maybe you can ask for the real situation.
I'd like to remind you one thing, lamas(monks) in Tibet is of the aristocratic rank, they've lost much power since the Communist Party's ruling of the place in the 1950's. Those are who want independence, who calls for "religious freedom" the most. The common Tibetan people, once the slaves, don't think the way you guys think they think.
And, Dalai, he can represent only a fraction of the aristocratic rank. He's not the "Pope". He cannot represent Tibet.
不像在欧洲，在中国，宗教作为政治力量是永远被禁止的，从来就是这样。这就是为什么那么多中国人不喜欢达赖。他更像一个政治人物，而不是宗教领袖。我们认为他不适合他的职位，他是不道德的人。另外，对于西藏宗教自由的问题，我想你是一个曾经到过那里的朋友，也许你可以问一下真是的情况。
我想提醒你一件事情，喇嘛在西藏是贵族等级的，自从1950年以后共产党统治这里，他们失去的太多的权力。这就是那些想独立的人，他们喊“宗教自由”喊的最凶。普通的西藏平民，以前是奴隶的，并不想你们这些家伙想的那么想。并且，达赖，只能代表一小部分贵族。他不是罗马教皇，他代替不了西藏。
I've only done some preliminary reading in Chinese history. But it seems to me -- at least until the Communist revolution, religion (Confucianism vs. Buddhism) was always entangled with the political state one way or another. If I'm not mistaken, in ancient China, the central government sold "licenses" to people to certify themselves as Buddhist monks.
我只读过初级的中国历史。但就我看来，直到共产主义革命时，宗教（儒教、佛教）这样或那样地经常陷入政治困境。如果我没有搞错，在中国古代，中央政府卖给那些僧侣可以证明他们身份的证书。
nothing like india
worlds greatest democracy --
freedom of relgion
actually freedom of everthing
thats why its a superior society then the barbaric
chinese and russians
这不像印度，印度是世界上最民主的国家，实际上任何东西都是自由的。
这就是为什么它是比野蛮的中国和俄国更有优势的原因。
- 2 days ago
- Joseph F Laplinsky
Be careful of what you say. India being a superior society than China and Russia? Do you have an ego...Let's see. India is the only country in the world that still practice the cast system, right? If it were such a superior society, then why not treat everyone in India as same human being?
说话小心点，印度比中国和俄国更加有优势？你有自己的想法吗？让我们看看，印度是世界上仍然实行种姓制度的国家，对吧？如果这是一个优越的社会，那为何在印度没有以同一标准对待每一个人？
You didn't get Mark's sarcasm?
你没有理解马克的讽刺吗？
.
Debate is needed to determine "greatest democracy". It surely sounds presumptuous to call a(ny) country the greatest democracy. Another thing which is highly to be false is that India is free from religion. So i have different view from Mark's.
While I am not a great India fan, I do not see which other country can claim that they treat humans equally.
伟大的民主需要探讨。说哪个国家是是民主的是冒失的。另一个非常严重的错误是，在印度宗教自由。所以，我和马克的看法不同。
我不是印度迷，但我没有看到其他国家可以宣称他们对待人们很公平。
if india continues to allow baby bearing, the country will fall in a huge trouble of humanity
如果印度不降低生育率，印度会成为人类的一个大麻烦。
Dalai Lama and his people do not represent religion in this issue. They represent "people". It's not religion against government or vice versa. It's government against government. It was about land, now it's about power.
达赖和他的人在这个事物上不代表宗教。他们代表“人民”。这不是宗教反对政府，反之亦然。这是政府对政府，这事关领土，现在则关乎势力。
.、
what are you somking?
你在说什么？
The weirdest thing was when the Chinese government declared that people need government approval before being reincarnated. It pretty much "solves" their constant Lama problem. Whenever someone pops up as the reincarnation of a prior Lama, the Chinese government can say they didn't approve the reincarnation and then haul them off to wherever dissidents go when they disappear.
最怪异的莫过于中国政府说人们需要政府允许才可以转世。这很好的解决了持久的喇嘛问题。不管什么时候有人成为一个较早的喇嘛的转世，中国政府会说，他们没有允许这个转世，然后把他们送到持不同政见者消失时去的地方。
Colin Zhu, If you say that China has always prohibited religion in politics then you must admit to China having no historical rights to Tibet. Tibet has always had a political structure that is based on it's religion, and during ancient times the Chinese dynasties often used that religion to help form alliances by saying that the reincarnated Lamas were Chinese.
科林祝（音），如果你说中国经常出于政治目的禁止宗教，那么你必须要承认中国对西藏没有历史渊源。西藏一直有自己的建立在宗教基础上的政治，在中世纪，中国王朝中国经常使用这种宗教来帮助建立联盟，中国说这个转世喇嘛是中国人。
Separation of Religion and Politics are always been what the West were preaching, now it is trying force the reverse of its ideology on XiZang province?
分离宗教和政治是西方人经常讲的，现在却在西藏省翻转这种思想？
If you regard it's all about politics, then we have the common ground to support our discussion. If not, just ignore what I say.
I don't think "historical rights" means anything. What really matters here is only power. What makes Tibet a problem is that China has only a certain level of power, unfortunately, not great enough, and not weak enough. If China has the power as the US, Dalai and his people dare not claim for independence, and the western society won't dare use this as a weapon toward China; If China is so weak like India, Tibet would have already been independent, like Pakistan.
如果你认为这全是政治，那么你就在支持我们的讨论。如果没有，就当没有看到我所说的。
我不认为“历史权利”有什么意义。这里看中的只是权力。西藏之所以成为一个问题，是因为中国只有这种力量，不幸的是，力量不够强大，也不是很弱。如果中国和美国一样强大，达赖和他的人是绝不会说独立的，西方也不敢用这个作为武器来针对中国。如果中国像印度那样孱弱，也许西藏早像巴基斯坦那样独立了。
As usual, the apparent sentiment from the chinese contributors so far is about China holding on to its power over Tibet in any manner, even to suppress freedom of religion. "The govt. decides who is reincarnated" is an insult to that relgion. To correct an earlier comment, Pakistan did not get independence from India from India's weakness, it was a demonstration of India's willingness for respect the struggles of the Pakistanis in the struggle for independence and to broker peace. In this world, courtesy is easily mistaken for weakness. The future will demonstrate weakness or strength between China and India.
通常，到目前为止来自中国捐助者的怜悯是和中国使用自己的力量对待西藏有关，甚至是压制宗教自由。“政府决定谁是转世者”是对这一宗教的亵渎。更正一下之前的评论，巴基斯坦不是因为印度的衰弱而独立的，这是印度对巴基斯坦人民争取独立斗争的尊重，以确保和平。在这个世界，国家经常会因软弱而被曲解。未来会证明印度和中国的脆弱或力量。
So what exactly is your point? Xizang (o i'm sorry to use the real name) independce so that people can have freedom to their religion in that area?
那么你到底是什么意思？西藏（我抱歉使用真名）独立，那里的人们就可以获得宗教自由？
- 1 day ago
- Colin Zhu
You have your "love and justice" theory, and I have my "power" theory. Our starting point is fundamentally different. I don't think there'll be any meaningful discussion between us.
你有你的爱和公平的理论，我有我的力量理论。我们观点有本质的区别。我不认为我们之间的讨论有什么意义。
Dear Wall Street Journal, find out how much money the CIA pays Dalai nowadays, would you ($160,000 per year adjusted by inflation from the late 1960s as reported by the NYTimes, and no income tax needed?)? By the way, it's tax payer money. And we as tax payers have the right to know. Present some fair journalism, would you?、
亲爱的华尔街记者，看看中情局现在给达赖多少钱吧？（16万美元每年，经过通货膨胀率调整过的，没有所得税？）补充一下，那时纳税人的钱。我们作为纳税人有权利知道。学学那些公正的记者吧，你会吗？
- 1 day ago
- Bradley Gaylord Jr.
News Flash!!! Obama just appointed Jeremiah Wright as gatekeeper assistant to Saint Peter.
最后新闻！奥巴马任命Jeremiah Wright作为Saint Peter.的看门人助理。
Before we discuss the right or wrong, Is there anybody who is interested in discovering the truth of reincarnation?
在讨论是是非非之前，有人想知道转世的真实含义吗？
5 hours ago
If the Chinese government will be choosing who reincarnates now; then better they watch out for Mao's reincarnation. He can try to repeat his "great jump backwards".
Seriously now, China is a great country. It is just that Tibet is not part of it.
如果中国政府会选择谁转世，那么他们最好要当心毛泽东的转世。他会试着恢复他的“向后跃进”的政策的。
【原文】
China, Tibetans Spar Over Buddhist Reincarnation
Beijing's Rules on Whom to Recognize Are a Source of Conflict With Dalai Lama
By GORDON FAIRCLOUGH
KANGPU, China -- China's government and its officially atheist Communist Party are working to boost control over Tibetan religious and political life by taking on a mystical phenomenon at the heart of both: reincarnation.
Beijing's moves are part of an intensifying effort to build a Tibetan Buddhist establishment more in step with its desires as it seeks to prevent unrest among Tibetans -- which is flaring again ahead of the 50th anniversary Tuesday of a failed 1959 uprising against Chinese rule.
At right, the Dalai Lama, addresses the monks. China reserves the right to approve candidates to be declared reincarnated lamas.
The government's new approach to reincarnation was on display in an unusual recent ceremony at a hilltop monastery here in southwestern China. A senior provincial official, standing before the three-tiered prayer hall, proclaimed that a local monk was the reincarnation of a respected Tibetan lama.
Only then could religious installation rites begin inside. The monk, Celeng Pengchi, draped in richly embroidered robes, was enthroned as a "living Buddha" by the region's top clerics before 500 chanting, red-robed monks.
State authorities "decide what kind of person is allowed to be reincarnated," says Jiao Zai'an, an official in the Communist Party-led United Front Work Department, who was on hand to certify Celeng Pengchi's selection. Such approval is essential to "ensure the political soundness" of reincarnates, he says.
Lamas believed to be reincarnations are extremely important in Tibetan society. They are central to the practice of Tibetan Buddhism, occupying a bully pulpit and drawing financial support to monasteries and temples. They can also wield considerable political influence.
The Dalai Lama, Tibetan Buddhists' 73-year-old spiritual leader and political champion -- sits atop a pyramid of sacred and secular leaders believed to be reincarnated. He has said that unless a suitable deal on Tibetan autonomy is struck with China, he will likely be reincarnated outside China. Tibet scholars say China is almost certain to put forward its own candidate as the next Dalai Lama, setting the stage for a schism.
Beijing publicly blames the Dalai Lama for unrest that swept Tibetan areas after rioting in Lhasa last March that, according to the government, killed 18 civilians. Tibetan activist groups say the death toll in ensuing clashes between protesters and security forces was considerably higher. Monks often played a central role in organizing and leading last year's antigovernment demonstrations.
Protest activity has been mounting again ahead of Tuesday's anniversary. Paramilitary police are out in force in Tibetan areas, which have been closed to foreigners, and armored vehicles are patrolling the streets of Lhasa, residents reached by phone say.
A young Tibetan monk, above, in Dharmsala, India, Sunday eats bread before prayers to commemorate Tibetans killed in China.
China's new regulations on reincarnation, imposed two years ago, have become a bone of contention between the Chinese authorities and the Dalai Lama and other exiled Tibetan leaders. The rules represent "gross interference in Tibet's religious traditions," says Samdhong Rinpoche, the prime minister of the Tibetan government in exile, who is himself believed to be a reincarnated lama.
But Beijing's tightening grip over the Tibetan clergy also appears to be giving the government confidence to allow a renaissance of Tibetan Buddhist institutions in places like Kangpu -- as long as the hierarchy toes the line.
The government's approval process requires background checks on possible reincarnations and their families. Only the "patriotic and loyal" will pass, says Mr. Jiao of the United Front Work Department, who is ethnically Tibetan and says he doesn't believe in Buddhism.
The regulations also say there can be no "disruption or control" of the choice of a reincarnate lama by "any foreign organizations or individuals." That language is a direct swipe at Tibet's exiled establishment, which sees itself as the legitimate arbiter of such selections.
Those believed to be reincarnated lamas who return to instruct the faithful are known in Tibetan as tulkus. In Chinese, they are referred to as "living Buddhas," a term used by some Tibetans in China but seen as inappropriate by many others.
Celeng Pengchi, enthroned as a tulku late last year, says that his recognition hasn't changed his life much. He still spends his days in prayer and studying Buddhist scripture.
But his installation has transformed the fortunes of Kangpu's Shouguo monastery, which overlooks the upper reaches of the Mekong River in Yunnan province near the Tibet Autonomous Region. The monastery had been without a tulku since the previous one died more than fifty years ago.
"Buddhism in the temple has revived again," says Celeng Pengchi, 30. A flood of donations has helped renovate the main sanctuary. Shining new statues of the Buddha, red and gilt thrones and elaborately embroidered silk flags now crowd the prayer hall, which had been emptied in the 1960s during the Cultural Revolution.
"A living Buddha is very good for a temple," says Longdu Changzhang, a 20-year-old monk. The tug-of-war is the latest chapter in a saga that dates to imperial times -- of Chinese governments seeking to influence the selection of Tibet's top leaders. The degree of Chinese engagement has waxed and waned, depending on the two sides' relative strength and the tenor of their relations.
fter the Communists took power in China in 1949, recognition of reincarnations was essentially frozen for decades. Many monasteries were disbanded and their buildings destroyed. Beginning in the late 1980s, however, there was a tentative shift to a more open policy toward religion in Tibet.
Since 1991, the government has approved the selection of nearly 1,000 living Buddhas in Tibetan areas, according to the State
Administration for Religious Affairs. The total number of tulkus in Tibetan areas is now about 2,000, scholars say, compared with 3,000 to 4,000 before the Communists came to power.
In 1992, during a brief rapprochement between Beijing and the Dalai Lama, the two sides agreed on an important reincarnation: the 17th Karmapa Lama, the most prominent incarnate lama of the Kagyu school. Soon after the Karmapa's enthronement, however, relations worsened again, foiling hoped-for cooperation in the selection of another important reincarnation -- that of the Panchen Lama, the No. 2 lama in the Dalai Lama's Gelug school.
In 1995, the Dalai Lama recognized a young Tibetan boy as the reincarnation of the Panchen Lama, who had died in 1989. Soon after, Chinese security forces detained the child and his family. They haven't been seen publicly since. In his place, Beijing backed a different Panchen Lama, a Tibetan boy named Gyaincain Norbu. The government recently seems to have begun a campaign to promote the previously low-profile lama, now 19. Temples and shops in Yunnan have been ordered to create shrines honoring him, residents say.
But the Chinese government's efforts to bolster its legitimacy with these important reincarnations has largely failed. In December 1999, the Karmapa Lama fled China, complaining that the authorities were obstructing his religious education. The Beijing-backed Panchen Lama, while still in China, so far hasn't earned much of a following.
"He's not the real Panchen Lama," says a senior monk at a temple in Qinghai province, on the edge of the Tibetan plateau. "He just works for the government."
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狗仔卡
发表于 2009-4-16 07:25
提升卡
变色卡
抢沙发
千斤顶
显身卡
发表于 2009-4-21 17:28
