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【中文标题】关于原住民寄宿学校及赔偿事项的常见问题解答 【原文标题】Indian residential schools:FAQ on residential schools and compensation 【登载媒体】CBC 【来源地址】http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/05/16/f-faqs-residential-schools.html 【译者】Withsmiles 【翻译方式】人工 【原文库链接】http://bbs.m4.cn/thread-221654-1-1.html 【声明】本翻译供Anti-CNN使用，未经AC或译者许可，不得转载。 【译文】 What is a residential school?
In the 19th century, the Canadian government believed it was responsible for educating and caring for the country's aboriginal people. It thought their best chance for success was to learn English and adopt Christianity and Canadian customs. Ideally, they would pass their adopted lifestyle on to their children, and native traditions would diminish, or be completely abolished in a few generations.
The Canadian government developed a policy called "aggressive assimilation" to be taught at church-run, government-funded industrial schools, later called residential schools. The government felt children were easier to mould than adults, and the concept of a boarding school was the best way to prepare them for life in mainstream society.
Residential schools were federally run, under the Department of Indian Affairs. Attendance was mandatory. Agents were employed by the government to ensure all native children attended.
何谓原住民寄宿学校？
在19世纪时，加拿大政府认为他们有必要教育和照顾在这个国家的原住民，而最好的办法就是让他们学习英语，皈依基督以及按照加拿大习俗生活。在他们完美的设想中，这些生活方式会传承给印第安人的后代，与此同时他们本身的传统则将慢慢式微，甚至可在几代后完全消亡。
于是加拿大政府开发了名为“激进同化”的政策，让印第安人在政府资助的教会学校里接受教育。他们认为孩子比成年人更容易被打造成他们希望的模式，而寄宿学校是让孩子们习惯主流社会的最好方法。
这些学校由印第安事物专门部门管理，采取强制性入学的方式，而部门中那些职员的任务就是保证所有的土著孩子必须参加。
How many residential schools and students were there?
Initially, about 1,100 students attended 69 schools across the country. In 1931, at the peak of the residential school system, there were about 80 schools operating in Canada. There were a total of about 130 schools in every territory and province except Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick from the earliest in the 19th century to the last, which closed in 1996.
In all, about 150,000 aboriginal, Inuit and Métis children were removed from their communities and forced to attend the schools.
有多少这类的寄宿学校，他们又有多少学生？
最开始的时候，整个国家大约有1,100名学生在69所学校就读。1931年达到了此类学校的高峰期，全加拿大有80所专为印第安孩子们开办的寄宿学校。历史上在加拿大除纽芬兰和钮省以外的省份共有130家此类学校，最后一家在1996年关闭。
总体来看，约有150，000原住民，因纽特人和混血人群从他们自己的社区迁移出来，被迫进入学校。
What went wrong?
Residential schools were established with the assumption that aboriginal culture was unable to adapt to a rapidly modernizing society. It was believed that native children could be successful if they assimilated into mainstream Canadian society by adopting Christianity and speaking English or French. Students were discouraged from speaking their first language or practising native traditions. If they were caught, they would experience severe punishment.
Throughout the years, students lived in substandard conditions and endured physical and emotional abuse. There are also many allegations of sexual abuse. Students at residential schools rarely had opportunities to see examples of normal family life. They were in school 10 months a year, away from their parents. All correspondence from the children was written in English, which many parents couldn't read. Brothers and sisters at the same school rarely saw each other, as all activities were segregated by gender.
When students returned to the reserve, they often found they didn't belong. They didn't have the skills to help their parents, and became ashamed of their native heritage. The skills taught at the schools were generally substandard; many found it hard to function in an urban setting. The aims of assimilation meant devastation for those who were subjected to years of mistreatment.
哪里出错了？
这些学校成立的前提假设是原住民文化不可能适应快速现代化的社会。他们认为如果土著居民能皈依基督教及讲法语或者英语，孩子们就能成功融入加拿大的主流。在学校里，学生们不被允许使用自己的语言或保持自己的传统，一旦被发现，会遭到非常严厉的惩罚。
在长时期里，学生们住在不合规格的生活环境里，并遭受身体及精神的双重虐待，甚至性侵犯。寄宿学校的学生几乎没有机会见识正常家庭是怎样生活的。每年中的十个月他们呆在学校里，远离自己的父母。他们所有的信件都是用英文写的，而他们的父母却往往不会阅读英语。即使兄弟姐妹在同一间学校上学，他们也不能见面，因为所有的活动都按照性别分开了。
当孩子们回到保护区时，他们常感觉不能融入自己的群体。他们没有能帮助父母谋生的技巧，开始以他们自己的原住民血统为耻。学校教授的技能通常是不合规格的，他们中的很多人发现那些在农村的环境下非常不适用。同化的目的意味着对于已经屈服于那些不公平待遇的原住民的再一次毁灭。
When did the calls for victim compensation begin?
In 1990, Phil Fontaine, then leader of the Association of Manitoba Chiefs, called for the churches involved to acknowledge the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse endured by students at the schools. A year later, the government convened a Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Many people told the commission about their residential school experiences, and its 1996 report recommended a separate public inquiry into residential schools. That recommendation was never followed.
Over the years, the government worked with the Anglican, Catholic, United and Presbyterian churches, which ran residential schools, to design a plan to compensate the former students.
In 2007, two years after it was first announced, the federal government formalized a $1.9-billion compensation package for those who were forced to attend residential schools.
对于受害者的赔偿行动是什么时候开始的？
1990年，菲尔。芳登，后来的曼尼托巴酋长联合组织的领袖，呼吁曾经参与管理的教会组织承认对学生的虐待及性侵犯事件。一年后，政府召集了原住民忠诚委员会。许多人对他们讲述了自己在寄宿学校的经历。委员会在1996年的报告里建议对寄宿学校进行公开独立的质询。但从未被采纳。
几年以来，政府与曾经经营这类寄宿学校的圣公会，天主教会，联合教会及长老派教会一起起草了一份关于对学生们的补偿计划。
此项计划公开两年之后，2007年，联邦政府正式出台了总额为19亿美元的补偿方案。
Under the federal compensation package, what will former students receive?
Compensation called Common Experience Payments was made available to all residential schools students who were alive as of May 30, 2005. Former residential school students were eligible for $10,000 for the first year or part of a year they attended school, plus $3,000 for each subsequent year.
Any money remaining from the $1.9-billion package will be given to foundations that support learning needs of aboriginal students.
As of March 31, 2008, $1.19B had been paid, representing 61,473 cases.
Acceptance of the Common Experience Payment releases the government and churches from all further liability relating to the Indian residential school experience, except in cases of sexual abuse and serious incidents of physical abuse.
在联邦政府的方案中，过去的学生们能得到什么？
所有在2005年5月30日还活着的印第安寄宿学校的学生们均能通过这项“普遍体验支付计划”获得赔偿。他们能得到入学年份1万美金加上其余上学年份每年3000美金的赔偿。
19亿美金除赔偿外的剩余部分将捐助给支助原住民学习的基金会。到2008年3月31日为止，11.9亿美元已支付给61,473个个案。
普遍经验赔偿计划缓解了政府及教会对印第安寄宿学校的相关责任，性侵犯及严重身体侵害的个案除外
What will happen in those cases of alleged sexual or serious physical abuse?
An Independent Assessment Process, or IAP, was set up to address sexual abuse cases and serious incidents of physical abuse. A former student who accepts the Common Experience Payment can pursue a further claim for sexual or serious physical abuse.
对于声称遭受过性侵犯或严重身体虐待的个案有什么措施呢？
对于此类案件将会进行一项独立的评估。即使是接受了普遍经验支付，过去的原住民学生都可以要求关于性侵犯及严重身体虐待的进一步解释。
Is there more to the package than compensating the victims?
The government will also fund a Commemoration initiative, which consists of events, projects and memorials on a national and community level. A total of $20 million will be available over five years.
The Aboriginal Healing Foundation was given an additional $125 million.
Churches involved in the administration of residential school will contribute up to $100 million in cash and services toward healing initiatives.
The settlement also promised a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to examine the legacy of the residential schools. The commission was established on June 1, 2008, but has been in limbo since October 2008, when Justice Harry LaForme resigned as its chairman.
Prime Minister Stephen Harper delivered an official apology to residential school students in Parliament on June 11, 2008.
除了赔偿金还有什么其他方案吗？
政府另外支助了一项纪念倡议，包括一系列国家公众级的事件，项目及庆典。五年内相关可用资金总数为2000万美金。
原住民治愈基金提供另外的1亿2千5百万资金。
曾参与管理印第安寄宿学校的教会也为这个倡议捐助了多达1亿美金的现金及服务。
整个解决方案还承诺了建立真相与调停委员会检查印第安寄宿学校的后果。这个委员会在2008年6月1日成立，但自2008年10月法官哈里。拉福姆被任命为主席后，该委员会处于不确定的状态。
2008年6月11日首相史提芬。哈珀在国会上向原住民寄宿学校学生正式致歉。
Who else has apologized for the abuse?
Though the Catholic church oversaw three-quarters of Canadian residential schools, it was the last church to have one of its leaders officially address the abuse.
On April 29, 2009, Pope Benedict XVI expressed his "sorrow" to a delegation from Canada's Assembly of First Nations for the abuse and "deplorable" treatment that aboriginal students suffered at Roman Catholic Church-run residential schools.
Assembly of First Nations Leader Phil Fontaine said it wasn't an "official apology" but added that he hoped the statement will "close the book" on the issue of apologies for residential school survivors.
Other churches implicated in the abuse apologized in the 1990s.
Archbishop Michael Peers clearly offered an apology on behalf of the Anglican Church of Canada in 1993, stating "I am sorry, more than I can say, that we were part of a system which took you and your children from home and family."
Four leaders of the Presbyterian Church signed a statement of apology in 1994. "It is with deep humility and in great sorrow that we come before God and our aboriginal brothers and sisters with our confession," it said.
The United Church of Canada formally apologized to Canada's First Nations people in 1986, and offered its second apology in 1998 for the abuse that happened at residential schools.
"To those individuals who were physically, sexually, and mentally abused as students of the Indian Residential Schools in which the United Church of Canada was involved, I offer you our most sincere apology," the statement by the church's General Council Executive said.
还有别的人为此道歉吗？
尽管天主教会管理3/4的加拿大印第安寄宿学校，但它是最后一个公开正式致歉的教会。
2009年4月29日，教皇斑迪尼克向第一民族议会代表表示了对原住民学生在罗马天主教管理的寄宿学校里所遭受的虐待及“令人遗憾的”待遇的“悲伤”。
第一民族议会领袖菲尔。芳登说这不是一个"正式的道歉"，但同时补充说他希望这个消息能为关于对原住民寄宿学校幸存者道歉的议题画上一个句点。
其他教会在1990年代对当初的虐待行为表示过道歉。
在1993年大主教米切尔。皮尔斯代表加拿大的圣公会教会致歉，他说道“我的歉意言语无法表达，因为我们曾经是一个将你们和你们的孩子从你们的家中夺走的系统中的一部分。”
长老会的四位领袖在1994年签署了一份道歉声明。“怀着深深的谦逊和极度的悲伤我们在上帝及原住民兄弟姐妹面前表示忏悔。”它说。
1986年加拿大联合教会向加拿大第一民族的人们正式道歉，并在1998年第二次主动表示对在印第安寄宿学校的伤害道歉。
“对于那些遭受了身体，精神虐待或者性侵害的加拿大联合教会印第安寄宿学校的学生，我向您表示我最诚挚的道歉。”教会的总理事会执行官的声明这样说。
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