【03.08.23亚洲时报】荒芜的土地：中国的水资源危机 第二部分 － 农民为中国的能源计划付出代价

满仓

【中文标题】荒芜的土地：中国的水资源危机 第二部分 － 农民为中国的能源计划付出代价
【原文标题】The Ruined Land: China's Water Crisis. PART 2: Peasants bear the brunt of China's energy plans
【登载媒体】亚洲时报
【原文链接】http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/EH27Ad01.html
【译者】满仓


中国的长江畔，最后一批居民已经被清除出即将被淹没的上百个城镇和村庄，这里正在建造或许是人类历史上最大规模的水力发电项目。沿长江而上一直到重庆的600公里沿岸上，上千人，甚至上万人都拒绝离开自己的家。

他们因为中国在2010年把水力发电总量翻番的计划而被迫离开。中国计划在长江上至少再修建两座与三峡相同规模的大坝，而且，北京计划在堤坝修筑方面投入3000亿人民币，主要在云南和四川省。

这对于一个已经拥有世界上大部分大型堤坝的国家来说，是一个让人惊愕的野心。世界上的45000个大型堤坝中，有22104个在中国，6390个在美国，只有4000个在印度。在一个由工程师专政的国家中，特别是像共产党领袖jin-tao hu和二号人物peng li这样的水利工程师，没有人敢于指出这项政策会造成无可挽回的危害。这不仅仅对中国，也会对世界其它地方造成危害。

中国还计划在湄公河、萨尔温江（译者注：中国境内称怒江）和雅鲁藏布江上修建一系列的巨型大坝，这些河流对东南亚地区的繁荣有至关重要的作用。如果这些河流像中国的黄河、淮河和海河一样最终断流，损失是无法预计的。中国北方水资源的错误管理方式，已经造成了沙尘暴现象。每年，令人窒息和失明的毒气从中国一直吹到汉城和东京，来自不断沙化地区的戈壁沙尘甚至都堆积到了美国的东海岸。

水力发电的狂热者们说，如果中国不疯狂地修建水力发电大坝，在2020年让水力发电总量增长三倍，从60十亿千瓦到171十亿千瓦，后果就是中国就必须燃烧更多的煤，从而造成大气污染。

然而，现在中国人民所面临的后果已经够严重的了。三峡沿岸的城镇看起来就像刚刚经过地毯式轰炸，超过180万的居民为修建三峡蓄水池而被迫迁徙。好像是第二次世界大战中的场景重现，成群的人就像无家可归的难民，在灰色的砖块间停停走走，时不时弯腰拣起地上的电线和木头。

其中有些商人钟情于铁器和铜器，另外一些人专门收集房门和窗户架。这些人从古玩地摊上爬进摆渡船，周围都是半倒塌的房屋，一些居民还在那里逗留，就像是后启示录类型电影里面神经不正常的流浪者。

从下边可以看到高处的奉节县，成排的新房子被涂上欢快的颜色。这些逗留者被称为“钉子户”，因为他们拒绝从祖先一直生活下来的土地上离开。在这场老鹰捉小鸡的游戏中，他们希望迫使政府在三峡水库把这块地方淹没之前能给出更好的补偿条件。

在奉节县我遇到了洪先生，他把自己在福建的家都搬回了新建的三峡移民村，那里是最早的一个移民安置地。他觉得在这里重开他的饭馆生意应该是个不错的主意。他向我抱怨那些跟着居民一起迁徙的啮齿类动物。

“我不是说老鼠，而是说这么大的东西。”洪先生把两只手的手指拉开有45厘米的距离，“我每天晚上都看到这些东西，它们钻进寝具中，撕破被子，偷走所有它们能找到的食物。”

在第一次移民安置过程中，洪作为一个领头人被派到福建省厦门市附近的金星县。他带着两个考察组实地观察了“移民村”，然后回来告诉他的300个村民那里有多么的好。“如果不这么说，他们就不会去。”他说。

新安置地面积为30亩（亩是传统的土地面积单位，相当于667平方米），每个农民被分配的面积是0.2亩（133平方米）用来耕种。总共有2000人从奉节被送往福建省。

“我去那里的时候，当地政府向我许诺给我们提供工厂工作机会。可是当我们搬过去的时候，发现根本没有工作，或者工作的待遇实在太低。我们觉得被骗了。”他说。在奉节县，他每月可以挣1000元，但是在那里他一个月最多可以挣400元。

每个移民都得到了9000元，但是洪说这笔钱很快花光了。大约有20％离开奉节的人又回到了长江沿岸，他们抱怨自己听不懂当地方言。他说：“语言不通，人们会把很简单的事认为很复杂。”

到了2002年3月，所有人都觉得无法继续忍受了，他们准备请愿。300多人参加了这次游行，他们举着的旗子上写着“我们要回家”。他们行进到市中心的汽车站，试图搭乘汽车。来自晋江、泉州和福建省委的一些政府官员到现场来与他们交谈，移民们提出了六、七项要求，包括工厂的工作机会、每月180元的失业救济金和每人5亩地用来作为手工业作坊和墓地。

洪的饭馆附近是姚万村（音译），那里惊恐万状的村民描述了他们的抗议如何引起了猛烈的反应。2002年5月20日，沮丧的村民封锁了进入村子的道路，年老的村民坐在道路中间的石头上表示和平示威。但是第二天，上百名配备机枪和防暴设备的警察和武装部队就进入了村子，他们还用公共汽车运来一些服刑人员，让他们清理路中的石头。

官员们的消息称村民粗暴地拒绝被驱散，警察拘留了十几个人。9月中旬，被确认为头目的三个人在当地法院以“煽动反革命”的罪名被宣判。其他大部分人都被释放，但是吴贵珍（农民，30余岁）被判刑5年；陈旭花（农民，60余岁）被判刑2年；李尚节（40余岁）被判刑5年。这个消息在当地电视台被播出。

“农民不能反抗国家，”一个村民和我说，“我们现在不敢说话，否则就会被抓起来。”

中仙镇的岗井区坐落在一个美丽的树木丛生的河流旁边，村民们在他们房子的废墟旁边露天过夜，心里充满了气愤和沮丧。

一个男人说：“他们还没向我们支付安置费。我觉得这笔钱已经没有了，可能是已经花在修建道路上了。”他刚刚从河南省的安置点回到这里，现在住在原来老房子旁边的小棚子里。旁边的一位老人也拒绝离开，她说政府还欠她400元搬迁费，而且，她也负担不起在新镇子里的住房费用。

补偿费的标准是每平米9元，但是她必须为新镇子里的房子支付每平米300元的费用。“这笔钱从哪里来？”她问。

另外一位80余岁的老人称自己是老革命，他非常愤怒，觉得自己不是一个移民，而是一个难民。在他周围聚集了一群人，他们都在抱怨没有记者来看望他们，并听一听他们的故事。他们说，他们曾经派出一个代表团去重庆，但是政府官员们都不愿意进行调查。他们不但没有能力保证自己在不破产的情况下搬到新镇子里去，而且他们抱怨没有收到一分钱政府答应给他们的9个月生活费。所以他们决定在这里尽可能长时间地待下去，就算官员们威胁他们说如果不离开就用手铐把他们抓起来。

他们对当地政府的愤怒不是没有理由的，到沿长江建立的新镇子里去看一看就会发现，最大的公共建筑物都是警察局，这些人每天在街上转来转去，开着进口的豪华吉普车。来自遥远地区平壤镇高阳区的一群老人也失去了他们的土地，这些总数达10万人的农民组建了一个请愿团，在2000年的时候到北京来见我。

他们和我说，1997年7月，农民们举行了一次请愿活动，从那时开始，就有一系列从高阳到北京的示威、请愿和上访。1999年9月，300多名农民攻击了当地官员索要安置费，至少一人受伤。另一次冲突中，农民投掷石块打伤了一名副党委书记和其他几个人。镇里的政府召集了防暴警察来平息这件事。

2000年，1000多名农民在高阳区示威，要求会见镇领导，索取更公平的补偿费用，并且要求看到记有安置条款和安置条件的官方文件。

农民代表们保存了详细的文件，其中记载了他们是如何被骗取应得的安置补偿，他们还给我看了请愿书。请愿书上有好几页指印，是文盲农民们希望表达他们对腐败和浪费的愤怒。在6个月的时间里，那些来见我的农民中的文丁环（音译）、何彩清（音译）及其他三个人被判处三年徒刑。

当我在去年9月回到那里的时候，农民们依然非常愤怒，但是害怕和别人讲话。但是他们仍然组织了一个请愿团，并且想办法把他们派去北京见三峡工程委员会的安置官员。在这次事件中，70个人组成的赴京请愿团在四川的大门火车站被逮捕。警察说他们是fa-lun-gong分子，并把他们送回了老家。

当地消息称有900人从新建立的安置点回到了这里，他们住在原来镇子房屋废墟旁的帐篷和小屋里，并拒绝离开。其中很多是老人。当地警察曾经三次奉命到这里突然拜访，烧毁他们的帐篷并殴打他们，强迫他们在这里被水淹没之前离开。

同样悲惨的故事几乎在每一个水库区的镇子和县里都可以听到。这些农民，包括那些请愿者只是不能接受这样一个事实：一个可以花费如此惊人数额的资金来建设这些水泥墙的国家，怎么会狠心地剥夺他们应得的那几百块钱呢？

在过去的帝王年代，皇帝们为了修建像长城和大运河这样的庞大工程项目而疯狂征税，并征用了上百万的壮丁。而三峡项目让我们看到中国在历史发展的道路上几乎没有什么变化。


原文：

China at the dawn of history was much warmer and wetter than it is today, with elephants, rhinoceroses and crocodiles living north of the Yangtze River. Five or six thousand years of cutting forests and draining marshes have changed the climate to the point where the landscape has been devastated. China has the highest ratio of actual to potential desertified land in the world, according to the World Bank.

The accelerating speed of that environmental change is most evident in the Yellow River, the heart of Han Chinese civilization. The river has virtually disappeared. Now, in what may be the biggest water-diversion plan in history, China will build a canal north from the Three Gorges Dam that ultimately will tunnel under the Yellow River to bring water to dry northern areas of China. The US$50 billion south-to-north water diversion scheme will require the  resettlement of up to 400,000 peasants along the three possible routes. Already 1.8 million have been resettled along the banks of the Yangtze itself.

China today is finding itself in the middle of schizophrenic attempts to do two opposing things at once. On the one hand, it is in the middle of by far the biggest water-diversion plan in history, of which the massive Three Gorges project, which will impound 600 kilometers of water reaching nearly from Wuhan to Chongqing, is only a part. At the same time, officials appear to have finally become aware of the environmental depredation China faces, and the damage that dams cause, and are frantically stopping farming and resettling villagers to plant forest in an effort to halt desertification and flood damage on denuded hills.

The need for the massive projects is the result of centuries of environmental misuse that accelerated when the communists took power. Soil erosion as a result of rapid deforestation on the Loess Plateau started in the 7th century BC. This led to dangerous floods and in turn to a dike-building program that continues to this day. The very name Yellow River (Chinese Huang He) comes from the silt, which, like most of China's rivers, has now raised its bed to dangerous levels far above the surrounding plain.

The first big dam-construction projects of the communist era, such as the Sanmen Xia Dam, concentrated partly on the Yellow River, where a cascade of 46 dams was started. Yet the more engineering took place, the worse the river became. It now exists only in name, except for a couple of months during the rainy season, causing a prolonged and permanent shortage crippling industry and agriculture. It usually runs dry about 1,000km from the sea. What happened to the Yellow River was then repeated in the Huai river basin, home to 150 million people. After disastrous floods in 1950, Mao Zedong ordered "the mountains to bend their tops, and the rivers to give way". Like latter-day pharaohs, the party mobilized enormous resources and manpower into building 36 big dams, 159 smaller dams and 4,000 locks and barrages.

"Man must conquer nature," declared the Party, but the result was that a once-fertile plain was wrecked by droughts alternating with violent flash flooding. The most extended period of drought was as long as 247 days in 1999, forcing cities and towns to build more reservoirs or to rely on wells chasing shrinking underground aquifers deeper and deeper underground.

Although such massive engineering achievements have been trumpeted as among the greatest symbols of communist state power, 3,000 of these dams collapsed, including many along the Huai River. In August 1975, the Shimantan and Banqiao dams gave way, killing 240,000 by some accounts.

The result is that two-thirds of China's cities are now short of water and the very existence of some, such as Taiyuan, the capital of Shanxi, is threatened. It is the same story in Manchuria, which was densely settled only in the last century. Another example is Tianjin, the port and industrial city that sits astride the Hai River on the North China Plain. The river has long since ceased to exist in all but name because so much has been diverted. A few years ago, the water running through the center of the city actually had been diverted from the Yellow River, which could ill afford to lose what it had.

After building 30 dams and reservoirs to supply itself with water, China's third-biggest municipality was forced in the late 1970s to divert the waters of the Luan River, 160km to the north. Twenty years later in 1999, a fresh crisis forced the city to divert all its water from the Yellow river, 645km to the south.

All but a handful of the 300 tributaries that feed into the Hai River are now dry, with dire consequences for a population of 120 million people in the Hai river basin. But agricultural runoff from chemical fertilizers, industrial effluent and urban waste have rendered the water in most of its reservoirs undrinkable. In desperation, Tianjin ordered hundreds of officials to patrol the river banks to prevent theft of the precious water.

The city has shut down public baths, saunas and other entertainment centers and rationed water to just eight cubic meters a month per person. More than half of the 9 million people in the Tianjin municipality are peasants who lack sufficient water to plant crops, raise fish or breed livestock.

Across the whole of the North China Plain, where half of China's wheat is grown, 3.6 million wells have been sunk, mostly for irrigation. The aquifer below is being steadily drained and the water table is 90 meters below the surface and dropping by three to six meters a year. Some 60 percent of the land in Tianjin municipality is plagued by subsidence. If there is no solution to the water shortage in northern China, at least 20 million peasants will be forced to stop farming.

Water quality is also a big problem. Most of the 20 billion tonnes of urban sewage that China's expanding cities produce each year is dumped straight into rivers and lakes. China now holds the unenviable record of producing as much organic water pollution as the United States, Japan and India combined. Experts calculate that 700 million Chinese consume drinking water contaminated with levels of animal and human waste that do not meet minimum state drinking-water standards. No one is sure what this means. Any research into the subject has been discouraged by the government but China's high rates of hepatitis A, diarrhea, and liver, stomach and esophageal cancer may be linked to the pollution.

Unable to use the water in the reservoirs or rivers, most industrial cities have been forced to use untreated industrial wastewater to irrigate crops, especially vegetables, grown in the suburbs.

In the city of Kunming, the capital of subtropical Yunnan province, there is no talk of drought, since the city is right next to one of Asia's biggest freshwater lakes. But until the first wastewater plant was built in 1990, 90 percent of Kunming's wastewater was pumped untreated into the lake. The lake water is now undrinkable despite several billion dollars having been spent trying to clean it up. Since the 1980s, the city has relied on water channeled from the Songhua Dam reservoir in the mountains some 80km away. Now, as the city of 1.4 million prepares to expand, it must invest in an even bigger engineering project to divert water from other rivers such as the Golden Sands, 190km to the north.

Most of China's lakes, reservoirs, canals and rivers are covered in a thick film of algae or clogged by water hyacinth. Even the mighty Yangtze's waters are undrinkable. None of the cities along its banks can use its waters but have to tap reservoirs far away or drill deep for water. Shanghai has drilled for so much water that land in the center of the city has sunk 1.7m in the past 40 years.

Some predict that within 20 years even the Yangtze will resemble the Yellow River. When you fly over the middle or lower Yangtze Valley, the sun sometimes reflects the water trapped in the thousands of ponds, lakes and paddy fields, giving a hint of how this was all once an immense swamp. Millennia of drainage work have reduced it to a network of interconnected lakes and waterways protected by dikes. Since 1949, two-thirds of the Yangtze Valley lakes have disappeared as more and more land has been reclaimed. The total surface area of lakes in the middle and lower Yangtze Valley has shrunk from 18,000 square kilometers to 7,000 in just 50 years.

So much topsoil is swept downstream - 700 million tonnes during the 1998 summer floods - that both reservoirs and lakes are silting up so quickly their capacity to contain the floodwaters is declining rapidly. The storage volume of these lakes has fallen by 8 billion cubic meters. Dongting Lake, the second-largest in China, has decreased by about 50 square kilometers to almost half what it was before 1949. And it has silted up too, becoming more and more shallow. The lake bed has been rising by 3.7 centimeters a year and about 100 million cubic meters of silt has been deposited.

The sheer pointlessness of the vast investment in dam building was brought home by the 1998 floods, which killed 4,000 people and cost the economy $36 billion. The dams have done nothing to stop the floods, which have been increasing in frequency and severity. Even the Three Gorges Dam, big though it is, will make no practical difference.

木兰歌

水坝对环境的影响和破坏时相当大的，《读书》杂志就有一篇文章专门讲水坝对环境的危害。至于说燃煤电站污染环境纯粹是放屁，现在发展的超超临界发电技术可以让污染降低很多并且燃烧效率提高很多。

往易

水坝对环境的影响和破坏时相当大的，《读书》杂志就有一篇文章专门讲水坝对环境的危害。至于说燃煤电站污染环境纯粹是放屁，现在发展的超超临界发电技术可以让污染降低很多并且燃烧效率提高很多。 ...
木兰歌 发表于 2009-10-28 11:23

火电处理好废热和废气的再利用问题，远比水电的危害小得多。

zskk2008

关键是你的煤炭能不能再生

木兰歌

火电处理好废热和废气的再利用问题，远比水电的危害小得多。
往易 发表于 2009-10-28 11:34

我在一本科学杂志上看到，现在发展的超超临界发电技术在污染物排放和能源利用效率上做的很好。而且咱们的超超临界发电机组，超超临界锅炉，发电用无缝厚壁钢管等许多技术都已经成熟了。

木兰歌

关键是你的煤炭能不能再生
zskk2008 发表于 2009-10-28 12:21

资源是世界的，人口是自己的。

亲一口就跑

我在一本科学杂志上看到，现在发展的超超临界发电技术在污染物排放和能源利用效率上做的很好。而且咱们的超超临界发电机组，超超临界锅炉，发电用无缝厚壁钢管等许多技术都已经成熟了。 ...
木兰歌 发表于 2009-10-28 12:24

成本会不会很高？

亲一口就跑

另外大坝会有什么危害?

往易

将大坝的投资投入到太阳能、风力、潮汐这些真正的清洁能源，才是真的造福子孙后代。

木兰歌

成本会不会很高？
亲一口就跑 发表于 2009-10-28 12:40

你难道没听说过CDM清洁生产机制？？少排放的污染物和二氧化碳是可以拿到市场上去交易的。

往易

另外大坝会有什么危害?
亲一口就跑 发表于 2009-10-28 12:40

君住长江头，我住长江尾。羡慕啊！不过，虽然缺水的，想想地震的灾害心里稍安。

忍耐

历史会证明一切，在这里乱嚷嚷等于放屁。

zero9999

原文弄错了吧，和图片都不一样。

满仓

原文弄错了吧，和图片都不一样。
zero9999 发表于 2009-10-28 20:22

感谢您指出错误，原文的确是贴错了，贴的还是第一部分的原文。

正确的第二部分原文如下，拜托版主帮忙修改。

All along China's Yangtze River, the last residents have been cleared from the hundreds of towns and villages that will be submerged in perhaps the largest hydropower project ever attempted. All along the 600-kilometer stretch of the Yangtze up to Chongqing city, thousands, perhaps tens of thousands, are refusing to leave.

They are being forced out in deference to China's plans to double its hydropower by 2010. China is preparing to build at least two other dams of equal size to Three Gorges on the Yangtze. Altogether, Beijing intends to invest 300 billion yuan (US$36.2 billion) in new dams, mostly in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces.

This is a staggering ambition for a country that is already home to most of the world's big dams. Of the 45,000 large dams in the world, 22,104 are in China; 6,390 are in the United States and just over 4,000 in India. In a dictatorship run by engineers, in particular hydropower engineers such as Communist Party leader Hu Jintao and the longtime No 2 in the Party, Li Peng, few critics dare to point out that this policy is causing irrevocable harm, not just to China but to the rest of the world.

China is planning a series of giant dam cascades across rivers such as the Mekong, the Salween and the Bramaputra that are vital to the prosperity of Southeast Asia. If as a result these rivers end up disappearing like the Yellow, the Huai or the Hai in China, the consequences will be incalculable. The mismanagement of northern China's water resources is already visible in the dust storms blowing out of China each year to arrive in Seoul or Tokyo in a dangerous choking and blinding miasma. Gobi dust from continuing desertification has even been deposited on the east coast of the United States.

Hydropower enthusiasts say that if China does not keep building dams at a furious rate, tripling capacity from 60 gigawatts to 171GW by 2020, it will be forced to burn more coal, with dire consequences for the world's atmosphere.

The consequences to China's people are dire enough. The towns along the Three Gorges look as if they have been carpet-bombed. More than 1.8 million people have been removed to make way for the Three Gorges Dam reservoir. As if in some scene from World War II, bands of scavengers now wander like homeless refugees amid the piles of gray bricks, stooping to pick up bits of wiring or wood.

Some scrap merchants specialize in iron and copper, but others have collected doors or window frames, so the traveler climbs up from the ferry boats through a strange market of bric-a-brac, past half-ruined houses where some inhabitants linger on like crazed outcasts in some post-apocalypse movie.

High above old towns such as Fengjie, blocks of new housing can be glimpsed, painted in breezy pastel colors. Those hanging on below are dubbed "nail households" because they refuse to be uprooted from land they have claimed for generations and, in a dangerous game of chicken, are hoping to force the government officials to offer better compensation before the Three Gorges reservoir starts to cover it.

In Fengjie I met Mr Hong, who brought his family back from Fujian province where they were relocated to a newly built Three Gorges migrants' village. He feels he can earn more money reopening his old restaurant. He complained of the plague of migrating rodents that sometimes follow people to their new homes.

"I don't mean mice - they are about this big," Mr Hong said, holding out his hands 45 centimeters apart. "Every night I see them. They get into the bedding tearing up the quilts and stealing all the food they can find."

Hong was a village leader in the first wave of migrants sent to Jinxing county, near Airmen in Fujian province. He led two inspection groups who went to examine the "migrant village" and came back to tell his 300 fellow villagers how good it was. "If I didn't say this the others would not go," he said.

The new settlement covered 30 mu (a mu is a traditional measurement of land equivalent to 667 square meters) and each peasant was allocated 0.2 mu (133 square meters) to farm. Altogether 2,000 were sent to Fujian province from Fengjie.

"When I went there the government promised us factory jobs, but when we got there we found there were no jobs, or only work with very low pay. We felt cheated," he said. Back in Fengjie he could earn 1,000 yuan ($120) a month, but there the most he could earn was 400 yuan.

Each was each given 9,000 yuan but Hong said they spent that very quickly. Some 20 percent of those who left returned to the walls of the Yangtze, complaining they could not understand the local dialect. "Without that, people felt that even the simplest thing was very hard," he said.

By March 2002, everyone had had enough and had prepared a petition. More than 300 took part in a march, holding aloft banners saying they wanted to go back home. They marched to the city bus station intending to take buses. A group of officials from the governments of Jinjiang, Quanzhou and Fujian province came to see them and they held a meeting at which the migrants put forward half a dozen demands including factory jobs, a monthly dole of 180 yuan and five mu of land to be used for workshops and a graveyard.

Near Hong's restaurant was the village of Yaowan, where terrified villagers described how their protest had provoked a violent response. On May 20, 2002, the frustrated villagers had blocked the road through the village. Elderly villagers sat on rocks placed in the middle of the road in a peaceful demonstration. But next day hundreds of police and paramilitary troops equipped with guns and riot gear arrived. The villagers said the police also bused in convicts to clear the road of the rocks.

Officials say some villagers violently resisted attempts to disperse them, and the police detained more than a dozen. In mid-September, three men labeled as the ringleaders were sentenced by a local court for "counter-revolutionary agitation". Most of the others were released, but Wu Guizhen, a peasant in his 30s, was given a five-year sentence. Chen Xuhua, a peasant in his 60s, received a two-year sentence, and Li Shangjie, in his 40s, was also sentenced to five years. The news of the sentences was aired on local television.

"Peasants cannot defy the state," one of the villagers said to me. "We dare not speak out now, or we'll be arrested."

Far away at Gangjing township in Zhongxian county, set next to a beautiful wooded river gorge, the villagers camping out amid the ruins of their houses were beside themselves with anger and frustration.

"They have not paid us the resettlement money. I think they don't have it anymore but spent it on other things like building the road," said one man who returned from being relocated in Henan province and was now living in a shack next to his original house. An old woman nearby was refusing to move because she said the government owed her 400 yuan in moving costs, and secondly because she said she could not afford the cost of housing in the new town.

Compensation was nine yuan per square meter but, she said, she had to pay 300 yuan per square meter in the new town that had been built. "Where can I get this kind of money?" she asked.

Another man, aged over 80, described himself as an old revolutionary and raged that he was now not a migrant but a refugee. He gathered a group of villagers who complained that no journalists had come to see them to hear their side of the story. They said they had sent a delegation to Chongqing but no official had come to investigate. Not only could they not afford to move to the new town without ruining themselves financially, they said, but they complained that they not received any of the shenghuo fei subsistence payments for as long as nine months. As result, they said, they were determined to stay as long as possible even though officials had warned them that they would taken away in handcuffs if they did not move.

Their irritation against the authorities knows no bounds. Go to any of the new towns built along the Yangtze and the biggest public building will belong to the police, who can be seen everywhere driving around in new imported luxury jeeps. One group of elderly peasants from the remote township of Gaoyang, Pyongyang county, where more than 100,000 peasants are losing their land, organized themselves into a pressure group and came to see me in Beijing in 2000.

They said that in July 1997, 10,000 peasants supported a petition and since then there has been a stream of protests, petitions and delegations sent from Gaoyang to Beijing. In September 1999, some 300 peasants attacked officials in charge of resettlement, injuring at least one. In another incident peasants hurled bricks and injured the deputy party secretary and others. The township authorities summoned riot police.

In 2000, more than 1,000 peasants staged protests in Gaoyang, demanding to meet with county leaders to press for more equitable compensation and access to official documents detailing terms and conditions of resettlement.

The peasant delegates produced detailed documents showing how they had been cheated out of their rightful compensation and gave me the petitions they had sent. These had pages of thumbprints affixed by illiterate fellow peasants who wanted to express their anger at the corruption and waste. Within six months, the men who had come to see me, Went Ding Hun and He Caching, and three others were in prison serving three-year jail sentences.

When I went back last September, the peasants were still angry but terrified to talk. Yet they were still organizing protests and had managed to send another delegation to Beijing to see the resettlement office of the Three Gorges Project Committee. In this new incident, more than 70 people left to go to Beijing but were arrested at Damien railway station in Sichuan. The police allegedly accused them of belonging to Falungong and sent them home.

Locals said 900 people, who had returned from being resettled, were living in tents and shacks near the ruins of the former township and refusing to leave. Many of them were elderly. Local police had allegedly descended on them three times, burning their shelters and beating them in order to force them to leave before the area is flooded.

The same sort of sad and pathetic stories could be heard at nearly every county or small town in the reservoir area. The peasants, among the poorest people in China, just could not accept that a state that could spend such gigantic sums on this wall of concrete was so determined to deprive each of them of the few hundred dollars that was their due.

As in the imperial past when emperors over-taxed their subjects and press-ganged millions to labor on astonishing public works such as the Great Wall and the Grand Canal, the Three Gorges project illustrates how little has changed in the way China is run

东方红旗

中国还计划在湄公河、萨尔温江（译者注：中国境内称怒江）和雅鲁藏布江上修建一系列的巨型大坝，

----  前不久，中国外交部已经澄清并没有在雅鲁藏布江上修建大坝的计划。

每年，令人窒息和失明的毒气从中国一直吹到汉城和东京，来自不断沙化地区的戈壁沙尘甚至都堆积到了美国的东海岸。AC四月青年社区, k- b- _* y, j0 {1 D

----  这太夸张了吧，毒气？沙尘暴就有是从蒙古开始，再吹过去的。

这报道故意在放大很少一部分人的“不幸”，建水电站，中国是通过充分论正的才能建的。

比如三峡大坝，造福长江中下游1500万人，具有防洪，发电，航运等巨大的社会效益和经济效益。

竹隐泉

一些所谓的环保人士现在太过妖魔化水电站了,所有的东西都不可能是完美的,人类只能是两害相权取其轻

亲一口就跑

我就不明白为什么网上这么多地质学家
个个信誓旦旦的说建大坝会引起地震什么的
而且全都凶悍的不需要证据
耶苏教都没他们这么牛B

千年明月

我就不明白为什么网上这么多地质学家
个个信誓旦旦的说建大坝会引起地震什么的
而且全都凶悍的不需要证据
耶苏教都没他们这么牛B
亲一口就跑 发表于 2009-10-30 13:30

大坝会不会造成地震我不知道，但大坝对河流生态的负面影响却是确定无疑的。

亲一口就跑

大坝会不会造成地震我不知道，但大坝对河流生态的负面影响却是确定无疑的。
千年明月 发表于 2009-10-31 11:25

怎么确定无疑啊？说说看

亲一口就跑

人家胡佛大坝号称全球第一，昨就没人指手画脚呢？
关键三峡大坝是姓社的，所以就有人看不顺眼