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本帖最后由 I'm_zhcn 于 2009-6-5 04:47 编辑
【中文标题】限制津巴布韦血泪钻石的浪潮
【原文标题】Zimbabwe: More Calls to Ban Blood Diamonds
【登载媒体】allafrica.网站
【来源地址】http://allafrica.com/stories/200905240008.html
【译者】yangfuguang
【翻译方式】人工
【声明】本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载
【原文库链接】http://bbs.m4.cn/thread-168134-1-1.html
【译文】
津巴布韦：更多法令限制血泪钻石
Paris — Amid allegations of human rights abuses and government corruption, international calls are growing to ban or restrict the trade in diamonds from politically unstable Zimbabwe.
巴黎报道——因为人权及政府腐败问题，国际上出现了越来越多的呼吁要求限制来自政治不稳定的津巴布韦的钻石。
Concern has focused on the eastern province of Manicaland, home to the vast Marange diamond fields in the district of Chiadzwa.
人们把目光集中到了东部的省份Manicaland，在Chiadzwa区是马兰钻石的产地。
In early April, the World Federation of Diamond Bourses (WFDB), which seeks to organise world diamond exchanges under a common set of trading practices, announced that it was advising its 28 affiliated trading houses to "take all measures necessary to ensure that they do not trade, directly or indirectly, in diamonds originating from the Marange deposit in Zimbabwe".
世界钻石交易联合会是一个寻求在同一贸易惯例来统筹全球钻石交易的组织，在四月初它宣布说，它已经通知下属的28家商行保证“不要直接或间接交易来自津巴布韦的马兰钻石”。
"We want to insure, because we represent accountability, integrity and transparency, that we take all measures to ensure our members can conduct business in the most responsible way possible," Michael H Vaughan, WFBD's Executive Director, told IPS about the decision.
世界钻石交易联合会执行理事Michael H Vaughan告诉IPS关于这个决定时说：“我们想要确信，因为有责任心、正义感和透明性，我们采取很多措施来确保我们的成员尽可能地以一种责任心来做交易”。
The WFDB's move comes on the heels of a report by Partnership Africa Canada (PAC), an Ottawa-based group that advocates on foreign policy issues, that was highly critical of the government of President Robert Mugabe in its governance of the Zimbabwe's diamond reserves.
世界钻石交易联合会这个行动紧跟渥太华非洲加拿大合作关系组织的步调，那是鼓吹外交政策事务的组织，它对津巴布韦总统Robert Mugabe统治该国的钻石生产很不满意。
The March 2009 report, "Zimbabwe, Diamonds and the Wrong Side of History", concluded that the country was "no longer able to manage its diamond industry in a way that is consistent with respect for human rights".
2009年三月的报告《津巴布韦，钻石和历史的背面》做出结论，这个国家“不能在尊重人权和管理该国钻石生产上找到平衡”。
The South Africa-originated De Beers diamond company previously held prospecting rights over the Marange fields from the early 1980s until 2006, at which point exploration rights were assumed by African Consolidated Resources, a British-registered company.
非洲南部的德比尔斯钻石公司先前拥有在马兰地区1980到2006年探矿的权利，这种权利现在被非洲综合资源公司取代，这是一家英国注册的公司。
That year, Zimbabwean authorities seized control of the mines and evicted all company personnel from the site, a situation that remains until today despite African Consolidated Resources having won a court case in Zimbabwe to regain control of the mines.
那一年，津巴布韦当局占领了矿区的控制权，把所有的矿场公司员工从这一地区驱除，这种情况持续到现在，尽管非洲综合资源公司在津巴布韦已经赢得诉讼，赢得恢复控制这一地区的权利。
With informal mining having becoming widespread at the site since 2006 Mugabe's cousin, Air Marshal Perence Shiri, led a military incursion into Marange in October 2008 to reassert government control, an assault that reportedly killed scores of people .
在这一从2006年起地区非法的采矿活动在加剧，Mugabe的堂兄弟Air Marshal Perence Shiri在2008年10月带领一波人武装闯入这里，宣称政府对这一地区的控制，这一事件导致了多人死亡。
The diamond fields are now said to bear all the hallmarks of a military garrison, with mining conducted by soldiers and local villagers forced to mine on the army's behalf.
据说，这一产钻区现在驻扎了卫戍部队，开矿由士兵指导，当地居民被迫为军队利益来采矿。
Before the assault on Marange, Shiri was perhaps best known as commander of Zimbabwe's now-defunct North Korean-trained Fifth Brigade which, between 1983 and 1984, pursued a scorched-earth campaign throughout the region of Matabeleland.
在突袭马兰之前，Shiri作为朝鲜第五旅的指挥官而被人们熟知，当然现在这个番号已经不在了，在1983到1984年之间，这支部队在玛塔贝烈人区域实行焦土政策。
At the time, the region was a centre of support for the Zimbabwe African People's Union political party, a chief rival of Mugabe's Zimbabwe African National Union (known by the acronym ZANU-PF).
那时，那一区域是支持津巴布韦非洲人民联盟党的，这是Mugabe领导的非洲民族联盟（首字母缩写ZANU-PF）主要的反对党。
A 1997 report by the Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe concluded that it was "indisputable that thousands of unarmed civilians died, were beaten, or suffered loss of property" during the attacks in the mid-1980s in what became known as the Gukurahundi.
1997年一份包罗万象的描述津巴布韦公平与和平的报告得出结论：在1980年代中期的被人熟知的Gukurahundi.袭击中，出现这种情况：“这是无可争辩的事实：大量手无寸铁的平民死亡”。
Shiri has been banned from entering the European Union since 2002.
Shiri从2002年起被禁止进入欧盟。
Regarding Marange, Annie Dunnebacke, a campaigner with Global Witness says that "the reports that have been coming out have been very concerning, including the use of quite widespread violence on the part of the authorities. We are very concerned about what's been going on." London-based Global Witness seeks to demonstrate how natural resources are used to fund conflict.
关于马兰，和全球见证一起战斗的Annie Dunnebacke,说，这个报告很受到关注，包括这一地区当局施加的广泛存在的暴力。伦敦的全球见证组织寻求证明自然资源是怎么用来支持暴力。我们将进一步关注事态的发展。
The PAC and Global Witness have called on the Kimberley Process -- the three part certification scheme designed to ensure that diamonds are accompanied by a certificate proving origin -- to expel Zimbabwe from its diamond certification scheme.
PAC及全球见证已经号召金伯利加工公司——三部分认证制度，用来确保钻石有一个证明其产地的文件——把津巴布韦从他们发证书名单中清除。
Though a Kimberley Process review team flew over the Marange area in May 2007 and concluded that little mining was taking place at the site, the body's relative inactivity with regards to Zimbabwe has attracted substantial criticism in recent months.
尽管金伯利公司的一个审查小组在2007年5月飞赴马兰地区，得出结论：那里很少有生产在继续。这家机构对于津巴布韦这种不积极的举动最近招致了批评。
"The Kimberley Process has consistently stumbled over the last three or four years when it came to controversial issues," argues Ian Smillie, the PAC's Kimberley Process expert. "(They) seem unwilling to confront any kind of controversy, and would rather pretend that everything is okay until it turns into a major media event."
PAC 的金伯利专家Ian Smillie表示：“金伯利公司在过去3到4年，碰到有争议的问题时，总是磕磕绊绊。他们看来不愿意面对任何争议，宁愿假装一切正常，直到它们变成重要的媒体事件。
Critics have also charged that Bernhard Esau, the Namibian deputy minister of mines who currently serves as chairperson of the Kimberley Process' rotating secretariat, met only with government officials during a fact-finding mission to Zimbabwe in March 2009 and made no attempt to speak with anyone in the country who could reasonably be expected to have an independent view of mining conditions there.
批评也指控纳米比亚的矿业部副部长Bernhard Esau，他现在时金伯利公司轮值秘书处的主席，在2009年3月在查找事实的行动中仅仅会见了当局人士，没有打算和津巴布韦国内有独立见解人士交谈。
Esau cancelled a scheduled interview with IPS on the subject of Zimbabwe but, in a public statement following the Zimbabwe trip, wrote that "if Zimbabwe is suspended (from the Kimberley Process)... it will only help exACerbate the problems in Zimbabwe continue (sic) and these diamonds would keep penetrating (sic) the legitimate trade."
Esau取消安排好的和IPS有关津巴布韦的会谈，但在津巴布韦之行的公开场合的论述中，他写道：如果津巴布韦被怀疑（来自金伯利）…这只会恶化津巴布韦局势，这些钻石可以继续加强这种合法交易。
In addition to the allegations of violence at Marange, the question of the governance of Zimbabwe's diamond reserves has also come to the fore in debates about the country's future in the Kimberley Process.
对于马兰暴力情况的进一步说明，关于津巴布韦管理本国钻石的问题也已经对该国在金伯利的未来产生影响。
By Zimbabwe's own mining and export statistics, the country should currently posses a diamond stockpile of 1.33 million carats (at a value of approximately 150 million dollars), a number that would be even higher if 2008 figures are factored into the equation. Many have questioned, given Zimbabwe's economic downward spiral, whether this reserve still in fact exists.
据金伯利的矿业专家的数据，该国拥有钻石产量为133万克拉（大约价值15亿美元），如果算上2008年的数据计算在内的话，价值量会更大。很多人在质疑，由于津巴布韦经济下降，这些储备是否还在。
In addition, the last three ministers of mines in the country - Amos Midzi (2004-2009), Sydney Sekeramayi (January 2009-February 2009) and Obert Mpofu (February 2009-present) - have all been present on travel ban lists compiled by the United States and European Union for what the latter charges as being "actively engaged in violence or human rights infringements" in the country.
补充一点，该国前三任矿业部长Amos Midzi (2004-2009), Sydney Sekeramayi (2009年一月- 20092月) and Obert Mpofu （2009年二月至今)已经被美国和欧盟列为禁入者名单，因为据最新的指控他们在该国“积极参与了暴力或反人权行为”。
With such a murky picture of the country's diamond production there is a fear the smuggling has become widespread.
由于该国钻石生产的黑暗，人们担心走私已经很普遍了。
In September 2008, two Lebanese nationals were arrested in the Indian state of Gujarat (the centre of India's diamond industry) with 800,000 dollars worth of rough diamonds lacking valid documentation. The men stated they had obtained the diamonds in Zimbabwe.
2008年9月，两个黎巴嫩人在印度的古吉拉特邦（印度钻石工业中心）被逮捕，他们身上有价值80万美元的粗钻没有合法证明。他们承认他们在津巴布韦获得钻石。
One month later, a Zimbabwean woman was stopped while in transit at the Dubai airport with 1.2 million dollars worth of diamonds strapped to her body.
一个月之后，一名津巴布韦妇女在迪拜国际机场被扣留，因为她身上缠着价值120万美元的钻石。
Mugabe, who was ruled Zimbabwe since 1980, conceded this year to form a government of national unity with Morgan Tsvangirai, leader of the rival Movement for Democratic Change.
Mugabe自1980年统治津巴布韦，现在很关心和Morgan Tsvangirai组成民族联合政府，而Morgan Tsvangirai是争取民主变革运动的领导人。
Tsvangirai, a former union leader whose brutalised visage after an assault by police in 2007 became an iconic image of Zimbabwe's suffering, became Zimbabwe's prime minister in February. Since then, though the country's economic downward spiral has eased somewhat, unemployment is still thought to measure around 94 percent.
Tsvangirai，是以前联盟领导人——他的野蛮嘴脸在一次由警察发起的惨剧后暴露——二月变成了津巴布韦的总理。从那以后，尽管该国经济下行局势有点改变，人们相信失业率仍高达94%左右。
A report in January of this year by New York-based Human Rights Watch, "Crisis without Limits", criticised "the collapse of Zimbabwe's healthcare system and the calculated disregard for the welfare of Zimbabweans by the ruling party".
纽约人权观察今年一月的一份报告《无限危机》批评“津巴布韦崩溃的医疗体系和执政党无视人们福利”。
It went on to cite a cholera epidemic that the United Nations Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs says has killed 4,127 people since August 2008, a tripling of Zimbabwe's infant mortality rate, and the five million Zimbabweans dependent upon international food aid (out of a population of around 13.5 million) as indicative of the country's dire situation.
它接着引用联合国人道主义事务协调部门所说的自2008年致死4172人的霍乱，津巴布韦极高的婴儿死亡率，500万津巴布韦人依靠国际援助（该国人口1350万），这都显示了该国恐怖的形势。 |
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