本帖最后由 渔音谦谦 于 2009-10-25 21:31 编辑
【中文标题】中国起步了，缓慢但确定无疑
【原文标题】China steps up, slowly but surely
【登载媒体】华盛顿邮报
【来源地址】http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/23/AR2009102304075.html?sid=ST2009102304093
【译者】yqh
【翻译方式】人工
【原文库链接】http://bbs.m4.cn/thread-203404-1-1.html
【声明】本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载。
China steps up, slowly but surely Driven by climate concerns and a desire to modernize its economy, Beijing has begun addressing the emissions issue
出于对环境的关注和希望经济实现现代化中国起步了，缓慢但确定无疑，北京已经开始处理排放的问题了。
By Steven Mufson
Saturday, October 24, 2009
在陕西、河北的风力发电厂工作的工人，中国对可再生能源设定了一个宏伟目标，为风力发电企业提供资助以使其推动高度依赖煤炭的电力和工业生产的转型。
LANGFANG, CHINA -- At a gleaming new research center outside Beijing, about 250 engineers and researchers from the ENN Group are trying to figure out how to make energy use less damaging to the world's climate.
中国 廊坊 在北京郊外一个崭新的研究中心，大约有250名来自ENN集团的工程师和研究人员正试图在使用能源时降低对世界环境的危害。
In a large greenhouse, hundreds of tubes hold strains of algae being tested for how much carbon dioxide they can suck from the air. Outside, half a dozen brands of solar panels are being matched for performance against the company's own. Next door, large blocks of earth, carved out of Inner Mongolia, have been trucked in to test for new methods of gasifying coal underground.
在一个巨大的大棚里，上百个装着藻类的试管用来测试它们能从空气中吸收多少二氧化碳。大棚外，无六个品牌的太阳能电池板正和公司自己生产的电池板正在进行性能测试。在隔壁，卡车已经运来了从内蒙挖出的大块泥土，用来测试煤矿在地底汽化的新方法。
The private company is part of a growing drive by China to work out a way to check the rapid growth of its massive emissions of greenhouse gases. Seeking to transform an economy heavily dependent upon coal for electric power and industrial production, the government has closed down old cement and coal plants, subsidized row upon row of new wind turbines and taken other measures.
这些民营企业是由中国政府驱动的项目的一部分，该项目是为了找出一个check（检验？）快速增长的大量的温室气体排放量的方法。为了转型严重依赖煤炭的电力和工业生产，政府关闭了旧的水泥和煤电厂，资助建设了大量新的风力涡轮机，并采取了一些其他措施。
Among members of the U.S. Congress and negotiators preparing for a December climate summit in Copenhagen, China is often considered an obstacle because it has not committed to imposing a ceiling on its emissions of the gases that most scientists blame for climate change. China produces the most carbon emissions in the world, and the output is likely to continue growing for two decades. When President Hu Jintao pledged at the United Nations last month to lower the country's carbon intensity "by a notable margin," that was regarded as a step forward.
在美国国会委员为筹备12月在哥本哈根气候峰会的谈判时，中国通常被认为是一个障碍，因为它没有对其气体排放量设上限做承诺（大多数科学家将气候的变化归咎于此）。中国是世界上最大的碳排放国，而且排放量的增长有可能持续20年。中国国家主席胡锦涛上个月在联合国承诺将降低该国的碳排放强度“还有明显的差距”但这被视为是一个进步。
Yet, in visible and less visible ways, China has begun to address its emissions problem. The steps are driven in part by the parochial concern that climate change could worsen the flooding that plagues the country's low-lying coastal regions, including Shanghai, and cause water shortages in western areas as glaciers in the Himalayas melt away.
从有形或无形的方式来看，中国已经开始处理其排放的问题了。启动的步伐是小范围的，气候变化可能加剧洪水对中国（包括上海在内）的沿海低洼地区的威胁，喜马拉雅山地区的冰川融化导致的西部地区水资源短缺。
But China has also begun to see energy efficiency and renewable energy as ingredients for the type of modern economy it wants to build, in part because it would make the nation's energy sources more secure.
但是，中国也已开始看到能源效率了，他将建设一个将可再生能源作为现代经济中成分的社会，因为这将使国家的能源更加安全。
"We think this is a new business for us, not a burden," said Gan Zhongxue, who left a job as a top U.S. scientist for the giant ABB Group to head up research and development at ENN, the Langfang company that made its fortune as the dominant natural gas distributor in 80 Chinese cities.
“我们认为这是我们的新业务，而不是负担，”Gan Zhongxue说，他作为美国的顶级科学家放弃了大公司ABB集团的工作，来指导ENN的研究和发展，廊坊公司创造的财富主要是分布在中国80个城市的天然气分销商。
In the right direction
在正确的方向
For China, the challenge is immense. On average, a Chinese person emits one-fifth as much greenhouse gas as an American; an overwhelming
majority of Chinese do not own cars; and half the population in China still lacks access to winter heating. But its economy is growing so quickly and prosperity is spreading so rapidly that China's demand for energy is destined to increase even if it uses less for every dollar of economic output. The State Grid's economic research institute forecasts an 85 percent increase in electricity demand by 2020.
对于中国，挑战是巨大的。中国的人均温室气体排放量为美国的五分之一，是因为绝大多数中国人没有自己的汽车;一半的中国人口在冬季仍然得不到供暖。但它的经济发展如此的迅速，中国对能源的需求必将增加，即使他使用不到一美元的经济产出。国家电网的经济研究机构预测，到2020年电力需求将增长85%。
Still, China has taken significant steps in the past five years. It removed subsidies for motor fuel, which now costs more than it does in the United States; its fuel-efficiency standard for new urban vehicles is 36.7 miles per gallon, a level the United States will not reach for seven years. It has set high efficiency standards for new coal plants; the United States has none. It has set new energy-efficiency standards for buildings. It has targeted its 1,000 top emitters of greenhouse gases to boost energy efficiency by 20 percent. And it has shut down many older, inefficient industrial boilers and power plants.
中国在过去五年的迈出了重大步伐。它取消了汽车燃料的补贴，现在中国的油价超过了美国，城市车辆新的燃油效率标准是每加仑36.7英里的水平，美国在七年内都达不到这个标准。它已经为新的燃煤电厂设定了高效率标准，美国却没有。它还为建筑设定了新的节能标准。它针对其1000类温室气体排放最多的行业提出了提高百分之二十的能源效率的目标。它已经关闭了许多老旧的，低效的工业锅炉和发电厂。
"Regardless of whether the United States passes its own legislation, China will take positive measures because this is a requirement for our own economy to conserve resources," said Xie Zhenhua, vice chairman of the National Development and Reform Commission and China's point man in international climate talks. If China mimics the West's wasteful modernization path, he said, the environment would not be livable.
“无论美国是否通过自己的立法，中国都将采取积极措施，因为这是我们自己的经济体制的要求，为了节省资源，”Xie Zhenhua中国国家发展和改革委员会副主任说，中国的观点是人们应就气候问题进行国际会谈。如果中国模仿西方走浪费能源的现代化道路，环境将不会适于居住。
In climate talks, China has argued that industrialized nations should do more to slow the pace of climate change compared with developing nations, where raising living standards is the priority. China has also noted the cumulative emissions of advanced economies since the Industrial Revolution. And some Chinese commentators have accused Western nations of using a carbon cap as a way to contain China's advancement.
在气候谈判中，中国一直认为，相比于将提高生活水平作为优先事项的发展中国家，发达国家应为减缓气候变化做的更多。中国还提到自工业革命以来经济先进国家的累积排放量。一些中国评论家指责西方国家利用碳排放量来遏制中国的发展。
Nonetheless, the government has set ambitious targets for renewable energy, which is supposed to account for 15 percent of the country's fuel mix by 2020, and for tree planting, to boost forest cover to 20 percent of China's land mass by the end of next year. China plans to quadruple its nuclear power; by the end of next year, it may have 18 nuclear energy plants under construction, half of the world's total under construction.
Smaller details are getting attention, too. Xie said forcing supermarkets to charge for plastic bags reduced the use of the bags by two-thirds, saving the equivalent of about 30,000 barrels of oil a day.
尽管如此，中国政府确定了到2020年使可再生能源占国家能源的15%的宏伟目标。还有植树，到明年年底森林覆盖率提高到中国陆地面积的20%。核能，中国计划在明年年底前将核能翻两番，正在施工中的18个核电站可能占了世界在建总量的一半。小的细节越来越受到关注。谢说，迫使超市塑料袋收费的方法使塑料袋的使用量减少了三分之二，相当于节省了约3万桶石油。
Last week, the Paris-based International Energy Agency said the efforts are starting to pay off. The agency lowered its estimate of future Chinese greenhouse gas emissions.
上周，总部设在巴黎的国际能源机构说中国的努力开始得到了回报。该机构调低了对未来中国的温室气体排放量的估计。
Yet, for all of China's efforts, its greenhouse gas emissions are likely to head upward.
然而，对于中国的所有努力，其温室气体排放量仍可能继续增加。
Challenges remain
挑战依然存在
Hitting its renewable and nuclear energy targets will be challenging. The explosion in the number of wind turbines has created a transmission bottleneck; many turbines stand idle in Inner Mongolia and northeast China, awaiting new transmission lines and connections with the main power grids. The country lacks the skilled manpower to effectively construct, operate or regulate nuclear power stations. Key components might be in short supply, too.
实现可再生能源和核能的目标将会充满挑战。风力发电机组数量的爆炸式增长遇到了传输的瓶颈，在中国的内蒙古和东北地区的许多涡轮站闲置着，在等待新的输电线路和与主电网连接。中国国缺乏熟练的工人能有效地建造，经营和管理核电站。关键的组件也可能会供不应求。
All that contributes to China's continued reliance on coal -- and its reluctance to guarantee a ceiling on its emissions at the Copenhagen summit.
所有这一切有助于中国继续维持对煤炭的依赖，不用在哥本哈根首脑会议上就其排放量上限作出保证。
Another problem for China is energy inefficiency in buildings. Electricity and gas used by buildings account for a third of the country's emissions and 7 percent of the world's. Over the next decade, China is expected to add commercial real estate space far in excess of the existing commercial space in the United States.
中国的另一个问题是建筑物的能源效率的低下。电力和建筑使用的气体占全国的三分之一，占世界的7%。在未来十年，中国将增加的商业地产空间远多于美国现有的商业地产空间。
China has passed new requirements, but enforcing them is difficult. Only 10 buildings have applied for recognition under a two-year-old green-building rating system, though more than 200 buildings have applied for certification under the U.S.-based LEED standards for energy efficiency, said David Hathaway, managing director of the consulting firm ICF International.
中国已经通过了新的标准，但他们执行起来很难。只有10座建筑申请了只建立了两年的绿色建筑评级系统。虽然有200多个建筑物有根据证明其达到了申请美国LEED能源效率的标准， ICF国际管理咨询公司的董事David Hathaway称。
Hathaway said U.S. agencies and nongovernmental organizations are encouraging China's biggest property developers to adopt tough standards, and higher Chinese standards for appliances are helping. He said his firm had helped Jin Mao Tower in Beijing, the capital, shave 20 percent off its energy use.
Hathaway说，美国的政府机构和非政府组织正在鼓励中国最大的房地产发展商采取严格的标准，帮助其实施比中国更高的设备标准。他说他的公司帮助了北京的金茂大厦，节约了20%的能源。
In the United States, China's drive to rein in its carbon emissions has prompted some people to switch from worrying about "the China threat" to the global climate to worrying about the threat of China soon seizing the lead in clean-energy technology. Many people cite this new threat in order to spur U.S. climate efforts as well as bilateral cooperation.
在美国，中国严格控制其二氧化碳排放，使有些人的当心开始转变对世界环境的“中国威胁”，中国将掌握的清洁能源的领先技术的威胁令人担忧。很多人提及这一新的威胁，因而要求美国加快对气候的努力，促进双边合作。
"If they invest in 21st-century technologies and we invest in 20th-century technologies, they will win," said David Sandalow, assistant secretary for policy and international affairs at the Energy Department, who recently visited Beijing to explore areas for agreement during President Obama's trip here next month.
如果他们投资于21世纪的技术，我们却投资于20世纪的技术，他们将会取得胜利，”政策和国际事务的能源部的助理部长David Sandalow 说，他最近访问了北京，和中国探讨了关于下个月奥巴马总统访问北京期间将达成协议的领域。
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