【中文标题】中国劳务输出面临蔑视
【原文标题】China’s Export of Labor Faces Scorn【登载媒体】纽约时报
【来源地址】http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/21/world/asia/21china.html?_r=3&pagewanted=all
【译者】雅什卡
【翻译方式】人工
【声明】本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载。
【原文库链接】http://bbs.m4.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=213027&;rpid=3083219&ordertype=0&page=1#pid3083219
【译文】 China’s Export of Labor Faces Scorn
中国劳务输出面临蔑视
A Chinese worker at a dorm near the Haiphong Thermal Power Plant construction site in Trung Son, Vietnam.
一个中国工人在越南中山（音）海防热电厂工地附近的一间宿舍里 By EDWARD WONG Published: December 20, 2009
爱德华·王/文 2009年12月20日发布
TRUNG SON, Vietnam — It seemed as if this village in northern Vietnam had struck gold when a Chinese and a Japanese company arrived to jointly build a coal-fired power plant. Thousands of jobs would start flowing in, or so the residents hoped.
越南中山（音）——在一家过中国公司和一家日本公司来此合作建设一家煤电厂时，这座越南北部的村庄好像要发了。村民们曾经盼望，会有数以千计的工作岗位涌来。
Four years later, the Haiphong Thermal Power Plant is nearing completion. But only a few hundred Vietnamese ever got jobs. Most of the workers were Chinese, about 1,500 at the peak. Hundreds of them are still here, toiling by day on the dusty construction site and cloistered at night in dingy dormitories.
四年后，海防热电厂即将竣工。但只有几百名越南人在这里找到过工作。工人中大部分是中国人，最多时达到约1500人。其中有几百人至今还在这里，白天在尘土飞扬的工地上辛勤劳动，晚上在肮脏的宿舍中与世隔绝。
“The Chinese workers overwhelm the Vietnamese workers here,” said Nguyen Thai Bang, 29, a Vietnamese electrician.
“这些中国工人盖过了这里的越南工人，”29岁的越南工人阮泰邦（音）说。
China, famous for its export of cheap goods, is increasingly known for shipping out cheap labor. These global migrants often work in factories or on Chinese-run construction and engineering projects, though the range of jobs is astonishing: from planting flowers in the Netherlands to doing secretarial tasks in Singapore to herding cows in Mongolia — even delivering newspapers in the Middle East.
中国，以其廉价商品的出口闻名，又逐渐以廉价劳动力的出口而为人所知。这些环球移民大多在工厂或中国经营的建筑和工程项目上工作，尽管（他们）岗位的变化如此令人惊讶：从在荷兰种花到在新加坡做文秘工作再到去蒙古养牛——甚至是在中东送报纸。
But a backlash against them has grown. Across Asia and Africa, episodes of protest and violence against Chinese workers have flared. Vietnam and India are among the nations that have moved to impose new labor rules for foreign companies and restrict the number of Chinese workers allowed to enter, straining relations with Beijing.
但对他们的抵制正在滋长。在整个亚非，针对中国人的抗议和暴力正在集中展开着。在这些国家中，越南和印度已经对外企推行了新的劳动法规并且限制允许中国工人入境的人数，收紧同北京的关系。
In Vietnam, dissidents and intellectuals are using the issue of Chinese labor to challenge the ruling Communist Party. A lawyer sued Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung over his approval of a Chinese bauxite mining project, and the National Assembly is questioning top officials over Chinese contracts, unusual moves in this authoritarian state.
在越南，持不同政见者和知识分子正在用中国劳动力（进口）的议题来挑战共产党的统治。一名律师曾因总理阮晋勇（音）对中国铝土矿开采项目的批准而起诉他，国民大会也就和中国的合同而质询高官，这在这个专制的国家并不多见。
Chinese workers continue to follow China’s state-owned construction companies as they win bids abroad to build power plants, factories, railroads, highways, subway lines and stadiums. From January to October 2009, Chinese companies completed $58 billion of projects, a 33 percent increase over the same period in 2008, according to the Chinese Ministry of Commerce.
中国工人一直跟从在海外中标的国企建设电厂、工厂、铁路、高速公路、地铁线和体育馆。根据中国商务部（数字），从2009年1月至10月，中国的公司完成了580亿美元的项目，比2008年同期增长33%。
From Angola to Uzbekistan, Iran to Indonesia, some 740,000 Chinese workers were abroad at the end of 2008, with 58 percent sent out last year alone, the Commerce Ministry said. The number going abroad this year is on track to roughly match that rate. The workers are hired in China, either directly by Chinese enterprises or by Chinese labor agencies that place the workers; there are 500 operational licensed agencies and many illegal ones.
从安哥拉到乌兹别克斯坦，伊朗到印度尼西亚，在2008年底约有74万中国工人在国外，其中有58%只是在去年才派出的，据商务部称。今年出国（打工）的数字有望等同于这个比例。这些工人是在中国受雇的，直接被中国企业雇用或被安排工人的劳务中介（安排）；这里有500家获得许可的中介机构，还有很多非法中介。
Chinese executives say that Chinese workers are not always less expensive, but that they tend to be more skilled and easier to manage than local workers. “Whether you’re talking about the social benefits or economic benefits to the countries receiving the workers, the countries have had very good things to say about the Chinese workers and their skills,” said Diao Chunhe, director of the China International Contractors Association, a government organization in Beijing.
中方主管领导说，中国工人并不总是廉价，他们往往比当地工人更有技术且更易于管理。“无论你和这些接收工人的国家谈论社会收益还是经济收益，这些国家都会狠夸中国工人和他们的技术，”在北京的中国政府组织，中国对外承包工程商会的负责人，刁春和说。
But in some countries, local residents accuse the Chinese of stealing jobs, staying on illegally and isolating themselves by building bubble worlds that replicate life in China.
但是在一些国家，当地居民谴责中国人偷走了（他们的）工作，非法居留，并在回国重建生活的幻梦中自我封闭。
“There are entire Chinese villages now,” said Pham Chi Lan, former executive vice president of the Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry. “We’ve never seen such a practice on projects done by companies from other countries.”
“那里现在有完全的中国人的村庄了，”前越南工商会执行副总裁范志兰（音）说，“我们还没有见过其他国家的公司在项目上这么干呢。”
At this construction site northeast of the port city of Haiphong, an entire Chinese world has sprung up: four walled dormitory compounds, restaurants with Chinese signs advertising dumplings and fried rice, currency exchanges, so-called massage parlors — even a sign on the site itself that says “Guangxi Road,” referring to the province that most of the workers call home.
在这个位于港口城市海防东北处的工地上，一个完全的华人世界已经出现：四个有围墙的宿舍院子，有中文饺子和炒饭广告牌的饭馆，货币兑换处，所谓“按摩店”——甚至在工地上有一个牌子写着“广西路，”指的是这些工人中大部分人的家乡省份。
One night, eight workers in blue uniforms sat in a cramped restaurant that had been opened by a man from Guangxi at the request of the project’s main subcontractor, Guangxi Power Construction Company. Their faces were flushed from drinking Chinese rice wine. “I was sent here, and I’m fulfilling my patriotic duty,” said Lin Dengji, 52.
一天晚上，八个着蓝色制服的工人坐在一家狭窄的，由项目的主要分包商——广西电力建设公司请来的广西人开的饭馆里。他们因为喝了中国米酒而脸色发红。“我被送到这里履行爱国义务，”52岁的林登极（音）说道。
Such scenes can set off anxieties in Vietnam, which prides itself on resisting Chinese domination, starting with its break from Chinese rule in the 10th century. The countries fought a border war in 1979 and are still engaged in a sovereignty dispute in the South China Sea.
这样的情景在以反抗中国控制自诩并在十世纪就开始同中国的统治决裂的越南引发忧虑。两国在1979年打了场边境战争，并且依然不懈于南中国海的主权争端。
Vietnamese are all too aware of the economic juggernaut to their north. Vietnam had a $10 billion trade deficit with China last year. In July, a senior official in Vietnam’s Ministry of Public Security said that 35,000 Chinese workers were in Vietnam, according to Tuoi Tre, a progressive newspaper. The announcement shocked many Vietnamese.
越南人都清楚他们北面的经济力量，越南去年同中国有100亿美元的贸易逆差。据改革派报纸《青年报》消息，七月份，越南公安部的一位高级官员表示越南有35000名中国工人。这个公告是使多越南人震惊。
“The Chinese economic presence in Vietnam is deeper, more far-reaching and progressing faster than people realize,” said Le Dang Doanh, an economist in Hanoi who advised the preceding prime minister.
“中国在越南的经济存在正在不断深化、拓展，进展速度之快出乎人们意料，”李荡瀛（音），河内一位曾建言前总理的经济学家说道。
Conflict has broken out between Vietnamese and Chinese laborers. In Thanh Hoa Province in June, a drunk Chinese worker from a cement plant traded blows with the husband of a Vietnamese shopkeeper. The Chinese man then returned with 200 co-workers, igniting a brawl, according to Vietnamese news reports.
越中两国工人之间的冲突爆发了。六月份在清化省，一个从水泥厂来的醉醺醺的中国工人和一个店主的丈夫发生了交易上的摩擦。据越南新闻报道，那个中国人随即叫来了200名同事并引发了斗殴。
One reason for the tensions, economists say, is that there are plenty of unemployed or underemployed people in this country of 87 million. Vietnam itself exports cheap labor; a half-million Vietnamese are working abroad, according to a newspaper published by the Vietnam General Confederation of Labor.
经济学家们认为，紧张局面的一个原因是，这个国家8700万人口中，有大量的失业或就业不足的人员。越南自己（也）出口廉价劳动力；根据越南劳工总联合会发行的一份报纸称，有50万越南人在国外工作。
Populist anger erupted this year over a contract given by the Vietnamese government to the Aluminum Corporation of China to mine bauxite, one of Vietnam’s most valuable natural resources, using Chinese workers. Dissidents, intellectuals and environmental advocates protested. Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap, the 98-year-old retired military leader, wrote three open letters criticizing the Chinese presence to Vietnamese party leaders.
在越南政府和中国铝业公司签约开采越南最有价值的自然资源之一——铝土，并使用中国工人时，民众的愤怒爆发了。持不同政见者，知识分子和环保主义者们抗议。98岁退休军队领导人，武元甲（音）将军，写了三封公开信批评越南党的领导人中中国的存在。
No other government in the world so closely resembles that of China as Vietnam’s, from the structure of the Communist Party to economic policies and media controls. Vietnamese leaders make great efforts to ensure that China-Vietnam relations appear smooth. So over the summer, the central government shut down critical blogs, detained dissidents and ordered Vietnamese newspapers to cease reporting on Chinese labor and the bauxite issue.
除越南外，世界上没有一个国家的政府与中国的如此相似，从共产党的结构到经济政策和对媒体的控制。越南领导人对确保中越关系平稳做出了巨大努力。所以整个夏天，中央政府关闭了批评的博客，拘留了持不同政见者还命令越南报纸停止最中国劳工和铝土矿议题的报道。
But in a nod to public pressure, the government also tightened visa and work permit requirements for Chinese and deported 182 Chinese laborers from a cement plant in June, saying they were working illegally.
但迫于公众压力，越南政府还是对中国人收紧了签证和工作许可的要求，并在六月把182名水泥厂里的中国劳工驱逐出境，宣称这些人非法工作。
Vietnam generally bans the import of unskilled workers from abroad and requires foreign contractors to hire its citizens to do civil works, though that rule is sometimes violated by Chinese companies — bribes can persuade officials to look the other way, Chinese executives say.
越南一般禁止从国外输入非技术工人并且要求外国承建商雇佣其公民来承担国内的工作，然而这项规定有有时被中国公司侵犯——中方管理人员说，贿赂能说服官员们睁一只眼闭一只眼。
At the Haiphong power plant, the Vietnamese company that owns the project grew anxious this year about the slow pace of work. It sided with the Chinese managers in pushing government officials to allow the import of more unskilled workers.
在海防热电厂，拥有该项目的越南公司今年因缓慢的工作步调而日渐忧虑。这就更支持中国经理推动政府官员允许更多的非技术工人的输入。
The Chinese here are sequestered in ramshackle dorm rooms and segregated by profession: welders and electricians and crane operators.
这里的中国人在破烂不堪的宿舍里与世隔绝并根据行业被分开：焊工、电工和起重机操作员。
A poem written on a wooden door testifies to the rootless nature of their lives: “We’re all people floating around in the world. We meet each other, but we never really get to know each other.”
一首写在木门上的诗印证了他们无根的生活：“我们在这世上漂流不止。我们相识，却永不相知。”
Xiyun Yang contributed reporting from Beijing, and Sun Huan contributed research from Beijing.
杨喜云（音）贡献来自北京的报道，孙欢（音）贡献了来自北京的调查。
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